Chapter 1 A&P icc
Most people have only one learning style preference
False
Which abdominopelvic region is located directly superior to the right iliac region?
Right lumbar region
Core principles are concepts of anatomy and physiology repeated throughout the textbook that are related to the maintenance of homeostasis and include the following
1) feedback loops, 2) the relationship of structures 3) gradients , and 4)cell-cell communication.
Characteristics of Living Organisms share the following distinct set of properties:
1. Cellular composition,2. Metabolism: Chemicals
How to Make the Best Use of Class and Lab Time.
1. Come prepared. 2. How to take good notes
a. The human body has _____ organ systems
11
found at the start of each module, is a list containing core concepts and related principles you should come to understand after reading each module.
2. Learning Outcomes
less common than negative feedback loops, contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis. Effector activity increases and reinforces the initial stimulus and shuts off when conditions return to the normal range
2. Positive feedback loops
divides the body or body part into anterior and posterior sections
2. The frontal plane (coronal plane)
is a common frame of reference from which all body parts and regions are described.
Anatomical position
refers to the front, in humans
Anterior (ventral)
found at the end of each module, are critical thinking and problem-solving questions that help you analyze and apply the material that you just read.
Apply What You Learned questions
contains three levels of questions with each level requiring increasingly greater critical thinking skills.
Assess What You Learned quiz
learners fare best when listening to lectures and generally prefer text-based materials instead of visual media.
Auditory
What is another term for the armpit?
Axillary region
The axial region of the body is divided into several _____
Cavities
_______protect internal organs and allow them to move and expand as necessary to perform their functions
Cavities
A______is any fluid-filled space within the body
Cavity
: the _____ is the basic unit of life
Cell
_________in the body have to work in a coordinated fashion to ensure that homeostasis of the entire organism is maintained
Cells
Once you complete a concept map, which of the following final steps should you always do?
Check your work by consulting your textbook or a reliable online source.
What is metabolism?
Chemical are substances with unique molecular composition that are used in or produced by chemical processes.
are substances with unique molecular composition that are used in or produced by chemical reactions
Chemicals
is usually accomplished with either electrical signals or chemical messengers, in which one cell triggers a response from another cell
Communication
Which of the following characteristics is NOT one of the unique characteristics of living organisms?
Composed of atoms
are short sections strategically placed in certain modules intended to "boost" understanding for particularly difficult concepts
Concept Boosts and Study Boosts
You have a child who attends daycare while you attend classes. Just before class, you are notified that your child has a slight fever and appears fine otherwise, but must be picked up because of the fever. Which of the following is your best solution?
Contact your prearranged backup person so that she or he can pick up and take care of your child until you are out of class.
another means of ensuring accurate communication, describes the relative location of body parts and markings
Directional terms
if the control center determines that the varible is out of the normal range it sends signals to the cells or organs called effectors.
Effectors
are usually transmitted between neighboring cells while chemical messengers can affect neighboring cells or travel to distant cells before they cause an effect
Electrical signals
is the region between the right and left hypochondriac region and superior to the stomach.
Epigastric Region
In an outline format, which of the following would most likely be indented the most?
Examples
the end result of metabolic processes id often chemicals called waste products that the organism cannot use for any purpose, waste products are toxic if they accumulate, and so the organism must have a way to separate the wastes and remove them.
Excretion
According to the principle of complementarity of structure and function, structure and function are related only at the cellular level.
False
If you tell your instructor what your learning style preference is, he or she will likely modify the instructional approach to accommodate your needs
False
Patients are always examined while they are standing in the anatomical position.
False
You should wait to read the textbook until you have heard the material presented in lecture or laboratory.
False
________are vital for developing an understanding of complex anatomical or physiological concepts.
Figure
found at the beginning of many sections, ask you to recall material from previous modules or chapters
Flashback questions
What plane of section divides the body into anterior and posterior parts?
Frontal
studies the structures that can be seen with an unaided eye, such as organs and organ systems.
Gross anatomy
where building outweighs breakdown processes
Growth
are disturbances in homeostasis that can lead to disease or death if left uncorrected.
Homeostatic imbalances
Which abdominopelvic region is located directly inferior to the umbilical region?
Hypogastric region
between the two iliac regions, so named because it is inferior to the stomach.
Hypogastric region
What is a good way to manage time in preparation for your anatomy and physiology class?
I make a schedule and budget my time.
2. Define human physiology
Is the study of the body's functions.
1. Define human anatomy
Is the study of the structure or form of the human body.
learners fare best when they are able to physically manipulate a teaching tool, which is useful in the anatomy and physiology lab setting.
Kinesthetic
Which abdominopelvic region is located directly lateral to the hypogastric region?
Left iliac region
Which abdominopelvic region is located directly inferior to the left hypochondriac region?
Left lumbar region
refers to a position that is closer to the midline
Medial
either build up or breakdown substances depending on the needs of the organism.
Metabolic processes
studies structures that can only be seen with the aid of a microscope and include the following specialized fields histology and cytology
Microscopic anatomy
1. Each chapter is divided into manageable chunks called __________, which is a block of text with definitive starting and stopping points that cover one core concept and its related principles
Modules
includes motion of one or more cells within the organism and movement of the organism itself.
Movement
one of the primary mechanisms for the maintenance of homeostasis, oppose the initial change in a regulated variable and reduce the output
Negative feedback loops
The following two mechanisms are vital to the maintenance of homeostasis
Negative feedback loops, Positive feedback loops
-its not an exact value that is maintained, but rather a normal range around a set point
Normal Range
_________for this textbook can be found on Mastering A&P
Online practice tools
Which of the following is NOT correct for anatomical position?
Palms facing inward towards the thighs
Which of the following descriptions of the anatomical position is incorrect ? Which of the following descriptions of the anatomical position is incorrect ? Which description of the anatomical position is incorrect?
Palms facing posteriorly
_____has subfields that are classified by the organ or organ system being studied
Physiology
Which serous membrane lines the thoracic cavity and covers only the lung?
Pleura
Which region is only visible on the posterior/dorsal body surface?
Popliteal
List the two major cavities
Posterior body cavity and anterior body cavity.
refers to something being closer to point of origin
Proximal
Form questions about the chapter's content that you should answer as you read.
Question
The following list provides a brief overview of the different types of _______found throughout each chapter, which provides many opportunities for self-assessment.
Questions
found at the end of each major section in a module, assess how well you remember the basic concepts you just read about.
Quick Check questions
What is a good strategy for class or laboratory preparation?
Read and prepare notes before attending your class or laboratory.
As you read, it is most important to read actively, active reading is the process of reading while engaging in some sort of activity with the text.
Read-Actively
can send a stimulus to a control center
Receptor or sensor
Speaking aloud as you read through the material
Recite
the body can be divided into regions such as head, back or neck
Regional anatomy
takes the following two forms in multicellular organisms: a. Individual cells reproduce within the organism during growth and to replace damaged or old cells. b. The organism reproduces to yield offspring similar to itself.
Reproduction
the effectors cause physiology responses that return the variable to the normal range.
Responses
living organisms sense and react to changes in their environment called stimuli.
Responsiveness or irritability
are the right and left superior divisions, respectively. They are named for the fact that they lie below the cartilage of the ribs.
Right and Left hypochondriac regions
the right and left inferior regions, respectively.like other regions, these are named for the anatomical regions over which they lie.
Right and iliac or inguinal regions
the right and left middle regions, so named because they are located in approximately the same region as the lumbar.
Right and left lumbar regions
Which abdominopelvic region is located directly lateral to the epigastric region?
Right hypochondriac region
3. The abdominopelvic cavity can be divided up into segments or quadrants using imaginary lines that cross at the umbilicus, which divides the cavity into the following four segments
Right upper quadrant, Left upper Quadrant, Right Lower Quadrant, and Left lower Quadrant
What plane divides the body into right and left parts?
Sagittal
are formed by thin sheets of tissue that fold over themselves to create a continuous double-layer structure with space between their layers.
Serous membranes
Each regulated variable has its own set point, or normal value.
Set point
when a regulated variable is outside its normal range this information called a stimulus is picked up by a cellular structure called a receptor.
Stimulus
refers to structures that are closer to the surface of the body
Superficial
means toward the head
Superior (cranial)
studying the surface markings of the body.
Surface anatomy
before reading any chapter, you should do an initial survey, during which you skim the chapter and its figures.
Survey
What does SQ3R stand for?
Survey, question, read, recite, review.
examining the human body primarily by looking at individual organ systems.
Systemic anatomy
The following are different divisions in the study of anatomy
Systemic anatomy, Regional anatomy, Surface anatomy, Gross anatomy, Microscopic anatomy
learners fare best when they can manipulate models or specimens in laboratory
Tactile
are useful for discussing the body among health care professionals and scientists, and as a means of increasing the accuracy of communication and to minimize experimental and medical errors
The anatomical position and directional terms
_______is separated into two divisions by the diaphram
The anterior body cavity
is the result of a wide range of coordinated processes or variables including temperature, chemical composition of blood and other body fluids, and many others.
The body's internal environment
The cranial bones almost entirely surround the brain and protect it. Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between the cranial bones and the brain?
The cranial bones are superficial to the brain.
largely located on the posterior side of the body, is subdivided into two cavities
The dorsal body cavity
Which description best applies to the term superior?
The eyebrows relative to the eyes
The knee is proximal to the ankle. Which of these other terms could also be used to correctly describe the relationship between the knee and the ankle?
The knee is superior to the ankle
Which is the best example of the term medial?
The nose relative to the ears
Which is the better example of the term medial?
The position of the eyes compared to the ears
Which is the better example of the term inferior?
The position of the eyes compared to the eyebrows
Rheumatic fever is a disease that can result in decreased amount of serous fluid in the pericardial sac. Predict the effect of this condition.
There will be increased friction between the visceral and parietal pericardium.
What plane divides the body into superior and inferior parts?
Transverse
The endocrine system is responsible for generating heat.
True
between the right and left lumbar regions, which contains the umbilicus
Umbilical regions
Which organ is found in the hypogastric region of the abdominopelvic cavity?
Urinary bladder
Which of the following is the least important when outlining a lecture?
Using numbers and letters at the start of each line
learners fare best when reading written materials and viewing multimedia presentations.
Visual
different ways of learning, can be categorized into the following four basic styles
Visual, Auditory, Tactile, Kinesthetic
are combined with specific prefixes and suffixes to yield scientific terms.
Word roots
The homeostatic mechanism, in which a stimulus changes the regulated variable in one direction but the response changes the variable in the opposite direction, is called a __________.
a negative feedback loop
are the smallest unit that can carry out the functions of life.
a. Cells
The following tips explain how to get the most out of the art in this textbook
a. Examine the figures as you do your initial chapter survey (SQ3R). b. Identify the concept that the figure teaches firstc. c.Break the figure into parts and understand each part before moving on to the next. d. Once you understand each part of the figure, examine it as a whole. e. Combine the figure's content with that of other figures for a more global understanding .
The following methods have been found to work for many people:
a. Find out as much as you can about the exam. b. Take advantage of the resources available to you. c. Form a study group. d. Use whatever study techniques help you. e. Take care of yourself and manage your stress.
Growth, where building outweighs breakdown processes, includes two forms
a. Growth may lead to an increase in the individual cell. b. Growth may lead to an increase in the number of cells.
List and explain the steps involved in a typical negative feedback loop.
a. Set point, b. Normal Range, c. Stimulus, d. Receptor or sensor, e. Control center , f. Effectors, g. Responses-
contains organs from several systems including the digestive, lymphatic, reproductive, and urinary.
abdominal cavity
______and its subdivisions are inferior to the diaphragm
abdominopelvic cavity
is subdivided into the superior abdominal cavity, which spans from the diaphragm to the bony pelvis, and the pelvic cavity, which is the area within the bony pelvis.
abdominopelvic cavity
The ventral body cavity is subdivided into the _______ and the _________ cavities.
abdominopelvic; thoracic
The body is always referred to as if it were in ________, even when it's in another position.
anatomical position
A person who is standing facing forward with hands at the sides, palms facing forward, is in the:
anatomical position.
The body is standing upright and the feet are shoulder width apart, with upper limbs at the sides of the trunk and the head and palms facing forward.
anatomical position.
The prefix _____ means "before."
ante-
The body region located in front of the elbow is the _________ region.
antecubital
In anatomical position, the palm is oriented ________.
anterior
The sternum is _______ to the vertebrae.
anterior/ventral
region which includes the upper and lower limbs or appendages
appendicular region
region which includes the head , neck, and trunk
axial region
The body can be divided into two regions
axial region, appendicular region
vary, from membrane sheets that cover body cavities to irregularly shaped cartilage found in the nose.
b. Tissues
The prefix _____means "arm."
brachi-
The main artery in the arm is called the ________ artery.
brachial
which studies the heart and blood vessels.
cardiovascular physiology
A neuron stimulating a muscle cell is an example of __________.
cell-cell communication
All organisms are composed of
cells
tissues consist of two components:
cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix.
Groups of several different types of molecules combine in specific ways to form structures at the cellular level.
cellular level of organization
cranial& vertebral (spinal) cavity are the two cavities that are continuous and filled with ________, which bathes and protects both the brain and spinal cord.
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
The smallest level of organization we discuss in the human is the
chemical level
What is the smallest level of structural organization in the human body?
chemical level
The __________ is an active learning tool intended to be used as you read the textbook.
companion workbook
exists where when the amount of a substance changes over a range
concentration gradient
The dorsal body cavity includes the ________ cavity.
cranial
What are the two subcavities of the dorsal body cavity?
cranial and vertebral (spinal) cavities
located within the skull, protects the brain and the vertebral or spinal cavity.
cranial cavity,
The dorsal body cavity is subdivided into the _______ and ______cavities.
cranial; vertebral
the study of cells
cytology
Select the appropriate directional term to complete this sentence: The skeletal muscles are ________ to the skin.
deep
The heart is ______ to the sternum.
deep
The heart is ________ to the ribs.
deep
The visceral pericardium is ___________ to the parietal pericardium
deep
The visceral pleura is ________ to the parietal pleura.
deep
refers to those farther from the surface of the body.
deep
The knee is ______ to the hip.
distal
refers to being farther away or distant from the point of origin.
distal
The spinal cord is located in the ________ body cavity.
dorsal
The cranial cavity is a subdivision of the __________.
dorsal posterior body cavity
answering questions found in the book, writing summaries, or discussing things aloud with the study partners.
e. Review
When we imagine a person exhibiting the anatomical position, the palms of the hands are assumed to be facing:
forward.
The ________ body plane of section divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.
frontal
You are dissecting an eye and you want to cut it into an anterior and a posterior section. You should cut along the __________.
frontal plane
To lubricate organs in the cavity just as oil lubricates the pistons in a car.it prevents friction as an organ moves against adjacent structures.
function of serous fluid
Physiology is to __________ as anatomy is to __________.
function; structure
A ___________ is present any time more of something exists in one area than another where the two areas are connected.
gradient
Which of the following is a particularly good strategy for a tactile learner?
highlighting key points while reading the textbook
the study of tissues
histology
In laboratory, you will study tissues. This area of study is known as:
histology.
The body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment.
homeostasis.
The prefix ______means "below."
hypo-
The body region located below the stomach is the ______ region.
hypogastric
A fracture in the left femoral region that is 5 centimeters proximal to the patellar region and 30 centimeters distal to the coxal region will be __________.
in the diaphysis of the left femur, close to the knee
The feet are________to the hands
inferior
The pelvis is __________ to the ribs.
inferior
refers to toward the tail
inferior (caudal)
What is science?
it is the method of obtaining knowledge through observation and experimentation
The elbows are_______ to the andomen
lateral
The lungs are ________ to the heart.
lateral
refers to a position that is farther from the midline
lateral
Which of the following abdominopelvic regions will overlap with the left lower quadrant (LLQ)?
left iliac region
Which of the following is a particularly good study strategy for auditory learners?
listening to recorded lectures
What major organs are housed in the thoracic cavity?
lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea
Part complete The pubic region is ________ to the iliac region.
medial
The fingers are _____ to the thumb.
medial
found between the pleural cavities, houses the heart, great blood vessels , trachea, and esophagus, but is not located within a serous membrane.
mediastinum,
Cytology is a topic within the field of __________.
microscopic anatomy
Dr. Mitchell performs open heart surgery. The incision he makes through the sternal region of his patient divides the thoracic cavity into equal left and right parts. This incision must be made along a:
midsagittal (median) plane.
divides the body or body part into equal right and left parts.
midsagittal plane (median plane)
Chemicals range from in size from tiny atoms to complex structures called _________, which are composed of atoms ranging in number from two to thousands.
molecules
Which of the following illustrates a gradient?
more of something exists in one area than another and the two areas are connected
Which of the following is located in a median position?
mouth
which studies the brain and nerves,
neurophysiology
2. Physiology has subfields that are classified by the organ or organ system being studied Examples include
neurophysiology, cardiovascular physiology
a less standardized plane, is taken at an angle and is useful for examining structures that are difficult to examine using only the three primary planes of section.
oblique plane
The patellar region is located ________.
on the anterior knee
Two or more tissue types can combine to form a structure called a
organ
The body's organs are grouped into ______, which consist of two or more organs that together carry out a broad function in the body.
organ systems
Moving from simpler to more complex, which level of organization is immediately before (simpler than) the cell?
organelle
The organ systems function together to make up the complete _______ the human body.
organism
Based on the Biological Hierarchy of Organization, tissues join together to form what structures?
organs
_____ and ____work together to ensure the survival of the organism as a whole
organs and organ systems
divides the body or body part into unequal right and left sections.
parasagittal plane
The outermost layer of the serous membrane surrounding the heart is called the _________ pericardium.
parietal
the outermost layer of the serous membrane is called the
parietal layer.
If a needle punctures the serous membranes around the lungs, the first layer that the needle will go through is the __________.
parietal pleura
The outermost lining of the serous membrane surrounding the lungs is called ________.
parietal pleura
The rectum is located in the ________ body cavity.
pelvic
found within the mediastinum, is within a serous membrane that surrounds the heart.
pericardial cavity,
consist of the outer parietal pericardium that separates the heart from the mediastinum and the inner visceral pericardium that lies directly on the heart muscle.
pericardial membranes
is an abdominal subcavity found within a serous membrane.
peritoneal cavity
surrounding some of the abdominal organs, consist of the outer parietal peritoneum and the inner visceral peritoneum
peritoneal membranes
What does the term axillary mean?The term axillary means pertaining to the________.
pertaining to the armpit
each surround either the left or right lung
pleural cavities
consist of the outer parietal pleura that follow the contours of the thoracic wall and the inner visceral pleura that run along the surface to the lungs.
pleural membranes
The body has three serous body cavities formed by the following three main serous membranes
pleural membranes , pericardial membranes , peritoneal membranes
During childbirth, the initial stimulus that causes the onset of uterine contractions is followed by additional contractions that amplify the effect until the baby is born. This is an example of a __________.
positive feedback loop
Which of the following is a term that can be used instead of dorsal?
posterior
refers to the back
posterior (dorsal)
The lungs are ________ to the ribs.
posterior/dorsal
When you breathe, the pressure inside the lungs is different than the pressure outside the lungs. This is an example of a(n) __________.
pressure gradient
exists when there are contents being compressed and are under high pressure.(
pressure gradient
Which of the following is NOT a major function of concept mapping?
promotes memorization
The elbow is proximal to the wrist.
proximal
The thigh is ________ to the knee.
proximal
the kidneys lie outside of and behind the parietal peritoneum and are thus called
retroperitoneal organs.
The sagittal plane divides the body into ________.
right and left parts
The ________ body plane of section divides the body into right and left parts.
sagittal
divides the body into or body part into right and left sections
sagittal plane
Watery, slippery liquid is produced by the cells of their serous membrane.
serous fluid
Within the cavity between two layers, we find an extremely thin layer of fluid called
serous fluid
Which organ system supports the body and protects internal organs?
skeletal system
A person in the anatomical position is visualized to be:
standing upright.
Histology is the study of the __________.
structure of tissues
The skin is _______ to the skeleton
superficial
The cephalic region is __________ to the gluteal region
superior
The chest is _____ to the abdomen.
superior
The epigastric region is ________ to the umbilical region.
superior
The sternum is ________ to the pelvis
superior
Which of the following regions corresponds to the calf?
sural
Another term for the ankle is the ________.
tarsal region
exists when heat in a room is concentrated closet to a heater and the temperature gradually decreases as we move away from the heater
temperature gradient
three common gradients found in the human
temperature gradient , concentration gradient , pressure gradient
What is the smallest level of organization in the human body?
the chemical level
serous membranes form certain cavities found in the ventral cavity and surround the
the heart, lungs, and many abdominal organs
Homeostasis is defined as __________.
the maintenance of a relatively stable internal environment
Intestines have many folds on their surface, and this increase in surface area makes absorption of nutrients faster and more efficient. This is an example of
the principle of complementarity of structure and function.
Examples of the organs include
the skin, the heart, and the bones of the skeleton.
The ________ and its subdivisions are superior to the diaphragm
thoracic cavity
is divided into the following three smaller cavities pleural cavities , mediastinum, pericardial cavity
thoracic cavity
At the _________, two or more cell types cooperate to perform a common function.
tissue level
The prefix __________ means "across" or "through."
trans-
A ________cut divides the body into superior and inferior sections.
transverse
The ________ body plane of section divides the body into superior and inferior parts.
transverse
divides the body or body part into superior and inferior sections, or proximal and distal sections when describing structures of the appendicular region.
transverse plane (horizontal plane)
Most _________ are regulated or controlled, so they are maintained within a narrow range or a normal value.
variables
In humans, the term anterior is the same as __________.
ventral
The pleural body cavity is located within the ________ body cavity.
ventral
located with the vertebral column, protects the spinal cord.
vertebral (spinal) cavity,
The innermost layer of the serous membrane surrounding the lungs is called the ______ pleura
visceral
the serous membrane is in contact with the underlying organ
visceral layer
Which of the following is a particularly good technique for visual learners?
watching videos and animations
When does most of the learning occur when you use concept mapping?
while developing the map and adding the connections
