Chap 9 (CRIJ)

Ted Kaczynski was known as the ______.

Unabomber

Recently, ______ policies have been less attractive to authorities and politicians who want to be seen as hard on criminal offenders so they will be elected or retained in office.

hands-off

Which of the following is NOT likely to lead to an offender experiencing the self-fulfilling prophecy?

trying to become an upstanding citizen

The dramatization of evil typically occurs when ______ are arrested and charged with their first offense.

youth

______ presented a theoretical model that claims that delinquency and crime are the result of problematic parenting.

Colvin and Pauly

______ claims that recidivism can be reduced by limiting stigmatization by authorities and society.

Control

______ involves trying to get cases out of the formal justice system as soon as possible.

Diversion

An individual must be caught and labeled before primary deviance occurs.

False

During the 1950s, society was looking for theories that placed the blame of criminal offending on government authorities, either the police or societal institutions like the economic structure or class structure.

False

Karl Marx believed that a certain level of conflict among groups can be very beneficial because it reminds citizens to consider whether the status quo or conventional standards can be improved.

False

Labeling theory assumes all societies are in a process of constant change.

False

Studies have shown more support for the influence of formal labeling on individuals' behavior.

False

______ theory was based on seminal work by George Mead and Charles Cooley.

Labeling

______ theories focus on the fact that people from lower classes are arrested and charged with crimes at a disproportionate rate.

Marxist

______ said that a person's sense of self is constantly constructed and reconstructed through the various social interactions a person has on a daily basis.

Mead

______ applied Marxist and conflict perspectives, as well as numerous other types of models, to study the state of cultural diversity in industrial societies.

Sellin

______ was a prominent neo-Marxist theorist in the U.S.

Quinney

Who coined the term dramatization of evil?

Tannenbaum

Critics of labeling theory claim that it promotes lenient and ineffective sentencing.

True

If a label or stigma is not placed on a young or first-time offender, then the more serious and frequent offending of secondary deviance will not take place.

True

Labeling theory is also referred to as social reaction theory.

True

Marx claimed that law is used to prevent the lower classes from gaining access to financial resources.

True

Self-fulfilling prophecy results for individuals confirming their status as criminals or delinquents by increasing the frequency or seriousness of their illegal activity.

True

______ assumed that the competition for power among various groups in society is the primary cause of crime.

Turk

Selling stated that ______ is the result of laws being enacted that represent the interests of only the dominant group.

border culture conflict

More modern frameworks (concerning Marxist theories) place more emphasis on factors that stem from ______.

capitalism

Which of these policies is NOT evolved from social reaction and labeling theory?

dilution

The ______ make up the lower-class in society.

proletariat

Quinney claimed that the elite commit crimes in order to do all of the following EXCEPT ______.

show off to their peers