Chapter 1
Physical port
A connector or outlet on a networking device where the media connects to an end device or another networking device.
Medium to Large Networks are used by..?
Corporations, schools. They can have many locations with hundreds or thousands or interconnected hosts.
How do you distinguish one end device from another?
Each end device on a network has an address.
Hosts can be called ___________.
End devices
Powerline networking for home networks uses ________.
Existing electrical wiring to connect devices
What network infrastructure provides access to other networks over a large geographical area, which is often owned and managed by a telecommunications service provider?
WAN
For businesses, Cloud computing.......
extends the capabilities of IT without requiring investments in new infrastructure, training new personnel, or licensing new software
Having multiple paths to a destination is known as redundancy. This is an example of which characteristic of network architecture?
fault tolerance
ISP meaning
internet service provider
Network administrators must address two types of network security concerns:
network infrastructure security & information security
Examples of extranets:
-A company that is providing access to outside suppliers and contractors - A hospital that is providing a booking system to doctors so they can make appointments for their patients - A local office of education that is providing budget and personnel information to the schools in its district
Several networking trends that affect organizations and consumers:
-Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) -Online collaboration -Video communications -Cloud computing
Advantages of peer-to-peer networking:
-Easy to set up -Less complexity -Lower cost since network devices and dedicated servers may not be required -Can be used for simple tasks such as transferring files and sharing printers
WANS specific characteristics:
-Interconnect LANs over wide geographical areas such as between cities, states, provinces, countries, or continents -usually administered by multiple service providers -typically provide slower speed links between LANs
Modern networks primarily use these three types of media to interconnect devices:
-Metal wires within cables: Data is encoded into electrical impulses -Glass or plastic fibers within cables (fiber-optic cable): Data is encoded in pulses of light -Wireless transmission: Data is encoded via modulation of specific frequencies of electromagnetic waves
Disadvantages of peer-to-peer networking:
-No centralized administration -Not as secure -Not scalable -All devices may act as both clients and servers which can slow their performance
Intermediary network devices functions:
-Regenerate and retransmit communication signals -Maintain information about what pathways exist through the network and internetwork -Notify other devices of errors and communication failures -Direct data along alternate pathways when there is a link failure -Classify and direct messages according to priorities -Permit or deny the flow of data, based on security settings
Network infrastructures vary greatly in terms of:
-Size of the area covered -Number of users connected -Number and types of services available -Area of responsibility
Criteria to consider when choosing network media:
-What is the maximum distance that the media can successfully carry a signal? -What is the environment in which the media will be installed? -What is the amount of data and at what speed must it be transmitted? -What is the cost of the media and installation?
Common intermediary devices examples:
-Wireless router -LAN switch -Router -Multilayer Switch -Firewall Appliance
four basic characteristics that network architects must address to meet user expectations:
-fault tolerance -scalability -quality of service (QoS) -security
LANs specific characteristics:
-interconnect end devices in a limited area such as a home, school, office building, or campus -usually administered by a single organization or individual. Administrative control is enforced at the network level and governs the security and access control policies -provide high-speed bandwidth to internal end devices and intermediary devices
NIC purpose
A NIC physically connects the end device to the network.
Scalability
A network that expands quickly to support new users and applications without degrading the performance of services that are being accessed by existing users.
Clients
A type of host that has software for requesting and displaying the information obtained from the server.
Dial-up telephone
An inexpensive option that uses any phone line and a modem. The low bandwidth provided by a dial-up modem connection is not sufficient for large data transfer, although it is useful for mobile access while traveling.
SOHO meaning
Small office and home office networks
ADSL meaning
Asymmetrical DSL
BYOD meaning
Bring your own device
Buisness DSL
Business DSL is available in various formats. A popular choice is Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) which is similar to the consumer version of DSL but provides uploads and downloads at the same high speeds.
Some hosts are called ___________.
Clients
Peer-to-peer networking
Computers that function as servers and clients on the network.
In order to achieve the goals of network security there are three primary requirements:
Confidentiality, integrity, avaliability
What is an example of metal wire cables?
Copper cable
Community clouds
Created for exclusive use by specific entities or organizations. The difference between public and community clouds are the functional needs that have been customized for the community. For example, healthcare organizations must remain compliant with policies and laws (e.g., HIPAA) that require special authentication and confidentiality. Community clouds are used by multiple organizations that have similar needs and concerns. Community clouds are similar to a public cloud environment, but with set levels of security, privacy, and even regulatory compliance of a private cloud.
Home and small office common internet connection options?
DSL, Cable, Cellular, Satellite & Dial-up
Cloud computing is possible because of _____________.
Data centers
Integrity
Data integrity assures users that the information has not been altered in transmission, from origin to destination
Business common internet connection options?
Dedicated leased lines, metro ethernet, business DSL, satellite
BYOD means any _____________.
Device, with any ownership, used anywhere
DSL purpose
Digital Subscriber Lines also provide high bandwidth, high availability, and an always-on connection to the internet. DSL runs over a telephone line. In general, small office and home office users connect using Asymmetrical DSL (ADSL), which means that the download speed is faster than the upload speed.
Data centers are typically very __________.
Expensive to build and maintain.
What network infrastructure might an organization use to provide secure and safe access to individuals who work for a different organization but require access to the organization's data?
Extranet
Data centers
Facilities used to house computer systems and associated components.
Redundancy
Having multiple paths to a destination
All computers that are connected to a network and participate directly in network communication are classified as __________.
Hosts
What is the name for all computers connected to a network that participate directly in network communication?
Hosts
Private clouds
Intended for a specific organization or entity, such as a government. A private cloud can be set up using the organizations private network, though this can be expensive to build and maintain. It can also be managed by an outside organization with strict access security.
What connections are specialized ports on a networking device that connect to individual networks?
Interface
The ___________ is the largest network in existence.
Internet
IP address meaning
Internet protocol address
What is the term for when intermediary devices connect multiple individual devices?
Internetwork
What network infrastructure provides access to users and end devices in a small geographical area, which is typically a network in a department in an enterprise, a home, or small business?
LAN
The two most common types of network infrastructures...?
LAN & WAN
Dedicated Leased Lines
Leased lines are reserved circuits within the service providers network that connect geographically separated offices for private voice and/or data networking. The circuits are rented at a monthly or yearly rate.
Smaller organizations that cannot afford to maintain their own private data center can reduce the overall cost of ownership by _____________.
Leasing server and storage services from a larger data center organization in the cloud.
LAN meaning
Local Area Network
What type of network topology lets you see which end devices are connected to which intermediary devices and what media is being used?
Logical topology
Public Clouds
Made available to the general population. Services may be free or are offered on a pay-per-use model, such as paying for online storage. The public cloud uses the internet to provide services.
Hybrid clouds
Made up of two or more clouds (ex: part private, part public) where each part remains a distinct object, but both are connected using a single architecture. Individuals using hybrid clouds would be able to have degrees of access to various services based on user access rights.
Communication transmits across a network on _______.
Media (Network Media)
What connection physically connects the end device to the network?
NIC
NIC meaning
Network Interface Card
A fault tolerant network is one that limits the ________________.
Number of affected devices during a failure
A data center can occupy ___________.
One room of a building, one or more floors, or an entire warehouse.
A WAN is a network infrastructure that provides access to ______________.
Other networks over a wide geographical area, which is typically owned and managed by a larger corporation or telecommunications service provider.
Implementing a ________ is one way that reliable networks provide redundancy.
Packet-switched network
What type of network topology lets you see the actual location of intermediary devices and cable installation?
Physical topology
There are four primary types of clouds:
Public clouds, private clouds, hybrid clouds, and community clouds
With what type of policy, a router can manage the flow of data and voice traffic, giving priority to voice communications if the network experiences congestion?
QoS
QoS meaning
Quality of service
When designers follow accepted standards and protocols, which of the four basic characteristics of network architecture is achieved?
Scalibilty
Confidentiality, integrity, and availability are requirements of which of the four basic characteristics of network architecture?
Security
WANS are typically managed by _____________________.
Service providers or internet service providers
Metro Ethernet
Sometimes known as Ethernet WAN. Extend LAN access technology into the WAN.
Interface
Specialized ports on a networking device that connect to individual networks. Because routers connect networks, the ports on a router are referred to as network interfaces.
For security, reliability, and fault tolerance, cloud providers often _________
Store data in distributed data centers, instead of storing all the data of a person or organization in one data center, it is stored in multiple data centers in different locations
SDSL meaning
Symmetric Digital Subscriber Line
Congestion occurs when....
The demand for bandwidth exceeds the amount available
An IP address identifies ___________________.
The host and the network to which the host is connected to.
Intermediary devices connect....?
The individual devices to the network.
Cable
The internet data signal transmits on the same cable that delivers cable television. It provides a high bandwidth, high availability, and an always-on connection to the internet
How do powerline networks send information?
Using the same wiring that delivers electricity, it can send information by sending data on certain frequencies
When data is encoded as pulses of light, which media is being used to transmit the data? -Wireless -Fiber-optic cable -Copper cable
copper cable
WAN meaning
Wide Area Network
Intranet is a term often used to refer to....?
a private connection of LANs and WANs that belongs to an organization
WANs can connect through...?
copper wires, fiber-optic cables, and wireless transmissions
Network bandwidth is measured in the number of __________ that can be transmitted in a single second.
bits
bps meaning
bits per second
Server
computers with software that allow them to provide information, like email or web pages to other end devices on the network
Using a standard powerline adapter devices can __________
connect to the LAN wherever there is an electrical outlet, no data cables need to be installed, and there is little to no additional electricity used.
An organization may use an extranet to ......
provide secure and safe access to individuals who work for a different organization but require access to the organizations data
network architecture
refers to the technologies that support the infrastructure and the programmed services and rules, or protocols, that move data across the network
Which two devices are intermediary devices? (Choose two) -hosts -routers -servers -switches
routers & switches
SP meaning
service provider
A LAN is a network infrastructure that provides access to users and end devices in a ______________.
small geographical area
Packet switching
splits traffic into packets that are routed over a shared network
Asymmetrical DSL means....
the download speed is faster than the upload speed
An intranet is designed .......
to be accessible only by the organization's members, employees, or others with authorization
Powerline networking is useful for when ......
wireless access points cannot reach all the devices in the home
