Chapter 1-5

Phatic communication

"small talk" that opens the way for "big talk."

Communication has a power dimension

- legitimate power - referent power - reward power - coercive power - expert power - information power

Proxemics

Edward T. Hall, who pioneered the study of spatial communication

Metamessage

Is a message that refers to another message; it is communication about communication.

Unrepeatability

a communication act can never be duplicated

Individualism-Collectivism

a cultures emphasis on the importance of the individual or of the group.

Credibility

a perception by others of your competence, character, and charisma.

Attribution

a process by which you focus on explaining why someone behaved as he or she did.

Connotation

an idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning:

Irreversibly

another all-important attribute of communication

Regulators

are behaviors that monitor, control, coordinate, or maintain the speech of another individual.

Object Adaptor

are gestures focused on objects (doodling on or shredding a Styrofoam coffee cup)

Artifactual messages

are messages conveyed through objects or arrangements made by human hands

Self-Adaptor

are self-touching movements (rubbing your nose)

Ageism

can refer to prejudice against people of other age groups also.

Chronemics

concerns the use of time-- how you organize it, react to it, and communicate messages through it

Assertiveness

confident or forceful behavior

Culture

consists of beliefs, ways of behaving, and artifacts of a group. Its transmitted through communication.

Downward Communication

consists of messages sent from the higher levels to the lower levels of the hierarchy

Upward Communication

consists of messages sent from the lower levels of a hierarchy to the upper levels

Transactional view of human communication

each person serves as both speaker and listener, sending and receiving messages

Paraphrase

express the meaning into help with more clarity

Communication Context: Social-psychological context

has to do with the status relationships among speakers, the formality of the situation, the norms of a group or organization; you don't talk the same way in the cafeteria as you would at a formal dinner at your boss's house.

snarl words

highly negative "she's an idiot" he's a pig"

Purr Words

highly positive "she's a real sweetheart"

Heterosexist speech

includes derogatory terms used for lesbians and gay men

Netiquette

internet communication has very specific rules for politeness

Communication Context: Cultural Context

involves the lifestyles, beliefs, values, behavior, and communication of a group; it is the rules of a group of people for considering something right or wrong

Dis-confirmation

is a communication pattern which we ignore someone's presence as well as that person's communications.

Computer mediated communication

is a general term that includes all forms of communication between people that take place through some kind of computer, whether its on your smartphone or via a standard internet connection.

Communication Context: Temporal Context

is a message's position within a sequence of events; you don't talk the same way after someone tells you about the death of a close relative as you do after someone reveals they won lottery

Self-fulfilling prophecy

is a prediction that comes true because you act on it as if it were true.

Active listening

is a special way of reflecting back what the other person has expressed to let him/her know you are listening and to check your understanding of his/her meaning

Ethnocentrism

is an extreme ethnic identity, it's the tendency to see others and their behaviors through your own cultural filters, often as distortions of your own behaviors.

Noise

is anything that interferes with your receiving a message. Four types are physical, physiological, psychological, and semantic

Nonverbal communication

is communication without words

Gender

is considered a cultural variable largely because cultures teach boys and girls different attitudes, beliefs, values, and ways of communicating and relating to one another.

Olfactics

is extremely important in a wide variety of situations and is now big business

Stereotype

is fixed impression of a group of people

Feedback

is from your own messages; you hear what you say, you feel the way you move, you see what you write.

Feedforward

is information you provide before sending your primary message.

Racist language

is speech that puts down, minimizes, and marginalizes a person or group because of their race.

Silence

is the absence of sound but not of communication

2. Intrapersonal communication

is the communication you have with yourself—when you talk with, learn about, and judge yourself

Confirmation

is the opposite of disconfirmation you not only acknowledge the presence of the other person but also indicate your acceptance of this person, of this persons self-definition, and of your relationship as defined or viewed by this other person.

Communication Context: Physical Context

is the tangible or concrete environment, the room, park, or auditorium; you don't talk the same way at a noisy fball game

Paralanguage

is the vocal but nonverbal dimension of speech

Perception

is your way of understanding the world; it helps you make sense of what psychological William James called the "booming buzzing confusion." Five stages (1) you sense or pick up some kind of stimulation (2) you organize the stimuatlion (3) you interpret and evaluate what you perceive (4) you store your perception in memory (5) you retrieve it when needed.

Sexist language/speech

language that disparages someone because of his or her gender (but usually language derogatory toward women).

Grapevine Communication

messages don't follow any of the formal, hierarchical lines of communication established in an organization; rather, they seem to have a life of their own.

Interpersonal communication

occurs when you interact with a person with whom you have some kind of relationship; it can take place face-to-face as well as through electronic channels (social media).

Fundamental attribution error

occurs when you overvalue the contribution of internal factors and undervalue the influences of external factors

Inevitability

of communication, think about a student sitting in the back of a classroom with an expressionless face, perhaps staring out the window.

Polarization

often referred to as the fallacy of "either/or", is the tendency to look at the world and to describe it in terms of extremes-- good or bad, positive or negative, healthy or sick, brilliant or stupid, rich or poor, and so on.

Haptics

or the study of touch communication, have identified the major meanings of touch -touch may communicate positive emotions -touch often communicates playfulness -touch may also control or direct behaviors, attitudes, or feelings of another person -ritual touching centers on greetings and departures -task-related touching occurs while you are performing some function

Lateral Communication

refers to messages between equals--manager to manager, worker to worker.

Communication Competence

refers to your knowledge and understanding of how communication works and ability to use communication effectively.

Open self

represents all the information, behaviors, attitudes, and feelings about yourself that you and also others know

Hidden self

represents all the knowledge you have of yourself but keep secret from others.

Blind self

represents knowledge about you that others have but you don't.

16. Unknown self

represents those parts of yourself that neither you nor others know

Objective listening

sometimes you have to put your empathic responses aside and listen with objectively and detachment.

Denotation

the literal or primary meaning of a word

Linear view of human communication

the speaker speaks and the listener listens

Overattribuion

the tendency to single out one or two obvious characteristic of a person and attribute everything that person does to these characteristics.

Primary effect

what comes first exerts you the most influence

Recency effect

what comes last (or most recently) exerts the most influence.

Emphatic Listening

will also help you enhance your relationships

Selective Attention

you attend to those things that you anticipate will fulfill your needs or will prove enjoyable.

Selective Exposure

you tend to expose yourself to information that will confirm your existing beliefs, will contribute to your objectives, or will prove satisfying in some way.

Social Clocks

your culture maintains a social clock--having a baby, marriage, graduating college, etc.

Inactive listening

your tuning only what you want to hear and does not really care or want to listen to what is being said