Chap 6 Anatomy

Bone growth in length occurs by mitosis of growth of trabeculae. osteoblasts in the endosteum. cartilage cells in the epiphyseal side of the metaphysis. cartilage cells in the diaphyseal side of the metaphysis. concentric lamellae.

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Bone is composed of ________ percent cells. 2 50 25 15 10

2

Which of following is a function of the skeletal system? body support protection of internal organs blood cell production calcium homeostasis All of the answers are correct.

All of the answers

________ prevents damaging bone-to-bone contact within movable joints. Articular cartilage A synovial membrane A serous membrane Elastic cartilage Serous fluid

Articular Cartilage

The central canal of an osteon contains concentric lamellae. lacunae. osteocytes. blood vessels. bone marrow.

Blood vessels

Which of the following functions of the skeletal system is most affected by gravity? protection of internal organs lipid storage body support blood cell production

Body support

Through the action of osteoclasts, new bone is formed. fractured bones regenerate. osteoid is calcified. an organic framework is formed. bony matrix is dissolved.

Bony matrix is dissolved

The deposition of calcium salts in bone tissues is referred to as remodeling. hardening. ossification. calcification. osteogenesis.

CAlcification

Which statement is true regarding calcium in bone matrix? Once deposited, calcium cannot be removed from bone. Calcium provides flexibility to the bone matrix. Calcium is the organic part of the matrix. Calcium is found in crystals called hydroxyapatite. Calcium is secreted by osteoblasts into the matrix.

Calcium is found in crystals called hydroxyapatite

Endochondral ossification begins with the formation of a(n) fibrous connective-tissue model. membranous model. cartilage model. calcified model. osteoid model.

Cartilage model

Which cells divide rapidly on the epiphyseal side at the epiphyseal plate, resulting in lengthening of the bone? Choose the best answer. Chondrocytes Osteoblasts Fibroblasts Osteocytes

Chondrocytes

The layers of bone tissue immediately deep to the periosteum are osteoid plates. circumferential lamellae. trabeculae. concentric lamellae. epiphseal ridges.

Circumferential lamellae

Primary ossification centers develop in long bones in the distal epiphysis. diaphysis. periosteum. proximal epiphysis. metaphysis.

Diaphysis

The shaft of long bones is called the diaphysis. epiphysis. endophysis. paraphysis. metaphysis.

Diaphysis

The proximal and distal ends of a long bone are called the periphyses. diaphyses. epiphyseal plates. epiphyses. metaphyses.

Epiphyses

A shallow depression on a bone is termed a fissure. sulcus. line. facet. fossa.

Fossa

The articular cartilage of a typical long bone is composed of what type of cartilage? synovial cartilage hyaline cartilage osseous cartilage fibrocartilage elastic cartilage

Hyaline cartilage

Secondary ossification centers occur in dermal bones. in the diaphysis. in the epiphyses. in the metaphyses. at the periosteum.

In the epiphyses

Which of the following statements about Marfan's syndrome is false? It results from a mutation. It affects connective tissue structures. It may also cause cardiovascular problems. It results in short, stubby fingers. It affects epiphyseal cartilages.

It results in short, stubby fingers

The humerus is an example of a(n) ________ bone. sesamoid irregular long short flat

Long

Which of the following labels best matches osteocyte? secretes organic matrix dissolves matrix immature bone cell stem cell mature bone cell

Mature bone cell

Intramembranous ossification begins with differentiation of ________ cells. osteocyte osteoblast osteoclast osteolytic mesenchymal

Mesenchymal

Which of these is NOT a primary function of the skeletal system? movement protection storage of minerals and lipids blood cell production

Movement

Cells that are found in small depressions on the endosteal surfaces are the osteoblasts. osteogenic cells. osteolytic cells. osteocytes. osteoclasts

Osteoclasts

The lacunae of osseous tissue contain blood cells. osteocytes. bone marrow. capillaries. chondroblasts.

Osteocytes

The most abundant cell type in bone is osteolytes. osteoclasts. osteocytes. osteoprogenitor cells. osteoblasts.

Osteocytes

Osteoblasts differentiate from __________. osteomedullary cells osteocytes osteoclasts osteogenic cells

Osteogenic Cells

The organic component of the matrix in developing or repairing bone is called calcium phosphate. osteoid. mesenchymal tissue. hydroxyapatite. osteon.

Osteoid

The structural units of mature compact bone are called trabeculae. osteons. canaliculi. lamellae. osteocytes.

Osteons

Some older women lose height as they age. What would explain this change in stature? Osteoporosis causes compression of the vertebrae. Osteoporosis causes the fibrocartilage discs to herniate. Osteopenia causes the femur diaphysis to break down. Osteoblasts break down the bone matrix.

Osteoporosis causes compression of the vertrebrae

Stem cells that can differentiate into osteoblasts are called ________ cells. osteotrophic osteoprogenitor osteocreator osteoforming osteopropagator

Osteoprogenitor

A fracture at the ankle involving both lower leg bones is often called a ________ fracture. Pott's Colles displaced compression greenstick

Pott's

Intramembranous ossification occurs in the diaphysis of a long bone. explains how a juvenile's bone can grow in length. produces flat bones, as in the bones of the roof of the skull. occurs inside a bag of cartilage. occurs in all bones before birth

Produces flat bones, as in the bones of the roof of the skull

The carpal bones are examples of ________ bones. long short irregular flat sesamoid

Short

________ bone reduces the weight of the skeleton and reduces the load on muscles. Short Spongy Compact Long Irregular

Spongy

What is the classification of this bone according to its shape? long irregular sutural short

Sutural

Which of the following are not components of the skeletal system? bones ligaments other tissues that connect bones tendons cartilage

Tendons

Which of these is NOT part of the skeletal system? bones ligaments cartilage tendons

Tendons

Which of the following is a characteristic of bone? The matrix of the bone contains osteoclasts and chondroblasts. The bone matrix is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts. Narrow channels pass through the matrix to allow for muscle attachment. For strength, compact bone is organized into a meshwork of matrix called trabeculae. The matrix of bone is mostly collagen with very little calcium.

The bone matrix is very dense and contains deposits of calcium salts

How would removing hydroxyapatite from bone matrix affect the physical properties of a bone? The bone would be more flexible. The bone would be more brittle. The bone would be stronger. The bone would be less compressible. The bone would be less flexible.

The bone would be more flexible

Which of the following is formed by intramembranous ossification? clavicle carpal bones femur roof of the skull the roof of the skull and the clavicle

The roof of the skull and the clavicle

A ________ is a smooth, grooved bone process shaped like a pulley. trochanter tubercle trabeculae trochlea tuberosity

Trochlea

A small rough bump on bone where a tendon attaches is called a trabecula. trochanter. tuberosity. trochlea. tubercle.

Tuberosity

In normal adult bones, there is no turnover of minerals. a portion of the protein and mineral content is replaced each year. osteoclasts continue to be active long after osteoblast activity ceases. osteoblast activity exceeds osteoclast activity, once bone has been formed. exercise will have no effect on bone remodeling.

a portion of the protein and mineral content is replaced each year

Calcitriol is required for __________. absorbing dietary calcium and phosphate collagen synthesis activating osteoclasts inhibiting osteoclasts

absorbing dietary calcium and phosphate

If a tumor secretes high levels of osteoclast-activating factor, which of the following would you expect to occur as a result of this condition? bone fragility decreased bone density increases in blood levels of calcium increased osteoclast activity All of the answers are correct.

all of the answers are correct

The trabeculae of spongy bone are organized parallel to the long axis of the bone. are concentrated in the cortex of the diaphysis. are composed mostly of cartilage. are organized along stress lines. will collapse under stress.

are organized along stress lines

When production of sex hormones increases at puberty, epiphyseal plates become narrower. widen. are hardly affected. accelerate rapidly, but mostly in thickness. increase slowly.

become narrower

During appositional growth bones grow wider. the epiphysis fuses with the diaphysis. compact bone replaces spongy bone. bones grow longer. cartilage replaces bone.

bones grow wider

A child with rickets often has bowed legs. frequent bruises. inadequate muscle development. long fingers. oversized facial bones.

bowed legs

Elevated levels of calcium ion in the blood stimulate the secretion of the hormone thyroid hormone. testosterone. parathyroid hormone. calcitonin. growth hormone.

calcitonin

The most abundant mineral in the human body is calcium. sodium. phosphorus. hydrogen. potassium.

calcium

The condition known as osteopenia causes a gradual reduction in bone mass. is rarely seen as people age. is caused by too much vitamin D in the diet. only affects the femur. affects mostly women.

causes a gradual reduction in bone mass

Which portion of the developing long bone ossifies before the other portions? Metaphysis Diaphysis Epiphyseal Line Epiphysis

diaphysis

Calcitonin causes what response in the kidneys? increased rate of calcium uptake by the kidney decreased absorption of calcium inhibited osteoclast activity elimination of calcium ions into the urine

elimination of calcium ions into the urine

The lining of the medullary cavity is called the endosteum. mediosteum. periosteum. paraosteum. epiosteum.

endosteum

After a fracture of the diaphysis has healed, the thickened region that results is called the epiphyseal plate. condyle. external callus. dense tuberosity. fracture facet.

external callus

Excessive growth hormone prior to puberty could result in dwarfism. gigantism. rickets. osteoporosis. osteopenia.

gigantism

Which of the following is formed immediately after a fracture? external callus spongy bone hematoma internal callus

hematoma

A calcified skeletal muscle is an example of bone spurs. osteoporosis. osteodysplasia. osteomalacia. heterotopic bone formation.

heterotopic bone formation

What type of tissue is replaced in the embryo during endochondral ossification? fibrocartilage connective tissue membranes hyaline cartilage mesenchymal tissue Wharton's jelly

hyaline cartilage

Parathyroid hormone functions in all of the following ways except decreasing the rate of calcium excretion. inhibiting calcitonin secretion. raising the level of calcium ion in the blood. stimulating osteoclast activity. increasing the rate of calcium absorption.

inhibiting calcitonin secretion

Osteoclast-activating factor does all of the following except that it produces a severe osteoporosis. is released by some cancer tumors. is released in large amounts early in life. increases the number of osteoclasts. increases the activity of osteoclasts.

is released in large amounts early in life

When the epiphyseal plate is replaced by bone, appositional bone growth begins. interstitial bone growth begins. long bones have reached their adult length. the bone becomes more brittle. puberty begins.

long bones have reached their adult length

Adipose tissue is stored within the metaphysis. medullary cavity. epiphysis. diaphysis. spongy bone.

medullary cavity

A condition in which bone becomes riddled with holes is called osteoporosis. osteomyelitis. osteitis. osteomalacia. osteopenia.

osteoporosis

________ marrow is found between the trabeculae of spongy bone. Red Gray White Yellow Blue

red

The ongoing process of tearing down and rebuilding bone matrix is called restoration. osteolysis. ossification. remodeling. resorption.

remodeling

A lack of exercise could result in porous and weak bones. cause bones to become thicker. cause bones to become longer. cause bones to store more calcium. cause bones to lose their medullary cavity.

results in porous and weak bones

________ hormones stimulate osteoblasts to produce bone matrix. Pancreatic Growth Sex Thyroid Parathyroid

sex

A ________ fracture is produced by twisting stresses applied to the bone. comminuted greenstick compression transverse spiral

spiral

The type of bone that is adapted to withstand stresses that arrive from many directions is ________ bone. compact osteon spongy lamellar irregular

spongy

The hormone calcitonin functions to stimulate osteoblasts and inhibit osteoclasts. decrease the level of calcium ion in the blood. decrease the rate of calcium excretion. stimulate osteoclast activity. decrease the rate of calcium absorption.

stimulate osteoblasts and inhibit osteoclasts

When stress is applied to a bone, osteoclast activity increases and osteoblast activity decreases. blood supply through the nutrient artery diminishes and thus remodeling proceeds at a much slower rate. the bone becomes thin and brittle and ultimately fractures. the bone compensates by becoming thinner in the region of stress. the minerals in the bone produce a weak electrical field that attracts osteoblasts.

the minerals in the bones produce a weak electrical field that attracts osteoblasts

The interconnecting tiny arches of bone tissue found in spongy bone are called trabeculae. concentric lamellae. interstitial lamellae. lacunae. osteons

trabeculae

The bone in this image is __________. healthy spongy bone typical of osteoporosis compact bone young healthy bone

typical osteoporosis

Which of the following bones is classified as "irregular" in shape? patella frontal ulna vertebra metatarsal

vertebra