Chapter 1, 2, and 3 Biology 101
What are three common interactions in _______ molecules?
(biological) 1. Covalent Bonds 2. Ionic Bonds 3. Hydrogen Bonds
Proteins Undone: - ___________: _________ of a protein. - Dependent on ________ ___________, ex: pH, temperature, and salts. - ___________: putting it back together - Prions: _____ like proteins, are ________ proteins and trigger ______ proteins to ________. Ex: ____ ____ _______
- Denaturation: unfolding - cellular environment - Renaturation - virus, misfolded, normal, misfold Ex: Mad Cow Disease
- ________ carry _______, but only in _____ incremental amounts. - An _______ gains energy only by ________ the ____ amount needed to boost the next _____. - ________ never ______, because they occupy different _______.
- Electrons carry energy, but only in small incremental amounts. - electron, absorbing the exact, level - Electrons never collide, bc they occupy different orbitals.
- All __________ are in the category domain. - Prokaryotes have no nucleus or _______ bound __________. - Eukaryotes have ________ bound _______ and can be _____ or ____-______.
- Eukaryotes - membrane bound organelles - membrane bound organelles, single or multi-celled
What are the 2 major ways to study living things?
1. Discovery Biology 2. Experimental Biology
Name four types of Eukaryotes?
1. Protists 2. Fungi 3. Plants 4. Animals
________ ______: - cluster of atoms ________ bonded to ______ ________. - Gives _______ compounds _________. - Provides ________ ______.
Functional Groups: - covalently, carbon backbones - Carbon, properties - Molecular diversity
2. Lipids: Functions: - _________/________ - _______ - _______ _________ Also work in the construction of: - ____ __________ - ________ ___ - ____ __________ * 70% of your _____ is fat.
Functions: - insulation/padding - energy - vitamin transport Construction of: - Sex Hormones - Vitamin D - Cell membranes * brain
What is the term for, -Judging information before accepting it. -The systematic study of the observable world and how it works. -A testable explanation of a natural phenomenon.
- Critical Thinking - Science - Hypothesis
What is the term for, - A variable that is controlled by the experimenter in order to explore its relationship to the dependent variable. - A variable that is presumably affected by an independent variable being tested. - A group of individuals in an experiment who have a certain characteristic or receive certain treatment.
- Independent Variable - Dependent Variable - Experimental Group
- Making a hypothesis is an example of what? - Making a prediction is called the "___-_____ ______". - Using a hypothesis to make a prediction is an example of what?
- Inductive Reasoning - "if-then process" (if=hypothesis, then=prediction) - Deductive Reasoning
What is the term for, - Drawing a conclusion based on observation. - A statement, based on a hypothesis, about a condition that should exist if the hypothesis is correct. - Using a general idea to make a conclusion about a specific case.
- Inductive Reasoning - Prediction - Deductive Reasoning
- _______: Have the same ________ formula, but a different ________ formula than carbon. - _______ have a long chain of carbon's on the ______ side of the ______ ____. - _____ _______: are mirror images of one another. ex: __-____ and __-_____
- Isomers: molecular, structural - Isomers, opposite, double bond - Optical Isomers - L-Dopa and D-Dopa
- _______: atoms with a variable number of _______. - They are _____, the ______ is _________. - Some are ________, emit energy in the form of ______- _________ _____.
- Isotopes: neutrons - unstable, nucleus is unbalanced - radioactive, particles- radioactive decay
- Sampling error can be minimized with ____ ____ ____ and _____ _______.
- Large sample size and repeating experiments.
- Our _______ is the process of __________ _______ within ________. - Chemical reactions: _______ ----> _______.
- Metabolism is the process of rearranging elements within molecules. - reactants, products
What is the term for, - An analogous system used for testing hypotheses. - Tests designed to support or falsify a prediction. - In an experiment, a characteristic or event that differs among individuals or over time.
- Model - Experiment - Variable
- A ______ _______, has more than one cell. - What is the term for a group of _______ individuals of the same _____ that live in a given area?
- Multi celled Organism - Interbreeding, species [Population]
Tissue is found in _______ organisms.
- Multicelled
- Organisms can be grouped on the basis of whether or not they have a ______, which is a ___ with ___ _______ that encloses and protects a cell's ___.
- Nucleus, sac with two membranes, DNA
- A _____ is a substance that an organism needs for _____ and _____ but cannot make for itself.
- Nutrient, growth and survival
Scientific Theories are, - Our best __________ __________ of the natural world. - Can be ________ by one _______ or ______ that is inconsistent with it.
- Objective Descriptions - disproven, observation or result
- The scientist _____ did an experiment with _____ and discovered _____________. 2. Theory of ___________: - Each _______ has a common _________, with ___________.
- Pasteur, broth, sterilization 2. Evolution - species, ancestor, modifications
Water's Life giving properties: - _______- gives water a unique property that makes life possible 1. _________ ____________ 2. _______ 3. Being a good _______ (_______)
- Polarity 1. Temperature Stabilization 2. Cohesion 3. Solvent (dissolver)
1.6: Why do Biologists perform experiments?
- Potato Chips and Stomaches example - Butterflies and Birds example
- A ______ acquires energy and nutrients from the ________. - A ______ acquires energy and nutrients by ____ a _______. - A _______ feeds on the remains or wastes of other organisms.
- Producer, environment - Consumer, eating a producer - Decomposer
- Plants and other self-feeding organisms are? - Animals, most fungi, many protists, bacteria are?
- Producers - Consumers
Tertiary Structure: - Binding between __ _____, form _______ _________. - ______: ____ functional unit/_____ (at the ___)
- R groups, irregular contortions - Domain: stable, protein (at end)
What is the term for defined volumes of space around the atomic nucleus? - Electrons fill _______ from ______ to _______ energy levels. - The _______ from the ______, the greater the energy.
[Orbitals] - orbitals, lower to higher - farther, nucleus
What is the term for the process by which _______ use ____ _____ to make _____ from ____ ______ and ____?
[Photosynthesis] - producers use light energy, sugars from carbon dioxide and water
What is the term for the structurally simplest eukaryotes, but as a group they vary drastically? - They range from microscopic ____-___ to giant ____-_____ seaweeds.
[Protists] - single-cells, multi-celled
What is the term for a model of _______ distribution in an _____? - Electrons fill up energy levels until there is the same number of _______ and _______.
[Shell Model] electron, atom - protons and electrons
What is the term for an ________ characteristic of an organism or species?
[Trait] observable
- Protons have a weight of __ ____ in the nucleus, they _____ the _______. - Electrons have __ ______, in the electron _____, they determine the ______ of the atom/_______. - Neutrons have a weight of __ ____ in the nucleus, determine the ______.
- 1 amu, define the element - 0 weight, clouds, behavior, element - 1 amu, isotope
- What are the 2 theories that define biological sciences? 1. _____ theory says: - All ________ things are composed of ______. - All _____ come from ___________ ______. - ______ are the basic units of _____.
- 1. Cell Theory 2. Theory of Evolution 1. Cell - living, cells - cells, preexisting cells - cells, life
How sweet is sweet? - The average American eats ____ lb of sugar a year. - ___ lb per day. - Mostly in the form of ____ ______ ____ _____.
- 140 lb - 1/3 lb - High fructose corn syrup
- Cells were discovered in the _____ century. - By _______, who looked at _____, called cells _______. - ____________, discovered _______ cells and called them ______ ______.
- 17th - Hooke, cork, cellulae - Leewenhoek, animal, animal cules
- What is used when working directly with an object or event is not possible? - A typical experiment explores what type of relationship?
- A model - A Cause-and-Effect relationship
DNA: - Consists of a unique sequence of __, ___, ___, and ___. - Which is the _______ __________/_____. - DNA is ______ _______. - ________ bonds are joining the two ______ because of __________ ______ ______. - Forms a ______ _____. * A ______ is always bound to a __________.
- A, T, G, and C - Genetic Information/Code - Double Stranded - Hydrogen, strands, complementary base pairs - Double Helix * Purine, Pyrimidine
Building a Protein: - _____ _____ _________ link together by ____________. - Forms _______ _____ between the ________. - That form a long chain/_________.
- Amino acid monomers, condensation - peptide bonds, monomers - polypeptide
What is the term for, a grouping of tissues engaged in a collective task in multi celled organisms?
- An organ
What is the term for, a set of organs and tissues that interact to keep a body functioning properly?
- An organ system
- ______ _______: A set of ________ that act as a ____ _____/_____ combination to keep __ _____. - One ______ ____ the other ______ them. - ________: When the pH is _____ 7.35. - ________: When the pH is ______ 7.45. - Acid _________ threatens the ___________, caused by ________.
- Buffer System: compounds, weak acid/base, pH stable - donates ions, accepts - Acidosis: below - Alkalosis: above - precipitation, environment, pollutants
- No ____= no ____. - _______ compounds - _____ to _______ bonds.
- Carbon, life - Organic - Carbon, hydrogen
- ______ ____: Attractive forces that fill electron ______ and unite atoms into ______/________. - _______ or _______: Atoms within substances that intermingle but don't bond.
- Chemical Bond: vacancies, molecules/compounds - Mixture or Solution
What do cells do with organic compounds? - ______ ________ - Requires ________ and ______. - What are two types of reactions?
- Chemical Reactions - Enzymes and Energy - Condensation Reaction and Hydrolysis or Cleavage Reaction
- Eukaryotes can be either ______ or _______.
- Consumers or producers
What is the term for, - A group of individuals identical to an experimental group except for the independent variable under investigation. - Experimental results - Making, testing, and evaluating hypotheses.
- Control Group - Data - Scientific Method
A flower is an example of an ____ of ________ in plants.
- organ of reproduction
What is the term for?, 1. Positively charged subatomic particles that occur in the nucleus of all atoms. 2. Uncharged subatomic particles in the atomic nucleus. 3. Negatively charged subatomic particles that move around the nucleus of an atom. 4. The core of an atom, occupied by ______ and ______.
1. Protons 2. Neutrons 3. Electrons 4. Nucleus (protons and neutrons)
2. ________ (________ Reaction) - ____ breaks __________ into smaller _________. - ________ or ________ - ____ in, ________ out
2. Hydrolysis (Cleavage Reaction) - H2O, polymers, monomers - Hydrolysis or digestion - H2O, monomers
2. ______ bonds: - Atoms ______ ________. - Changes in ratio of ______ and _______. - Atoms become ______ ____. - Unlike charges ______ forming the _____. - They are more ___________. - Form compounds known as ____.
2. Ionic Bonds: - transfer electrons - protons and electrons - charged ions - attract, bond - electronegative - salts
2. Greasy, Oily, ______: Characteristics: - __________ or ________ compounds. - ________ in water. - Mostly _______ and ________. - Many contain ______ ______, which have a ________ functional group with a __________ ____ and are "________", derived from ______.
2. Lipids: - hydrophobic or non-polar - Insoluble - Carbons and Hydrogens - fatty acids, carboxyl, hydrocarbon tail, "essential", food
2. ______: - Forms a ______: _____ water. - Works to either keep water ____ or ___.
2. Waxes - barrier: repels - out or in
Some Functional Groups: 4. ________ Character: ______(_)/ very ______ Found In: _____ _____ Formula: --COOH 5. _____/_____ Character: _______(__)/ very _____ Found In: ______ ____ Formula: -NH2 6. _________ Character: _____/_______ Found In: ____ and ______ ____ Formula: -PO4
4. Carboxyl ionized (-)/acidic, amino acids 5. Amino/Amine ionized (+)/basic, amino acids 6. Phosphate polar/reactive, ATP and nucleic acids
What is an association of two or more atoms?
A molecule
What is an individual that consists of one or more cells?
An organism
What is the term for the fundamental building blocks of all matter?
Atoms
Carbohydrate Types: C. ______ Carbs 1. ______________ - _____ __________ or __________ chains of _______ ___________. - Are used in what two functions?
Carbohydrate Types C. Complex Carbs 1. Polysaccharides - Long branched unbranched, glucose monomers - Energy storage and Structure
Carbohydrate Types: A. ______ _______ 1. _____________ - ________: have __-__ carbons Ex: ________, _________, and ________ - Contain ________ and _________ functional groups. - Used for _______ or as _________ units. - Water _______, form ______ in _________. - Slide on: shift to ______ forms in __________.
Carbohydrate Types: A. Simple Sugars 1. Monosaccarides - Monomers: 3-7 carbons Ex: ribose, fructose and glucose - hydroxyl and carbonyl - Energy, building units - soluble, rings in solution - rings, solution
_______ Importance: - Can _____ with up to __ _____. - Forms _______ _____. - ______ _____ skeletons/backbones. - There are a variety of ______ backbones that lead to ______ ________ _______.
Carbon's - bond, 4 atoms - Covalent Bonds - Diverse carbon - Carbon, diverse molecular shapes
Biology is the study of what?
The study of life past and present.
What is the term for _______ of a ____ that do ___ appear in any of the system's components?
[ Emergent Properties ] - characteristics, system, not
What is the term for the scope of variation among living organisms?
[Biodiversity]
What is the term for a chemical bond in which two atoms share a pair of electrons? - So each atoms ________ is partially filled. - ________ ______ form between atoms with a small difference in __________ or none at all, meaning they are not very _____. *Can be _______ than ______ bonds, but not always.
[Covalent Bond] - vacancy - Covalent bonds, electronegativity, polar * Can be stronger than ionic bonds, but not always.
What is the term for, - Process by which individuals produce offspring. - An increase in the number, size, and volume of cells - The process by which the first cell of a new individual gives rise to a multi celled adult. - The transmission of DNA to offspring.
- Reproduction - Growth - Development - Inheritance
What is the term for, - The difference between results derived from testing an entire group of events or individuals and results from testing a subset of the group? - The chance that a particular outcome of an event will occur; depends on the total number of outcomes possible.
- Sampling Error - Probability
What is the term for, - A hypothesis that has not been disproven after many years of rigorous testing? - An opinion, belief, or personal conviction that is not necessarily supported by evidence? - A generalization that describes a consistent natural phenomenon for which there is incomplete scientific explanation?
- Scientific Theory - Speculation - Law of Nature
RNA: - Is a ______ ___________ strand. - Consists of a unique sequence of ___, ____, ___, and ____. - Which is determined by _____. - RNA carries out _____ ___________. - Makes _______. - Name three types of proteins RNA makes and their function.
- Single polynucleotide - A, U, C, and G - DNA - DNA's instructions - Proteins - mRNA= messenger , tRNA= transfer, rRNA= ribosomal
- What refers to a result that is statistically unlikely to occur by chance? - _______ is often shown as _____ _____ on a graph which, depending on the graph, may indicated variation around an _______ for one sample set, or the _______ between two sample sets.
- Statistically Significant - Variation, error bars, average, difference
- If a hypothesis is tested many times and is irrefutable it is a ________. - What is something that is consistently observed, mathematically defined, but incompletely explained?
- Theory - Laws
- What are the four nitrogen bases that work with DNA nucleotides? - Which nitrogen base pairs with which? - ___ and ___ = ______ _____ __________. - ___ and ___= _______ _____ _______.
- [ Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, and Cytosine] (ATGC) - [A and T] and [G and C] - T and C = Single ring pyrimidines. - A and G = Double ring purines.
- What is the term for a molecule that has atoms of more than one element? - An ionic bond is very ______ because the atoms that are participating in it have a very large difference in _____________. - If there is a smaller difference in __________ the bond is less _____.
- [A Compound] - polar, electronegativity - electronegativity, polar
- What are the four nitrogen bases that work with RNA nucleotides? - Which nitrogen base pairs with which? - Which are purines and which are pyrimidines?
- [Adenine, Uracil, Guanine and Cytosine] - [A and U] and [G and C] - Purines= A and G - Pyrimidines = U and C
- What is the term for a multi-celled typically photosynthetic producer? - What is the term for a multi-celled consumer that develops through a series of ____ and ____ about during part or all of it's life?
- [Plants] - [Animals] stages, moves
- What is the term for a group of _______ that share a ____ set of ____? - Species are ranked into inclusive categories based on shared sets of ____, each rank is a _____.
- [Taxon/Taxa(plural)] organisms, unique set of traits - traits, Taxon
- A typical ____ has the same number of ______ and ______. - All atoms have ______. - Knowing the number of ______, _______, and ______ helps us predict how elements will _____. - ______ ________ created the ______ _____ by arranging the elements known by their _______ ________.
- atom, electrons and protons - protons - protons, neutrons, and electrons, behave - Dimitri Mendeleyev, periodic table, chemical properties
Electrons: - Determine _______/_________. - Whether atoms will _______/_____. - Based on the number of electrons in the _________ electron _____. - Electron shells: represent the _______ of electrons from the _______.
- behavior/reactivity - interact/bond - outermost electron shell - distance, nucleus
- The atomic nucleus _____ be altered by ordinary means, so _________ ______ is unaffected by ________ _______ such as temperature, pressure, or whether the atoms are part of molecules.
- cannot, radioactive decay, external factors
- Everything an organism is and does depends on _______: ______ ______. Elements: - ____ substances - Each consists of ___ ____ type. - ____ naturally occurring on earth.
- chemistry: chemical ecology Elements: - Pure - one atom - 94
- Elements are usually coded by ______ in models. - Atoms share electrons ________ in a _____ ________ bond. - Covalent bonds in ________ are usually _______.
- color - unequally, polar covalent - compounds, polar
- In structural formulas, a line between two atoms represents a single ________ _____, in which two atoms share one pair of _______. - 2,3, or even 4 _______ _____ may form between atoms when they share _______ _____ of ________. - The more covalent bonds the ________ the bond.
- covalent bond, electrons - covalent bonds, multiple pairs of electrons - stronger
- Each radioisotope ______ at a predictable ____ into predictable _______. - This predictable _____ of _________ _____ makes it possible for scientists to estimate the ___ of a rock or fossil by measuring its ______ content. - What is the term for a molecule with a detectable component?
- decays, rate, products - rate, radioactive decay, age, isotope - Tracer
Protein Structure: - Most ______ class of molecules for _____. - Types of _____ include ______, _________, and _______. - Have __ _____ of organization.
- diverse, shape - shape, donut, butterfly, globular - 4 levels
- If an atom is _______ ______ it has the same number of ______ and _______. - Most of an atom's volume is _____ _____. - Atomic Number: never _______, determines the _______. - Mass Number: can ______, number of _______ can change.
- electrically neutral, protons and electrons - empty space - changes, element - change, neutrons
Structures with _____ _______ can be ______ from the same ____ building blocks.
- emergent properties, assembled, basic
- The flow of _____ and the ______ of ______ through the world of life is ___-___.
- energy and cycling of materials, one-way
What are Proteins? - 1 or more _______ ________ of ______ _____. - _______ is based on arrangement of the ___ ______ _____. - Each _____ ____ contains what 3 groups? - What group determines the _____ ____?
- folded polymers of amino acids - Diversity, 20 amino acids - amino acid [Amine Group, Carboxyl Group, R group] - amino acid [R Group]
Secondary Structure: - Involves ______ _______ between atoms of the _________ _______. - Uses ______ or _______ _____.
- hydrogen bonding, polypeptide's backbone - Helices or Pleated Sheets
3b. Water is a good Solvent. - ________= water hating substances, ________, _____ water - _______ molecules don't ______ readily in water.
- hydrophobic, non-polar, repel - Non-polar, dissolve
- People with an _____ ______ develop ________. - _____: The smallest particles that retain properties of an ________. - They consist of ______ _______.
- iodine deficiency, goiters - Atoms: elements - subatomic particles
- Each elements abbreviation is typically derived from it's ____ or ____ name. - All atoms of an element have the same number of ______, but they can differ in the number of other ________ ______.
- latin or greek - protons, subatomic particles
4b. Phospholipids: - The phosphate head has a _______ charge and is _____ or _________ and are _______ in external environment/ ____ _____ and _______ _______ in internal environment. - The Fatty acid tails are _________ or ________. - ______: phospholipids that form a _______ _____ around ____.
- negative, polar or hydrophilic, dissolved, body fluids and partially dissolved - hydrophobic or non-polar - Micelle: protective layer around dirt
The above ground parts of a plant and the heart and blood vessels of an animal are an example of an ____ _____.
- organ system
- When an atom's _______ shell is filled with electrons is has no _________. - An atom is most _______ when it has ___ ________. - Atoms with ________ tend to get rid of them by _______ with other _____, in other words they are ________ ______.
- outermost, vacancies - stable, no vacancies - vacancies, interacting with other atoms, Chemically Active
- Covalent bonds become _____ due to __________ or the ______ ____ which gives _____ ______ to the molecule. - Molecule _____ is due to ____ ____/geometry.
- polar, electronegativity, electron pull, partial charges - shape, bond angles
- What is the term for all ______ of all species in a given area? - A _______ interacting with it's _______ is a what? - All regions of earth where organisms live is called what?
- populations, [Community] - Community, environment [Ecosystem] - Biosphere
Primary Structure: - The unique ________ of _____ ____ in a _________. - Important because it defines final _____. - Instructed by ____. - A single change disrupts the final ______ and ________ (_______).
- sequence of amino acids, polypeptide - shape - shape and function (mutation)
- The idea that when studying life start _____ is the ___________ _______. - Organizes life's components into _____. - Understand _____ and continue to big. - New ________ properties.
- small, The Reductionist Approach - levels - small - emergent
Electron Shells: - If the outermost shell is full the electron is _____ or _____. - If there are any vacancies the atom is _______, and they want to fill them by forming _____.
- stable or inert - reactive, bonds
- Radioisotopes can be used as ______ in _______ because the body only recognizes ______ number.
- tracers, medicine, proton
Quaternary Structure: - ___ or more _______ interacting to form a single _______. - _______ Proteins: Ex: _______ - ______ Proteins: Ex: _______, _______, and _________ (Are _____, have more __________).
- two, domains, structure - Globular proteins: Enzymes - Fibrous proteins: collagen, tendons, and ligaments (longer, elasticity)
- Evolution ties together ____ and _______. - There are ___ ______ living things. - There are ___ different types of _____ _____. - To be most ______ means to go from general-specific. - What is the most _______ category?
- unity and diversity - 1.7 million - 20, amino acids - inclusive - inclusive, domain
Name the 11 Levels of life from least to most complex.
-Atom, Molecule, Cell, Tissue, Organ, Organ System, Multi celled Organism, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biosphere [AMCTOOMPCEB]
What is the term for specialized ____ organized in a pattern that allows them to perform a collective function?
-Cells [Tissue]
- Who defined a species as one or more groups of individuals that potentially interbreed with other groups? - He was an ________ ______. - This is called the, _______ _____ _____.
-Ernst Mayr - Evolutionary Biologist - Biological Species Concept
1.1 How do living things differ from nonliving things?
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1.2 How are all living things alike?
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1.3 How are living things different?
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1.4 What is a Species?
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1.5: How does Science work?
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1.7: What are some potential pitfalls in Scientific Inquiry?
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1.8: What is a Theory?
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2.1: What are the basic building blocks of all matter?
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Chapter 2: Life's Chemical Basis
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Chapter 3: Molecules of Life (Lecture Notes)
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Lecture Notes
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Section 2.2: Why do Atoms Interact?
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Section 2.3: Hw do Atoms Interact in Chemical Bonds?
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1. First Shell - Can hold ___ electrons. 2. Second Shell - Can hold ___ electrons. 3. Third Shell - Can hold ___ electrons.
1. 2 2. 8 3. 8
Name two types of Prokaryotes? 1. ________ - the most _____ and well-known group of ____-_____ organisms that lack a ______. 2. _______ - Group of _____-______ organisms that lack a _____, but are more closely related to _________ than they are to ______.
1. Bacteria - diverse, single-celled, nucleus 2. Archaea - single-celled, nucleus, Eukaryotes, bacteria
1. ________________: - The most _________ of the ______________. - Has a _______ ratio of ________, _________, and ________ ex: C6, H12, 06 Importance: - _______ and ______ ________ - ____ _____________ - ____ _________
1. Carbohydrates: - abundant, macromolecules - 1:2:1, carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen Importance: - Energy and Energy Storage - Cell Identification - Cell Structure
1. ___________ Reaction - Combines _____, _______ ________ (________) into larger ______ molecules (_________), forms ____. - _______ in, ____ out - Can be called ____________ ________.
1. Condensation Reaction - small, similar subunits (monomers), chain molecules (polymers), H2O - Monomer, H2O - Dehydration Synthesis
1. _______ bonds: - Atoms share a pair of _______ to fill the ________ shell. - Most ______. - Can be _____, ______, or ______ bonds. - _______ means equal sharing. - ______ means unequal sharing.
1. Covalent - electrons, outermost - Stable - Single, Double, or Triple Bonds - Non-polar - Polar
What four processes does DNA assist in?
1. Development 2. Growth 3. Reproduction 4. Inheritance
1. In _________ _________ you go find something, define it, and give it a name. 2. In ________ __________ you use the scientific method.
1. Discovery Biology 2. Experimental Biology
What are the nine taxa?
1. Domain 2. Kingdom 3. Phylum 4. Class 5. Order 6. Family 7. Genus 8. Species 9. Common Name [DKPCOFGSC] (Dr. King Phillip Comes Over For Great Sex, Common Name)
Polysaccharide Functions: 1. _____ _______ - _____: plants (____ linkages) - _______: animals - _______ __________ are _________ for energy.
1. Energy Storage - Starch (alpha) - Glucose - Glucose Monomers are hydrolyzed
What are the four types of lipids?
1. Fats 2. Waxes 3. Steroids (Sterols) 4. Phospholipids
1. ____: - Are ___ ____ _____ linked to a _______ molecule. - Commonly called ____________ or ______ fat. - Contain twice the _____ of ______ _____.
1. Fats - 3 fatty acids, glycerol - triglycerides or neutral - energy of complex carbs
Linnaean System: 1. The first part of the species name is the name of the _____. - Which is a group of ____ that share a unique set of _____. 2. The second part of the species name is the _____ ______. * _____ and ______ names are always ________.
1. Genus - species, traits 2. Specific Epithet * Genus and Species names are always italicized.
Some Functional Groups: 1. _________ Formula: -OH Character: ______ Found in: _______ and ______ 2. _______ Formula: -CH3 Character: _______ Found in: ______ _____ and some ______ _____
1. Hydroxyl polar, alcohols and sugars 2. Methyl non-polar, fatty acids and some amino acids
An atom's Electronegativity depends on what three things?
1. It's size. 2. How many vacancies it has. 3. What other atom's it is interacting with.
Types of Traits: 1. _________ traits - Relate to form. 2. _________ traits - They make and use the same _______. 3. _______ traits - Similar ______ to certain _____.
1. Morphological Traits 2. Biochemical Traits - molecules 3. Behavioral Traits - responses, stimuli
The Scientific Method: 1. ________ 2. Form a _________ 3. ______ the ________. a. Make a _______. b. ______ the ________. c. ________ the results. 4. Form a _________. 5. _______ the results.
1. Observe 2. Form a hypothesis 3. Test the hypothesis a. Make a prediction. b. Test the prediction. c. Analyze the results. 4. Form a Conclusion. 5. Report the results.
1. Water is a _____ _______ molecule. - Partial charges due to ______ __________ (no __ __ _____). - Leads to ________ bonds.
1. Polar Covalent - oxygen's electronegativity (no net charge) - Hydrogen
What are the three key features of living things?
1. Requirement for Energy and Nutrients. 2. Homeostasis 3. Use of DNA as hereditary material.
What are three potential problems in scientific inquiry? 1. _____ ____ 2. ___ in ______ _____ 3. The _____ of ______.
1. Sampling Error 2. Bias in Interpreting Results 3. The limits of Science
What is the term for?, 1. The electrical property that opposite charges _____ and like charges _____. 2. The number of ______ in the atomic nucleus, determines the ______. 3. A pure substance that consists of only atoms with the same number of ______. 4. Tabular arrangement of all known ______ by their _____ ______.
1. [Charge] attract, repel 2. [Atomic Number] protons, element 3. [Element] protons 4. [Periodic Table] elements, atomic number
What is the term for, 1. An attractive force that arises between two atoms when their _______ _______? - They link _____ into _________. 2. A type of _______ _____ in which a strong mutual _______ links _____ of ________ _______? - Are _______.
1. [Chemical Bond] elements interact - atoms into molecules 2. [Ionic Bond] chemical bond, attraction, ions, opposite charge - strong
What is the term for?, 1. Forms of an element that differ in the number of _______ their atoms carry. - Are defined by their _____ _______. 2. Of an _______, the total number of _____ and ______ in the atomic nucleus. - Is written as a ________ to the ____ of an element's symbol.
1. [Isotope] neutrons - Mass Number 2. [Mass Number] isotope, protons and neutrons - superscript, left
What is the term for, 1. The separation of charge into positive and negative regions? 2. A measure of the ability of an atom to pull electrons away from other atoms? - Not the same as ______.
1. [Polarity] 2. [Electronegativity] - charge
1. What is the term for a _____ celled organism _____ a nucleus? - As a group they are the most _____ organisms. 2. What is the term for an organism whose cells characteristically have a ______? - Are typically _____ and more ______.
1. [Prokaryotes] single, without - diverse 2. [Eukaryotes] nucleus - larger and more complex (than Prokaryotes)
What is the term for?, 1. An isotope with an unstable nucleus. - Is short for _______ ______. 2. The process by which atoms of a _______ emit _____ and/or _______ ______ when their _____ spontaneously ____ up.
1. [Radioisotope] - Radioactive Isotope 2. [Radioactive Decay] radioisotope, energy, subatomic particles, nucleus, breaks
What is the term for?, 1. A unique type of organism. 2. The science of naming and _______ _____. - Was not a priority until the ___ century. 3. The two-part naming system given to each _____. - Was created by _____ ______.
1. [Species] 2. [Taxonomy] classifying species - 18th 3. [Linnaean System] species - Carolus Linnaeus
How are living things alike?: 1. Life exhibits ______. 2. Tendency to ______. 3. Organisms require ______ and _______. 4. Organisms _____ and _______ to ______ (_________) 5. Organisms use _____.
1. order 2. evolve 3. energy and nutrients 4. sense and respond to change (homeostasis) 5. DNA
The "Biological Species Concept" is not universally applicable because, 1. We may never know if separate ________ could _______ even if they did get together. 2. Populations often continue to ________ even as they _____, so the exact moment at which two populations become two _____ is often impossible to pinpoint.
1. populations could interbreed 2. interbreed, diverge, species
Polysaccharide Functions: 2a. _______ - _______: bonding pattern forms _______ - Not "________" _____ because of _____ linkages. - In ______ cell walls and in ______. - The most ________ compound on earth.
2a. Structure - Cellulose: fibers - "digestible" fibers, beta - plant, wood - abundant
2a. Water Stabilizes _________: Heat - Temperature is a measure of _________ _______. - _______ bonds resist ________. - Thus, water ______ temperature ________. - _________ ________: _______ bonds _____ releasing _____ molecules.
2a. Temperature - molecular motion - Hydrogen, breaking - resists, change - Evaporative Cooling: hydrogen, break, water
2b. ________ - ______: monomers with _______. Found in: ____________ and in ______ cell walls. - _____________: _______ monomers and _______ (which are part of a ______) Found in: ________ cell walls.
2b. Structure - Chitin: Nitrogen Found in: Exoskeletons and Fungal cell walls - Peptidoglycan: glucose, peptides (protein) Found in: bacterial
2b. Water stabilizes _________: Ice - Decrease in _________ allows _______ bonds to become ______. - Hydrogen bonds are ______. - ________ ______: ________ bonds constantly _____ and ___-_____. - Form open _______ work. - Ice is less _____ than _______ water. ex: floats and insulates
2b. Temperature - temperature, hydrogen, static - stable - Liquid Water: hydrogen, break and re-form - lattice - dense than liquid
Some Functional Groups: 3. __________ - ________: Character: _____/________ Formula: --CO-- Found In: ______ _______ and ________ ______ -Double bond _______ middle ______. - ___________: Character: ______/_________ Formula: ---CHO Found in: ______ _______ - Double bond to the ______ of the _______.
3. Carbonyl - Ketone polar or ionized, simple sugars and nucleotide bases, above middle carbon - Aldehyde polar or ionized, simple sugars, right of the carbon
3. _______ bonds: - _______ force between _____ molecules. - Results in ____ bonds. - _____ ______ charges ______ each other.
3. Hydrogen Bonds - Attractive force, polar - weak - Partial unlike, attract
3. ________: - Involved in Cell _______ and _______. _____ Functions: - ________: Ex: _____ and ______ - ________: Ex: seeds and eggs - _________: muscle fibers - _________: Hemoglobin - _________: Cell communication - ______: Production of antibodies - _________: Speed up reactions (________ are ______).
3. Proteins - Structure and Function Many Functions: - Structural: hair and nails - Storage - Movement - Transport - Hormones - Defense - Enzymes: (enzymes are proteins)
3. ______ (_____): - Have __ ______ _____. - Most common type is _________. Functions: - As a ____ __________ component. - Can be remodeled into: ___ _________ and ______ __.
3. Steroids (Sterols): - 4 Carbon Rings - Cholesterol Functions: - cell membrane - Sex Hormones and Vitamin D
3a. Water is a good ______. (________) - It ________ ____ and ______ molecules (things that are ______ or ______ _______). - Puts them into a ______ or _______. - _________= water loving substances, ______ - _____ molecules and ____ dissolve ______ in water.
3a. Solvent (dissolver) - dissociates ions, polar (charged or partially charged) - mixture or solution - Hydrophyllic, polar - Polar, ions readily
3c. Water is a good/_______ solvent. - Measured as ___. - Which is a measure of ____ - Can be _____ or _______. - ______ _________ H+s - _______ _______ H+s - Life is maintained at a ph of ____.
3c. Neutral - pH - H+s - acidic or alkaline - Acid releases H+s - Bases accepts H+s - 7.4
4. Water's ________ - Like molecules ______ together. - Water's ________ is a _____ sustaining property. - _________: ______ properties ______ or ______. - ________ creates ______ _______. - Which is water's property to resist ________ under ________.
4. Cohesion - stick - Cohesion, life - Adhesion: unlike, attract or stick - Cohesion creates surface tension - breaking under pressure
4. _______ ______: - Single or Double stranded ______ of ________ __________. - Have a ___ ______ ______, a __________ group, and a ___________ _____. - Some act ______, as _______ carries ____. (_________ ___-_________) - Can also be ________ _______. Ex: _____ and _____ - Others build __________ Ex: _____ and _____
4. Nucleic Acids: - chains of nucleotide monomers - 5 Carbon Sugar, a Phosphate Group, and a Nitrogenous Base - alone, energy, ATP (Adenosine Tri-Phosphate) - Enzyme Helpers Ex: NAD and FAD - Polymers Ex: DNA and RNA
4. ____________: - Made-up of a ______ _________, __ _____ _____ _____ and a _______ ____. - Can be _________ or __________. - Composes the ____ ________ which has 2 layers called a _______. - Functions as a ______.
4. Phospholipids: - Glycerol backbone, 2 fatty acid tails, phosphate head - saturated or unsaturated - cell membrane, bilayer - barrier
What does each number/letter represent? 6 ____ _______ C _____ _______ 12 ____ ______
6 --- Atomic Number C --- Element Symbol 12 --- Mass Number
____ of the body is composed of ___ basic elements: 1. ________ 2. ________ 3. ________ 4. ________ - _____ elements are less than 0.1%.
94%, 4 1. Carbon 2. Hydrogen 3. Oxygen 4. Nitrogen - Trace
What is the smallest unit of life?
A cell
Two Types of Fat: A. ___________ ____: - _______ at room temperature. - Contain ____ _______ ______. Ex: ______, ______ fats B. _____________ ____: - ______ (___) at room temperature. - Contain ____ or _____ _______ ______. Ex: _______ ___________ _____/ ______ fat
A. Saturated Fat: - Solid - no double bonds Ex: butter, animal fats B. Unsaturated Fat: - Liquid (Oils) - one or more double bonds Ex: Partially Hydrogenated Oils/Trans fat
Carbohydrate Types: B. ______ _______ Carbs 1. ______________ - _____ ______________ - Used for _______. Ex: ________, _________, and _________ 2. ______________ - ___ or ______ _____________ that are __________ linked. - Used for ____ ___ _____.
Carbohydrate Types B. Short Chain Carbs 1. Disaccarides - Two monosaccharides - Energy Ex: Sucrose, lactose, maltose 2. Oligosaccharides - 3 or more monosaccharides that are covalently linked - Cell id tags
What are the two types of Nucleotides? 1. _____= __________ ______ 2. _____= ______ _______ What are the 5 different Nitrogen bases: Nucleotide Name?
DNA and RNA 1. DNA= Deoxyribose Sugar 2. RNA= Ribose Sugar [ Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine, Uracil]
DNA and RNA: - Control the ____ of the ____. - Function in ___________. * ______ groups can turn ___ ______. You are what you Eat: - Ex: Experiment with _______ _____ - _____ exposure changed ______. - Doctors do ___ have to take a _________ class in their training.
DNA and RNA: - life, cell - reproduction * Methyl, off genes You are what you Eat: - Agouti Mice - Food, color - Not, Nutrition
______ theory of _______ ________: - occurred by ______ - took a 5 year _____ voyage around the ______. - _______ _________ is a mechanism for _________. - _________: heritable _____ that increase fitness or survivability
Darwin's Theory of Natural Selection: - nature - boat, world - Natural selection, evolution - Adaptations: traits
_____________: - Are the _________ molecules of ______. - Name the four ___________.
Macromolecules: - organic, life - macromolecules [ Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids (RNA,DNA)]
Periodic Table: Notation: _____ and ______ Columns: _____ ________ - All things consist of ______.
Notation: symbol and number Columns: Similar Properties - Elements
What is the term for the process in which an organism keeps its internal conditions within tolerable ranges by ______ and _______ to ______?
[Homeostasis] - sensing and responding to change
What is the term for an atom with an unpaired electron? - They are very _______ and easily force electrons upon other ____ by _______ electrons away from them. - This makes them ________ to ____. What is the term for an atom with an unequal number of protons and electrons/ a ______ atom?
[Free Radical] - unstable, atoms, ripping - dangerous to life [Ion] charged
What is the term for a single or multi celled Eukaryotic consumer that breaks down material _____ itself, then _____ nutrients ______ from the breakdown?
[Fungi] - outside, absorbs nutrients released