Chapter 1 & 5: Anatomy and Physiology & Tissues
Muscle tissue can be subdivided into three categories (1) _____ which moves the bones of the skeleton and is under conscious control (2) _____ special muscle that makes up the heart; is involuntary (3) _____ found in internal organs and is involuntary
(1) *skeletal* which moves the bones of the skeleton and is under conscious control (2) *cardiac* special muscle that makes up the heart; is involuntary (3) *smooth* found in internal organs (such as digestive tract and bladder) and is involuntary
__(1)__ is the study of form and structure of the animal body and the relationship among its parts. __(2)___ is the study of how the body functions.
*ANATOMY* - form and structure - *What* things look like and *where* they are located *PHYSIOLOGY* - function - *how* things work and what they do
_____ release hydrogen ions and _____ release hyrdroxyl ions.
*Acids* release hydrogen ions (H+) and *Bases* release hyrdroxyl ions (OH-) --> number of H+ and OH- ions determines pH (acidity/alalinity) of body fluids 0 (acid) --> 7 (pure water) --> 14 (base) --> blood has a pH of 7.4 (slightly alkaline)
____ is the study of cells and tissues that require a microscope to see. Also known as Histology. ____ is the study of structures large enough to be seen with the unaided eye. Also known as Gross Anatomy
*Microscopic Anatomy/ Histology* - cells and tissues - only visible with a microscope *Macroscopic (Gross) Anatomy* - structures large enough to be seen without a microspope (e.g. organs, muscles, and bones)
______ are groups of tissues that work in complement for a common purpose.
*Organs* --> e.g. kidneys eliminate waste, eyes, lungs, brain etc. --> Most organs contain all four primary tissue types
The back surface of the the front paw where the paw pads are located is referred to as ______, while the surface with paw pads on the rear paw is referred to as _______.
*Palmer; Plantar* Distal ends of legs subdivided into separate planes. *Palmer*: "back/ground" surface of front leg from carpus distally (i.e. palm or toe bean surface) *Plantar*: "back/ground" of hind leg from tarsus distally Front surfaces (top of foot) = *dorsal*
In medicine, you use different types of fluids to help regulate the osmolality in a sick patient. 1. *[Colloid / Crystallolid]* fluids are composed of water and electrolytes and include NaCl, LRS, Normosol, and Plasmalyte. These are used to help improve acid-base imbalances and dehydration 2. *[Colloid / Crystalloid]* fluids are crystalloids with large, heavy molecules such as Vetstarch, Hetastarch, and Blood. These are used to improved blood pressure or low protein levels
1. Crystalloid 2. Colloid
The body is divided into two major body cavities The __(1)__ cavity consists of the cranial cavity, which houses the brain and spinal cavity, which houses the spinal cord The __(2)__ cavity contains most of the soft organs, or *viscera*, of the body and is subdivided into the thoracic and abdominal cavities
1. Dorsal --> contains CNS 2. Ventral
__(1)__ healing is the process of closing minor wounds or wounds where the edges are brought in close apposition to one another (such as surgery sites) It does not involve the formation of __(2)__ tissue (or scar tissue), which is tissue composed of collagen fibers that is permeated with many capillaries. __(3)__ healing involves the formation of granulation tissue to close a wound
1. First-intention 2. Granulation 3. Second-intention
Water is stored in different compartments throughout the body. 1. *[ Intracellular / Extracellular ]* fluid is found within cells and is where most water in the body is stored. 2. *[ Intracellular / Extracellular ]* is fluid found outside of cells 3. *[ Intracellular / Intersistial]* fluid is extracellular fluid located within body tissues
1. Intracellular 2. Extracellular 3. Interstitial
1. The *(Pleural / Peritoneal)* membrane covers the organs of the thoracic cavity. 2. The *(Pleural / Peritoneal )* membrane covers the organs of the abdominal cavity 3. The layer of each membrane that is in direct contact with the underlying organs is called the *(Visceral / Parietal)* layer. 4. The layer of membrane that lines the cavities of the ventrum and does not come in contact with organs is called the *(Visceral / Parietal)* layer
1. Pleural 2. Peritoneal 3. Visceral 4. Parietal *NOTE:* pleural and peritoneal cavities = potential space between visceral/parietal layers and is filled with pleural/peritoneal fluid
Anatomy can be studied using either a regional or sytemic approach The __(1)__ approach focuses on all structures and their functions in a specific area or region of the body The __(2)__ approach focuses on structures and functions within a specific body systems.
1. Regional 2. Systemic *REMEMBER* *Regional* = specific BODY area/region (e.g. head, neck, or shoulders and ALL associated components) --> NOT a clear way to approach anatomy—body not easily subdivided into regions *Systemic* = organ systems (i.e. nervous, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, etc.) --> Interrelationships between systems can be described as each system is examined --> Breaks body into clear, logical components
Four types of tissue?
1. epithelial --> covers, protects, secretes, absorbs 2. connective --> strengthen, bind, and support 3. muscle -->movement 4. nervous --> transmit information, coordinate and control activities
The foreleg is positioned farther from the median plane than the chest, so the foreleg is __(1)__ to the chest wall, and the chest wall is __(2)__ to the foreleg.
1. lateral 2. medial *Medial:* towards median plane (center line of body) *Lateral:* away from median plane (toward side—either left or right)
Which of the following are true in regards to learning the principles of anatomy and physiology as a veterinary technician? *Select all that apply* a) Monitor and treat animals more effectively b) Perform medical procedures with greater effectiveness and safety for patients c)Improve communication with vets and other support staff d) Educate clients regarding pet care
All are correct
Anions are ____ charged particles and Cations are _____ charged.
Anions are *negatively* charged particles and Cations are *positively* charged. Anions --> (Cl-, OH-) Cations --> (Na+, K+, H+)
Vertebrates can be further divided into different classes. Class *Mammalia* differs from the others because they have: (1) ____ (2) ____ that secrete milk (3) ____-chambered heart (4) seven _____ vertebrae (5) a ____ separating the thoracic and abdominal cavity
Class: Mammalia (1) *Hair* (2) *Mammary Glands* that secrete milk (3) *Four*-chambered heart (4) Seven *cervical* vertebrae (5) A *diaphragm* separating the thoracic and abdominal cavity
If a dog's heart is closer to the head than the stomach is, the heart is said to be *[ Cranial / Caudal]* the stomach
Cranial *Cranial* = towards head *Caudal*= towards tail
True or False: The health of the body depends only on the health and proper functioning of each of its organs.
False The health of the body depends on the health and proper functioning of each of its systems, organs, tissues, and cells and vice versa. Body health <--> organ system health <--> organ health <--> tissue health <--> cell health The simplest way to think of health is as a state of normal anatomy and physiology. Abnormal structure or function of the body leads to disease.
The _____ is the lateral surface of the abdomen between the last rib and hind leg
Flank
What are the taxonomic categories in order from largest to smallest?
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species *D*runken *K*angaroos *P*unch *C*hildren *O*n *F*amily *G*ame *S*hows
The organ system is the most complex level of body organization and consists of _____ and their associated structures cooperating to perform essential functions for the body as a whole
Organs --> e.g. digestive system = obtaining, digesting, absorbing nutrients to fuel the rest of the body
_____ are groups of specialized cells that work together to increase the speed, efficiency, and ability with which cellular tasks are performed
Tissues
If the kidneys lie closer to the spine than the stomach, the stomach is *( Dorsal /Ventral )* the kidneys
Ventral *Dorsal:* towards back *Ventral:* towards belly
Ions--or charged particles--are measured by the number of electrical charges per one liter of solution. This concentration is expressed as: a) Milliequivalents per Liter (mEq/L) b) Milligram/Milliliter (mg/mL) c) Milliliters (mL) d) Milligrams (mg)
a) Milliequivalents per Liter (mEq/L) remember ions include acids and bases because the charged particles can produce an electrical current in solution
*Matching* a) Isotonic: b) Hypertonic: c) Hypotonic 1) Osmolality lower than blood 2) Osmolality similar to blood 3) Osmolality greater than blood
a-->2 *Isotonic*: osmolality *similar* to blood (iso = same) b-->3 *Hypertonic*: osmolality greater than blood (hyper = above) c-->1 *Hypotonic*: osmolality lower than blood (hypo = below)
*Matching* Match the name of each *Order* of mammals with the correct description a) Carnivora b) Artiodactyla c) Perissodactyla d) Rodentia e) Lagomorpha 1) pigs, cows, sheep, goats 2) rats, mice, hamsters, and squirrels 3) cats and dogs 4) rabbits and hares 5) horses
a-->3 Carnivora = Meat eaters (dogs and cats) b-->1 Artiodactyla ([artio-]=even; [daktylos]=fingered) - Even-toed hoofed mammals (pigs, cows, sheep, and goats with two hooves per limb) c-->5 Perissodactyla ([perissos-]=odd numbered; [daktylos]=fingered) - Odd-toed hoofed mammals (horses with one hoof per limb) d-->2 Rodentia Rats, mice, hamsters, and squirrels e-->4 Order: Lagomorpha ([Lagos]=hare; [morph]=form) Rabbits and hares
Matching. Membranes a. Mucous b. Serous c. Cutaneous d. Synovial 1. The integument 2. Line organs in the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities 3. Composed of a single sheet of simple squamous epithelial cells that fold over themselves to form a double layer 4. Line joint cavities 5. Line organs of the reproductive, urinary, and respiratory tract 6. Composed of only loose connective tissue and adipose tissue. 7. Composed of either simple or stratified epithelial cells, loose connective tissue layer called the lamina propria, and the submucosa; secrete mucus
a. *Mucous* --> 5. Line organs of the reproductive, urinary, and respiratory tract a. *Mucous* --> 7. Composed of either simple or stratified epithelial cells, loose connective tissue layer called the lamina propria, and the submucosa; secretes mucus b. *Serous* --> 2. Line organs in the thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities b. *Serous* --> 3. Composed of a single sheet of simple squamous epithelial cells that fold over themselves to form a double layer c. *Cutaneous* --> 1. The integument d. *Synovial* --> 4. Line joint cavities d. *Synovial* --> 6. Composed of only loose connective tissue and adipose tissue.
What's the science that studies the structure of the animal body, as well as how the structures fit together? a. Anatomy b. Physiology c. Histology d. Pathology
a. Anatomy
Tendons and ligaments are primarily made of what type of extracellular fibers a. Collagenous fibers b. Reticular fibers c. Elastic Fibers d. Glycosaminoglycan Fibers
a. Collagenous fibers
Which tissue type is made of cells embedded in a nonliving matrix? a. Connective b. Nervous c. Epithelial d. Muscle
a. Connective
Another name for the skin is the ____ membrane a. Cutaneous b. Mucous c. Synovial d. Serous
a. Cutaneous
Match each type of epithelial cell junctions to its description a. Desmosomes b. Gap Junctions c. Tight Junctions 1. Watertight interfaces that prevent substances from leaking through tissue 2. Attachments between neighboring cells 3. Channels between adjacent cells that allow the transport of specific substances
a. Desmosomes--> 2. Attachments between neighboring cells b. Gap Junctions--> 3. Channels between adjacent cells that allow the transport of specific substances c. Tight Junctions--> 1. Watertight interfaces that prevent substances from leaking through tissue
*Matching* a. Epithelial b. Connective c. Muscle d. Nervous 1. movement 2. strengthen, binds, and supports 3. transmits information, coordinates and controls activities 4. covers, protects, secretes, and absorbs
a. Epithelial --> 4. covers, protects, secretes, and absorbs b. Connective--> 2. strengthen, binds, and supports c. Muscle --> 1. movement d. Nervous --> 3. transmits information, coordinates and controls activities
A gland with a branched duct that carries secretions to the deposition site is a/an ___ gland a. Exocrine b. Vascularized c. Mucoid d. Endocrine
a. Exocrine
The medium through which cells exchange nutrient and waste materials with the blood stream is ____. a. Ground substance b. Elastic fibers c. Reticular fibers d. Collagen
a. Ground substance
3. Which of the following solutions would have a higher osmolality than blood? a. Hypertonic crystalloid b. Isotonic crystalloid c. Alkaline crystalloid d. Hypotonic crystalloid
a. Hypertonic crystalloid
Which of the following solutions would have a higher osmolality than blood? a. Hypertonic crystalloid b. Isotonic crystalloid c. Alkaline crystalloid d. Hypotonic crystalloid
a. Hypertonic crystalloid
The lamina propria of a mucous membrane is composed of ____ tissue a. Loose connective b. Elastic connective c. Stratified squamous epithelial d. Simple squamous epithelial
a. Loose connective
____ are connective and epithelial tissues that are linked. They cover surfaces, line cavities, and separate organs. a. Membranes b. Lymph Nodes c. Integument d. Blood
a. Membranes
Which of the following glands excrete their products into ducts? a. Multicellualr exocrine glands b. Endocrine Glands
a. Multicellualr exocrine glands
A group of tissues that works together to perform a function is called a/an a. Organ b. Membrane c. Epithelium d. Cell
a. Organ
The mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, and digestive glands together form a/an a. Organ systems b. Tissue c. Organ d. Equilibrium
a. Organ systems
The word that means "toward the nose" is ____ a. Rostral b. Cranial c. Dorsal d. Proximal
a. Rostral
Anatomical terminology is based on *planes of reference.* There are four anatomic planes: a. Sagittal: b. Median (Midsagittal) c. Transverse d. Dorsal 1. divides the body into equal left and right halves 2. divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts that are not necessarily equal. 3. divides the body into left and right parts that are not necessarily equal 4. divides the body into cranial and caudal parts that are not necessarily equal
a. Sagittal --> 3. divides the body into left and right parts that are not necessarily equal b. Median (Midsagittal) --> 1. divides the body into equal left and right halves c. Transverse --> 4. divides the body into cranial and caudal parts that are not necessarily equal d. Dorsal --> 2. divides the body into dorsal and ventral parts that are not necessarily equal.
Ligaments called mesenteries, formed from ____ membranes, function to support internal organs a. Serous b. Mucous c. Cutaneous d. Synovial
a. Serous
Match each type of membrane to it's description a. Serous membrane b. Cutaneous membrane c. Synovial membrane d. Mucous membrane 1. Epithelial tissue layer, loose connective tissue layer, and a second connective tissue layer 2. Double layer of epithelial cells used to secure organs to the body wall 3. Integument protecting the body 4. Lines a joint cavity with fluid to reduce friction in a joint
a. Serous membrane--> 2. Double layer of epithelial cells used to secure organs to the body wall b. Cutaneous membrane--> 3. Integument protecting the body c. Synovial membrane--> 4. Lines a joint cavity with fluid to reduce friction in a joint d. Mucous membrane--> 1. Epithelial tissue layer, loose connective tissue layer, and a second connective tissue layer
Which of the following lists describes different cell shapes? a. Squamous, cuboidal, columnar b. Endocrine, exocrine c. Simple, stratified d. Collagenous, reticular, elastic
a. Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
The skin is ______ to the underlying muscle; the muscle is deep to the skin. a. Superficial b. Deep c. Lateral d. Cranial
a. Superficial *Deep (internal):* toward center of body *Superficial (external):* toward surface of body
Studying the structures and functions of the nervous system would be an example of what approach to anatomy and physiology? a. Systemic approach b. Gross approach c. Microscopic approach d. Regional approach
a. Systemic approach
What are the components of the dorsal cavity? a. The cranial cavity and the spinal cavity b. The thoracic cavity and the abdominal cavity c. The pleural cavity and the peritoneal cavity d. The visceral cavity and the parietal cavity
a. The cranial cavity and the spinal cavity
Which statement best describes the location of the esophagus? a. The esophagus is medial to the lungs b. The esophagus is proximal to the lungs c. The esophagus is lateral to the lungs d. The esophagus is distal to the lungs
a. The esophagus is medial to the lungs
1. Which body cavity contains the heart and lungs a. Thoracic b. Peritoneal c. Abdominal d. Dorsal
a. Thoracic
Which of the following are classified as Loose Connective Tissue? *Select all that apply* a. Alveolar Tissue b. Adipose Tissue c. Reticular Tissue d. Elastic Tissue e. Blood
a., b., and c. *REMEMBER* *Loose Connective Tissue* = Alveolar, Adipose, and Reticular *Dense Connective Tissue* = Dense Regular, Dense Irregular, and Elastic *Specialized Connective Tissue* = Cartilage, Bone, and Blood
The proximal and middle phalanx are labeled as the long and short _____ and sit above the distal phalanx, the coffin bone. a) Fetlock b) Pastern c) Hock d) Stifle
b) Pastern sloping part of foot
Specialized connective tissue includes which of the following? *Select all that apply* a. Reticular tissue b. Blood c. Cartilage d. Bone e. Elastic tissue
b. Blood c. Cartilage d. Bone
Which plane of reference would always divide a four-legged animal into two equal halves that are mirror images of each other? a. Sagittal b. Median c. Frontal d. Transverse
b. Median
A _____ is a group of individuals that can interbreed with each other a. Genus b. Species c. Phylum d. Class
b. Species Scientific names composed of two words (genus—which is capitalized; species—lowercased)
The ___ layer is the pleura lining organs such as the lungs a. Parietal b. Visceral c. Thoracic d. Peritoneal
b. Visceral
The pH of blood is: a) 6 b) 7 c) 7.4 d) 8.2
c) 7.4 slightly alkaline
____ is the concentration of solutes in a fluid. a) Osmosis b) Hydration c) Osmolality d) Solution
c) Osmolality Increased solute concentration = increased osmolality *Crystalloid* and *colloid* fluids help regulate osmolality in sick patients
A dog's eye is ____ to its ear. a) Cranial b) Medial c) Rostral d) Lateral
c) Rostral Towards tip of nose (rostrum). --> *ONLY* describes positions/directions on head *REMEMBER* Cranial = towards head Medial = towards midline of body Lateral = away from midline of body
The joint between the femur and tibia of ungulates that houses the patella a) Hock b) Pastern c) Stifle d) Carpus (Knee)
c) Stifle
Histology is the study of: a) cells b) diseases of tissue c) tissue d) organ systems
c) tissue Histology = branch of anatomy dealing with microscopic structures and tissue composition Histopathology: study of healthy and diseased tissues
Which pH value is considered neutral? a. 9 b. 7 c. 7.4 d. 5.4
c. 7.4
4. Which of the following is the proper way to write the scientic name of a guinea pig? a. cavia prcellus b. Cavia Pocellus c. Cavia porcellus d. Cavia Porcellus
c. Cavia porcellus
Most patients in the vet hospital belong to the phylum ______ and subphylum ______. a. Annelida; Polychaeta b. Cnidaria; Myxazoa c. Chordata; Vertebrata d. Porifera; Calceria
c. Chordata; Vertebrata
The ventral cavity is subdivided into the thoracic and abdominal cavities, which are separated by which structure? a. Stomach b. Intestines c. Diaphragm d. Lungs
c. Diaphragm
The paw is _____ to the shoulder. a. Superficial b. Palmar c. Distal d. Proximal
c. Distal *proximal/distal* only describes positions on *extremities* --> proximal = toward the body --> distal = away from the body *e.g.* toes are located on the distal end of leg
Which of the following is NOT characteristics of epithelial tissue? a. Epithelial cells are polar and have apical and basal surfaces b. Epithelial cells may be connected via junctional complexes such as desmosomes, gap junctions, and tight junctions c. Epithelial cells are highly vascularized d. Epethelial cells are innervated and have sensory dendrites that provide sensory input to the brain
c. Epithelial cells are highly vascularized Epithelial cells are *NOT* vascular. The obtain nutrients from underlying connective tissue
The type of wound healing that occurs when a wound is sutured following surgery is ____ healing a. Third-intention b. Second-intention c. First-intention d. Granulation
c. First-intention
The maintenance of dynamic equilibrium in the body is called _____. a. Thermostasis b. Hemostasis c. Homeostasis d. Electrophoresis
c. Homeostasis --> all physiological processes that maintain constant internal environments as conditions change inside/outside body *Dynamic Equilibrium:* state of balance between continuing processes (exists when reversible reactions occurs)
What types of ions do acids release? a. Chloride Ions (Cl-) b. Hydroxide Ions (OH-) c. Hydrogen Ions (H+) d. Sodium Ions (Na+)
c. Hydrogen Ions (H+)
The largest amount of water in an animal's body is present as ____. a. Plasma b. Extracellular c. Intracellular d. Interstitial
c. Intracellular
Which of the following planes divides the animal down the center into equal left and right halves? a. Sagittal b. Transverse c. Median d. Dorsal
c. Median
The visceral layer of serous membranes merge to form supportive ligaments that secure organs to the body wall. These ligaments are called ____ a. Tendons b. Capsules c. Mesenteries d. Lamina
c. Mesenteries
What's the term that describes multiple layers of epithelial cells? a. Squamous epithelium b. Apical epithelium c. Stratified epithelium d. Simple epithelium
c. Stratified epithelium
The type of membrane that lines the cavities of joints is the ____ membrane a. Mucous b. Cutaneous c. Synovial d. Serous
c. Synovial
______ is the systemic classification and naming of organisms based on their evolutionary relationship. a. Species b. Anatomy c. Taxonomy d. Paleontology
c. Taxonomy
What's the best description of the location of a cat's paw and shoulder a. The paw is cranial to the shoulder b. The paw is superficial to the shoulder c. The paw is distal to the shoulder d. The paw is proximal to the shoulder
c. The paw is distal to the shoulder
What's the best description of the locations of the stomach and the spine of a dog? a. The spine is ventral to the stomach b. The spine is lateral to the stomach c. The spine is dorsal to the stomach d. The spine is proximal to the stomach
c. The spine is dorsal to the stomach
The _____ is the basic functional unit of life. a. Cell b. Atom c. Organ d. Tissue
cell --> building block --> smallest level of organization in the body --> Grow; respond to positive/negative stimuli; seek out, engulf, and absorb food; eliminate waste; reproduce
List the levels of organization from smallest to largest.
cell --> tissue --> organ --> organ systems --> organism
Term describing the trunk of a horses body which formed by the rib cage and abdomen. a) Fetlock b) Pastern c) Brisket d) Barrel
d) Barrel *Fetlock* = joint between cannon bone (third matcarpal/metatarsal) and proximal phalanx *Pastern* = proximal (long pastern) and middle (short pastern) phalanx *Brisket* = base of neck between front legs; covers cranial end of sternum
The joint between the cannon bone and the proximal phalanx of ungulates: a) Hock b) Pastern c) Stifle d) Fetlock
d) Fetlock *Hock* = tarsal bones *Pastern* = proximal and middle phalanx (long and short pasterns) *Stifle* = Joint between femur and tibia that houses the patella
The stomach is ______ to the intestines, which are ______ to the stomach. a) Medial; Lateral b) Cranial; Caudal c) Superficial; Deep d) Orad; Aborad
d) Orad; Aborad - Orad: refers to GI tract; towards mouth - Aborad: refers to GI tract; away from mouth
Which type of body symmetry is common in mammals? a. Radial b. Medial c. Longitudinal d. Bilateral
d. Bilateral left and right halves of body are mirror images --> paired structures (eyes, lungs, kidneys) *REMEMBER* *Radial Symmetry:* - axis of symmetry is around a central point - common in starfish, poriferans, cnidarians, etc.
What type of tissue is elastic tissue classified as\ a. Muscle tissue b. Epithelial tissue c. Nervous tissue d. Dense connective tissue
d. Dense connective tissue
What type of gland releases its secretions directly into blood or lymph? a. Mucoid b. Exocrine c. Serous d. Endocrine
d. Endocrine
What type of tissue covers the body's surfaces, lines the body's cavities, and covers the surfaces of internal organs a. Connective Tissue b. Nervous Tissue c. Muscle Tissue d. Epithelial Tissue
d. Epithelial Tissue
A hypotonic crystalloid has a/an ____ osmolality compared to blood. a. Higher b. Acidic c. Equal d. Lower
d. Lower
Which of the following structures are located in the abdominal cavity of an animal? Select all that apply. a. Stomach and intestines b. Pleura c. Spinal Cord d. Peritoneum e. Esophagus
d. Peritoneum
Which of the following is NOT characteristics of connective tissue? a. Connective tissue is highly vascularized b. Cells are embedded in a nonliving matrix c. Connective tissue consists of ground substance, extracellular fibers, and cells d. Produce movement in the body
d. Produce movement in the body Only muscle produces movement
The ventral body cavity can be subdivided into what two compartments? a. The cranium and the spine b. The diaphragm and the viscera c. The peritoneum and the pleura d. The thorax and the abdomen
d. The thorax and the abdomen
