Chapter 1: An Introduction to the Human Body
Answer: Visceral
10) ________ peritoneum is the serous membrane that covers the intestines.
Answer: Metabolism
12) ________ is a broad term that covers all chemical reactions that occur within the body cells.
Answer: They act to reduce friction and allow the organs to slide across cavity walls.
13) What is the function of the serous membranes?
Answer: Anatomical terms are precise words that have limited usage which prevents confusion when describing the location of body parts.
18) Why is anatomical terminology necessary?
Answer: endocrine
2) The ________ system secretes hormones that regulate growth processes and nutrient usage by body cells.
Answer: Calcaneal
4) ________ is a term that describes the heel region.
Answer: proximal
5) The elbow is ________ to the wrist.
Answer: Physiology
7) ________ is explained by chemical and physical principles and is concerned with the function of specific organs or organic systems.
27) A 28) B 29) A 30) C 31) B
Match the following cavities: 27) Stomach. 28) Heart. 29) Uterus. 30) Brain. 31) Lungs. A) Abdominopelvic B) Thoracic C) Cranial
Answer: Renal
11) ________ physiology concerns urine production and kidney function.
Answer: The body is erect, arms hanging at the sides, palms forward, and thumbs pointed away from the midline.
14) Fully describe the anatomical position for the human body.
Answer: Larger structures of the body that can be seen with the naked eye.
15) Gross anatomy refers to:
Answer: Yes, carbon dioxide is a metabolic waste the lungs excrete.
16) Can lungs carry out excretory functions? Explain.
Answer: The statement is backwards. The higher we go the less atmospheric pressure, therefore less oxygen.
17) The higher we go in the mountains the greater the atmospheric pressure which causes a loss of oxygen. Comment on this statement.
Answer: deep
19) The lungs are ________ to the skin.
Answer: A cross section or a transverse section.
2) A surgeon removed a section of tissue along a transverse plane for microscopic examination. What two names would the section be called?
Answer: orbital
20) The five cavities of the head are cranial, oral, nasal, middle ear, and ______.
Answer: The pleural space contains a small amount of fluid that acts as a lubricant, allowing the pleurae to slide smoothly over each other as the lungs expand and contract. Pleurisy is an inflammation of the parietal pleura of the lungs. When inflammation occurs in the pleural space, the pleurae do not slide smoothly and this causes severe pain.
3) Judy is 16 years old and collapses on the gym floor in severe pain to her chest wall. She is rushed by ambulance to the emergency room. Judy is diagnosed with pleurisy and is given an anti-inflammatory through the intravenous route. Explain why an anti-inflammatory would be prescribed for someone with pleurisy.
Answer: Olecranal
3) ________ is a term that describes the back of the elbow.
Answer: As we age, our bodyʹs control systems become less efficient. As a result our internal environment becomes less and less stable.
4) Explain why an 80-year-old woman requires a much longer time to recover from the flu versus a woman who is age 30.
Answer: The wound is located on the outer side of the leg.
5) The nurse charted: ʺClient has an open wound located on lateral aspect of leg.ʺ Describe where the wound is located.
Answer: middle ear
6) The ________ cavity contains tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to the organ of hearing in the inner ear.
Answer: Positive feedback loops are common in pathophysiological perpetuation of disease. For example, arteriosclerotic hypertension results in positive feedback mechanisms that enhance and propagate the initial step in the chain of events, which is hypertension.
6) The client was admitted to the hospital with hypertension. The development of arteriosclerosis has increased peripheral resistance to blood flow, worsening his hypertension. This is an example of what type of feedback loop and why?
Answer: Homeostasis
8) ________ is a dynamic equilibrium of your internal environment.
Answer: pelvic
9) The ________ cavity contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum.
Answer: The abdominal organs are the least protected in the body because they are not surrounded by a bony covering such as the ribs, pelvis, or cranium.
Clinical Questions 1) A small family was traveling in its van and had a minor accident. The children in the back seats were wearing lap belts, but still sustained numerous bruises about the abdomen, and had some internal organ injuries. Why is this area more vulnerable to damage than others?
Answer: Tissues
Fill-in-the-Blank/Short Answer Questions 1) ________ consist of similar cells that have a common function.
18) B 19) B 20) A 21) A
Match the following examples of feedback mechanisms: 18) Blood glucose levels 19) Blood pressure 20) Blood clotting 21) Delivering a baby A) Positive feedback B) Negative feedback
10) A 11) B 12) C 13) D
Match the following systems: 10) Directly causes mechanical motion. 11) Responds to environmental changes by transmitting electrical impulses. 12) Provides support and levers for muscles to work on. 13) Protects underlying organs from mechanical damage and synthesizes vitamin D. A) Muscular B) Nervous C) Skeletal D) Integumentary
14) A 15) D 16) B 17) C
Match the following systems: 14) Controls the body with chemical molecules called hormones. 15) Delivers oxygen and nutrients to the tissues. 16) Produces antibodies that neutralize foreign substances. 17) Removes and filters excess fluid from tissues. A) Endocrine B) Immune C) Lymphatic D) Cardiovascular
22) B 23) C 24) D 25) E 26) A
Match the following systems: 22) Arteries, veins, heart. 23) Trachea, bronchi, alveoli. 24) Adrenal glands, pancreas, pituitary. 25) Esophagus, large intestine, rectum. 26) Kidneys, bladder, ureters. A) Urinary B) Cardiovascular C) Respiratory D) Endocrine E) Digestive
32) D 33) C 34) E 35) A 36) B
Match the following technical terms: 32) Arm. 33) Buttock. 34) Head. 35) Knee (anterior aspect). 36) Chest. A) Patellar B) Thoracic C) Gluteal D) Brachial E) Cephalic
37) A 38) E 39) C 40) D 41) B
Match the following terms: 37) The bridge of the nose is ________ to the left eye. 38) The upper arm is ________ to the forearm. 39) The heart is ________ to the stomach. 40) The fingers are ________ to the wrist. 41) The stomach is ________ to the spine. A) Medial B) Anterior C) Superior D) Distal E) Proximal
Answer: TRUE
True/False 1) Positive feedback mechanisms tend to increase the original stimulus.
Answer: TRUE
True/False 10) A tissue consists of groups of similar cells that have a common function.
Answer: TRUE
True/False 11) It is important for any organism to maintain its boundaries, so that its internal environment remains distinct from the external environment surrounding it.
Answer: TRUE
True/False 12) Without some sort of negative feedback mechanism, it would be impossible to keep our body chemistry in balance.
Answer: TRUE
True/False 13) Regardless of the variable being regulated, all homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three interdependent components.
Answer: FALSE
True/False 14) In a negative feedback mechanism, ADH is the equivalent to the ʺthermostatʺ in your home heating system.
Answer: TRUE
True/False 15) The epigastric region is located superior to the umbilical region.
Answer: TRUE
True/False 2) Imaging is useful in discovering obstructed blood supplies in organs and tissues.
Answer: TRUE
True/False 3) The anatomical position means the body is standing at attention with the palms facing forward and the thumbs pointing away from the body.
Answer: FALSE
True/False 4) The elbow is proximal to the shoulder.
Answer: FALSE
True/False 5) The serous membrane that lines the peritoneal cavity wall is called visceral peritoneum.
Answer: TRUE
True/False 6) A major function of serous membranes is to decrease friction.
Answer: FALSE
True/False 7) The right hypochondriac region contains the majority of the stomach.
Answer: TRUE
True/False 8) Lungs carry out an excretory function.
Answer: FALSE
True/False 9) Embryology concerns the structural changes that occur in an individual from conception through old age.
Using Figure 1.1, match the following cavities: 1) Answer: C 2) Answer: A 3) Answer: D 4) Answer: B
Using Figure 1.1, match the following cavities: 1) Thoracic cavity. 2) Cranial cavity. 3) Abdominal cavity. 4) Vertebral cavity.
Using Figure 1.2, match the following regions: 5) Answer: C 6) Answer: B 7) Answer: D 8) Answer: A 9) Answer: E
Using Figure 1.2, match the following regions: 5) Umbilical region. 6) Right hypochondriac. 7) Hypogastric (pubic) region. 8) Epigastric region. 9) Right iliac (inguinal) region.
