Chapter 1 & 16

Studies by Csikszentmihalyi determined that around _____ of people never have a flow-like experience.

15%

_____ involve(s) a person's judgment that his or her goals can be achieved and _____ refer(s) to beliefs that successful plans can be crafted to reach the goal.

Agency; pathways

In the discussion of flow-inducing activities, which of the following does NOT belong?

Chores.

are powerful, largely uncontrollable feelings, accompanied by physiological changes.

Emotions

A positive institution seeks to benefit the community at the expense of its workers.

False

Psychology confines itself to the study of human behavior.​

False

Subjective experiences tend to be future focused.

False.

_____ is a positive trait typified by recognizing and concentrating on the good things in one's life and being thankful for them.

Gratitude

Simone is a budding gymnast. She has been competing for the last five years. Her parents found out that you are becoming more familiar with the Csikszentmihalyi's research on flow, and ask for your advice. In order to help Simone experience the pleasurable state of flow more frequently, you are MOST likely to suggest which of the following to Simone's parents?

Have Simone practice reasonable but adequately challenging stunts.

____ is a positive individual trait that refers to people's expectations that their goals can be achieved in the future.

Hope

Which of the following theoretical orientations is most similar to positive psychology?

Humanism

Suppose you have to lead a discussion session in your Introduction to Psychology class. Your professor is grading you according to the total number of novel ideas your classmates offer during your 15-minute discussion session. Aside from bribing your classmates with chocolate, which of the following is MOST important for you to implement?

Instructions to share any idea that comes to mind.

Which of the following is NOT a line of inquiry in positive psychology?

Mental disorders.

_____ refers to a cultivated perspective in which people are sensitive to context and focused on the present.

Mindfulness

Which of the following statements regarding potential reasons for why negative emotions have been studied more exhaustively in the field than positive emotions is LEAST accurate?

Negative emotions are less frequent than positive emotions.

People in a state of mindfulness are most likely to be engaged in which of the following?

Noticing novel features of a situation.

_____ consist of pleasant responses to events that promote connections with others, including subjective states such as euphoria.

Positive emotions

_____ are organizations that cultivate civic virtues, encouraging people to behave like good citizens while promoting the collective good.

Positive institutions

_____ dedicated to studying beneficial human strengths and competencies and how they can be advanced, evaluated, and managed as a means to improve worker performance in businesses and organizations.

Positive organizational behavior is a movement

_____ is a social and intellectual movement within the discipline of psychology that focuses on human strengths and how people can flourish and be successful.

Positive psychology

_____ is a positive trait that is a person's ability to recover and often prosper following some consequential life event.

Resilience

Imagine that you are reading an autobiography for your Personality Psychology course. You are reading about a former President of the United States (POTUS) who successfully kept his recurring depression under wraps and out of the media's eye during his two presidential terms. One technique, unbeknownst to him, was accomplished by his chief of staff. The teleprompter was modified in some way, but the book does not specify how. Based on the research presented in this chapter, it is MOST likely that the chief of staff did which of the following to the teleprompter?

The teleprompter speed was made slower.

Despite having information at our fingertips through smartphone devices, most of us still complain about not having enough access to information.​

True

Societal advances have provided us the increased freedom to choose between multiple alternatives in a variety of contexts. This choice overload appears to be positively correlated with rumination, postdecision regret, and anticipated regret.​

True

According to the undoing hypothesis, if Art meets with Henry after a tough exam, discussing their shared anxiety will undo the effects of the stressor more quickly.

True.

People justify their chosen occupations as a "career" or a "calling" depending on job status and salary.

True.

The founding of positive psychology has been attributed to

a 5-year-old who pointed out that if she could stop whining, her father could stop being a grouch. a past president of the American Psychological Association. an epiphany about how we raise children by nurturing their strengths.

To find flow naturally and develop your creative potential, you must find

a challenging activity that matches your skill level.

An educational researcher wants to determine whether diet causes children to learn better in school. In this study, the dependent variable is​

a measure of learning.

When people reflect upon past experiences of satisfaction or contentment, they are

able to recall a subjective state.

Positive individual traits

account for why some people are happier and psychologically healthier than other people

The intensity of savoring is affected by all of the following EXCEPT

simplicity

Positive emotions can broaden people's cognitive responses by promoting beneficial

thought-action tendencies.

Which of the following is the basis of empiricism?​

​Systematic observation.

A classmate is taking a Marketing class and has an assignment in which he needs to establish a catchy, but effective slogan for a local gym. An effective slogan in this case is one that could lead to more memberships, more member visits, or both. You mention that Frederickson's "broaden and-build" model is an appropriate framework for his slogan. Which of the following slogans, in theory, would be MOST appropriate for increasing memberships sold and member visits?

"Exercise. It's how it makes you feel."

Joan is relaxing on the beach and feeling contented. She is experiencing

a positive emotion

Quinn works for a company that focuses on nurturing coworkers and doing volunteer work together outside of work hours. The company supports this atmosphere and helps provide funding for the volunteer activities when supplies are required. Quinn most likely works for

a positive institution.

According to Snyder, goal-directed expectations have two components of

agency and pathways.

Positive institutions studied in positive psychology include all of the following EXCEPT

all religious institutions.

In general, research on personality and flow has found _________________; so, it would be reasonable to predict ________________.

an inverse relationship between neuroticism and flow; fewer flow experiences among those high in neuroticism.

According to a model of the flow state, _____ exists when challenge is too high.

anxiety

People are most likely to experience flow when they are

any of these.

Martin Seligman developed positive psychology

as a counterweight to the discipline's negatively oriented history.

The CEO of a hip menswear company is known for his relatively unconventional approaches to running an organization. One of his popular practices is "comedy and coffee" every single Monday. After employees settle into the office between 8:30 a.m. and 9:15 a.m. or so, he summons them over a loudspeaker to the theatre at 9:30 a.m. He shows a movie scene that somehow connects with the week's goals. Employees are shown the scene again, he explains the connections, and employees are challenged to think creatively once they are back in their work pods. Teams work independently and then come together before 10 a.m. MOST likely the CEO shows the comedy scene

because positive affect helps people think unconventionally.

When flow is achieved, it

becomes intrinsically rewarding regardless of the initial reason for the activity

Any overt response or activity by an organism" defines the term​

behavior

According to one model of flow, when an activity is monotonous and repetitive, the person is most likely to feel

boredom

School satisfaction is composed of

both cognition and affect.

When studying positive psychology, we should look

both older research and newer research.

Phyllis believes her work with the guild is meeting the needs of the workers in her community and serves a social purpose. She most likely sees her job as

calling

On the way to work, Brice went to a new coffeehouse. The barista told him that there were seven different ways that his morning cup of coffee could be prepared. According to research, it is MOST reasonable to expect that he will experience ____________________.​

choice overload

The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders is called _____ psychology.​

clinical

Modern technology has provided us with​

countless time-saving devices.

Besides good feelings, faster thoughts are also linked with

depression.

Dr. Janikowski schedules his office hours for times that students are unlikely to show up, such as Fridays at 5 p.m. and Mondays at 7:30 a.m. Dr. Garleigh schedules his office hours for the peak times in which students are likely to come visit—Mondays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays from 12:30 to 2:30 p.m. Dr. Janikowski leaves campus right after classes let out; Dr. Garleigh advises multiple student organizations and can be found talking with students at campus functions such as concerts and sporting events. This difference between Dr. Janikowski and Garleigh MOST likely reflects

differing levels of occupational competence.

A research wants to know whether children eating a high-protein breakfast will have a higher test grade. Half of the children in the study eat a high-protein breakfast while the other half eat their normal diet. The control group consists of the children who

eat their normal diet.

According to Pronin and Jacobs, people feel ______ when thoughts are quick and varied and _____ when thoughts are plodding and repetitive.

elated; dejected

The quality of mindful meditation called ____ is being both feeling and understanding the situation of another person in the present time.

empathy

According to your text, the two main types of research methods in psychology are ______ research methods and ______ research methods.

experimental; correlational.

According to research, many commonsense notions about happiness appear to be accurate.​

false

Flow is something only true artists can experience.

false

In general, women are less happy than men; this is evident in the statistics indicating that women are treated for depression about twice as often as men.​

false

The dependent variable is the variable manipulated by the researcher.

false

Before 1998, psychologists were ignoring the questions of positive psychology.

fasle

Individuals who are so happily engaged in a challenging or interesting activity that they seem to "lose themselves" in it are experiencing the psychological phenomenon called

flow

Maryanne was told to take a psychology course for her general education requirements. She didn't think she had any interest in psychology, but went along with the choice for the sake of her class schedule and educational goals. Maryanne has discovered that she reads the text and often forgets about the time when studying. As she writes her final paper, she realizes she has not been bored (as she had feared when signing up) and that she has been challenged to improve her knowledge and abilities. Maryanne has developed something intrinsically rewarding called

flow

Positive subjective experiences tend to be

focused in the present.

School satisfaction is a ____ predictor of student engagement and academic progress as early as kindergarten

good

The most common positive subjective state is

happiness

Positive psychology requires a shift in perspective toward

helping people harness their strengths, virtues, and other good qualities to enhance their lives.

The process of adjustment relates to​

how people deal with stress. ​behavior in groups. ​friendship and love.

According to Langer, to become more mindful, people need to do all of the following EXCEPT

ignore novel features in their situations and environment.

The range of life choices has​

increased in recent decades

A best part of gratitude is that

is easy to express. is a virtue. can be performed almost anytime or anywhere.

Fredrickson and Branigan's study found that people who watched a film clip eliciting a feeling of _____ wrote more items on an activity list afterward than those who viewed a neutral eliciting film.

joy

A person who has low well-being and low mental health is said to be

languishing

A mood is

less distinct than an emotion.

The aspect of posttraumatic growth that involves greater willingness to take life easier is called

life priority change.

One form of _____ is a disciplined, continuous, and focused contemplation of some object or subject.

meditation

According to Pronin and Jacobs, thought speed is one property of a more general concept called

mental motion.

Joseph goes to his activities every day on autopilot. He gets everything done without much thinking and accomplishes a great deal. His state of mind is termed

mindlessness

Louie is a musician who finds playing his violin intrinsically rewarding, and at times, it fully involves him in the present. This feeling of flow is also described as all of the following EXCEPT

minimalist performance.

Daniel is in a good mood. He is likely to be all of the following EXCEPT

more aggressive.

Isen and colleagues found that people who saw a funny film before solving a problem creatively were ______ than those seeing a neutral film.

more likely to solve the problem correctly

Carol heard a sound in the dark bushes behind her psychology building as she went to her car one evening. She began to feel fear. She was MOST likely experiencing a

negative emotion.

The technological advances of the past century, impressive though they may be, have not led to perceptible improvement in our collective health and happiness. This issue is known as the​

paradox of progress

Lianne argued that much of psychology focuses on negative aspects. She is looking for an approach that accepts the reality of negative states, but includes experiences such as awe. Lianne should investigate _____ psychology.

positive

The broaden-and-build model proposes that _____ people's outlooks and then builds on subsequent learning to develop future emotional and intellectual resources.

positive emotions broaden

People's attitudes toward hope, resilience, and spirituality are examples of

positive individual traits.

Brian is looking for a safe and supportive community. In another way, he is searching for a

positive institution.

Good moods, happiness, and love are examples of

positive subjective experiences.

The positive but private feelings and thoughts people have about themselves and events in their lives are

positive subjective experiences.

Pat is reliable and works to achieve particular ends. Pat is said to possess

positive traits.

Thoughts that are faster than usual are associated with ____ moods, and thoughts that are too fast are associated with _____ moods.

positive; manic

Denise lost her home and all her belongings in a flood. She recognized that her family and others she knows are the most important things in her life. She feels ready to start a new life with her family. This is an example of

posttraumatic growth.

Joseph kept thinking about the argument he had the day before. He found himself feeling more and more worried that he had spoken too harshly, replaying the conversation over and over in his mind, thinking about what else he might have said. He is engaged in something called

rumination

In positive psychology, the term _____ refers to the power to focus on, value, and even boost the enjoyment of almost any experience.

savoring

Some qualities associated with mindful meditation include all of the following EXCEPT

sympathy

An important quality of positive traits like agreeableness and reliability is the assumption that they can be

taught.

Marin wants to study positive psychology. She has determined that her best approach would be to examine research

that relates to positive psychology questions, regardless of date of the research

Beth is feeling contented with her life. She is more likely to _____ than her friend Deanna, who is just going to work and home without much emotional reaction.

think of future possible activities

Positive emotions broaden people's cognitive responses by promoting new and beneficial _____ in which established ways of positive thinking are associated with particular acts or behaviors.

thought-action tendencies

According to your text, positive psychology pursues _____ lines of inquiry.

three

Founders of positive psychology describe it as a change in the focus of psychology from preoccupation with only repairing the worst things in life to also building positive qualities.

true

One of the criticisms of self-help books is that they tend to use psychobabble rather than empirical evidence.​

true

Positive individual traits can be taught.

true

The process of adjustment involves a person's coping with life challenges.​

true

When people characterize a divorce as a positive experience, it is often evidence that they have achieved posttraumatic growth.

true

When people take an empirical approach, they are asking for evidence.​

true

Fredrickson, Joiner, and Levenson have supported the ____, which posits that positive emotions aid the mind and the body by recovering a sense of balance and flexibility following an episode experience of _____ emotion.

undoing hypothesis; negative

Dr. Prather randomly assigns 100 student volunteers who experience test anxiety to either a group that will receive training in relaxation exercises or a group that will sit in a waiting area for the same length of time as those learning relaxation. She will then measure their symptoms of test anxiety. Based on her results, Dr. Prather will have evidence of​

whether or not relaxation exercises may cause an alleviation of symptoms of test anxiety.

Positive psychology has been said to be a change in the _____ for the discipline of psychology.

zeitgeist

Which of the following is NOT a guideline to choose a good self-help book?​

​Avoid books with explanations of theories or research.

Which of the following should you look for in self-help books?​

​Provide explicit directions about how to alter behavior.​Focus on a particular kind of problem.​Some mention of the theoretical or research basis for the advice

Brenda's mother told her to stop her overt behavior. To which behavior might her mother be referring?​

​Tapping her foot.

Which of the following is the best definition of psychology?​

​The study of behavior and the profession that applies knowledge from these studies to solving practical problems.

Which of the following is NOT one of the underlying assumptions of this textbook?​

​You can change your behavior only by consulting a professional psychologist.

With technology such as Facebook available, Americans report​

​a sense of loneliness and isolation related to the superficial communication in the online world.

Until the 1950s, psychologists were found almost exclusively in​

​academic institutions.

Many theorists agree that the basic challenge of modern life involves struggling with such problems as

​all of these.

Modern Western society has made extraordinary technological progress​

​but social and personal problems seem more prevalent and more prominent than ever before.

The paradox of progress is the notion that ___________________

​despite unparalleled advances in technology, we seem to have more social and personal difficulties.

A control group consists of subjects who​

​do not receive the special treatment given to the experimental group.

Many self-help books​

​encourage a narcissistic approach to life.

According to Schwartz, increased freedom of choice available in modern societies​

​has contributed to depression and anxiety.

Many social critics believe that the quality of our lives​

​has increased and our sense of personal fulfillment has declined.

Psychobabble" is best defined as​

​ill-defined terminology.

A condition or event that an experimenter varies to see its impact on another variable is called a(n) ______ variable.​

​independent

An experiment is a research method in which the investigator manipulates the ______ variable and observes whether any changes occur in a(n) ______ variable as a result.​

​independent; dependent

You can reasonably expect some assistance from a book that is intended to help you to

​learn to eat more healthily and gradually include more exercise in your weekly routine.

Social psychologist Stanley Schachter hypothesized that increases in anxiety would cause increases in the desire to be with others. In this study, the independent variable was​

​level of anxiety.

It appears people enroll in "self-realization" programs because these programs appear to provide __________​

​profound enlightenment.

An experimental group consists of subjects who​

​receive some special treatment in regard to the independent variable.

The rapid growth of clinical psychology was stimulated mainly by​

​the demands of World War II.

Clinical psychology is primarily concerned with​

​the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems.

An educational researcher wants to determine whether diet causes children to learn better in school. In this study, the independent variable is​

​the type of diet.

Surveys exploring psychotherapists' opinions of self-help books suggest​

​there are some excellent books that offer authentic insights and sound advice.

Stephen was trying to choose a good self-help book. He noticed that one book seemed touchingly human in tone and he found himself thinking the examples of problems were just like what he was facing. Stephen is most likely to find that​

​this is the right book for him.

The experimental and control groups should be the same in every respect except for the​

​variation created by the manipulation of the independent variable.