Chapter 1 - Elicited Behaviors & Classical Conditioning

Intense fear in a CER procedure is indicated by a suppression ratio of (.5/0); no fear is indicated by a suppression ratio of around (.5/0).

0, .5

Feeling elated while talking on the phone to someone with whom you are in love is an example of the ____-_____. Feeling lovesick after you finally hang up for the night is an example of the ____-_____.

A-process, B-process

The ____ - ____ process is directly tied to the presence of the emotional event, whereas the ____ - ____ process is (slow/quick) to increase and ____ to decrease.

A-process, B-process, slow, slow

A click is followed by food, while a click and a buzzing noise is never followed by food. In this case the click will become a (CS+/CS-) for salivation and the buzzing noise will become a (CS+/CS-).

CS+, CS-

For the residents of Berlin and London during World War II, an air-raid siren would have been a (CS+/CS-) for anxiety, while the all-clear siren would have been a (CS+/CS-) for anxiety.

CS+, CS-

The suppression ratio is the number of (pre-CS/CS/post-CS) responses divided by the number of ____ responses plus ____ responses.

CS, CS, pre-CS

A(n) ____ ____ ____ is a fixed sequence of responses that occurs in reaction to a specific stimulus.

Fixed action pattern

Using the appropriate abbreviations, label each component in the following diagram of a conditioning procedure: Wasp: Painful sting ---> Fear Wasp ---> Fear

NS, US, UR CS, CR

In the basic classical conditioning procedure, the (US/NS) is followed by the (CS/US/NS), which in turn elicits the (CR/UR). As a result, the first stimulus becomes a (CS/US/NS), which elicits a (CR/UR).

NS, US, UR, CS, CR

The CS was originally a(n) (NS/US/UR). The CR is (often/always) (similar/identical) to the UR.

NS, often, similar

The b-process is also known as the ____ process.

Opponent

Classical conditioning is also known as ____ conditioning or ____ conditioning. In the latter case, the behaviors themselves are called the ____ behaviors or simply ____.

Pavlovian, respondent, respondent, respondents

The a-process is also known as the ____ process.

Primary

A simple, involuntary response to a stimulus is called a _______.

Reflex

In backward conditioning, the (NS/US) is presented first and the (NS/US) is presented later. Backward conditioning can result in inhibitory conditioning when the NS signals the (presentation/removal) of the US.

US, NS, removal

The ____ - ____ is directly elicited by the emotional event; this in turn elicits the ____ - ____, the purpose of which is to maintain a relatively balanced internal state known as ____.

a-process, b-process, homeostasis

An appropriate control procedure to test for pseudoconditioning involves a control group of subjects being presented the NS and US (together/apart). Responding that is later elicited by the NS in this group is assumed to be the result of ____ rather than real conditioning.

apart, sensitization

Learning to associate the corner bar with the happy times you experience in that bar is an example of (aversive/appetitive) conditioning; learning to associate your refrigerator with the nauseating smell of spoiled food is an example of (aversive/appetitive) conditioning.

appetitive, aversive

In ____ conditioning, the US is an event that the organism typically avoids; in ____conditioning, the US is an event that the organism typically seeks out.

aversive, appetitive

In a ____ ____ response (CER) paradigm, the level of fear elicited by a CS is indicated by the degree to which the rat's rate of lever pressing for food (decreases/increases) in the presence of that stimulus.

conditioned emotional, decreases

The CER paradigm is also known as a ____ ____ procedure.

conditioned suppression

Following conditioning, the metronome is a(n) ____ stimulus, and the salivation elicited by the metronome is a(n) ____ response.

conditioned, conditioned

Each pairing of the metronome and the food is called a _______ ______; learning is most effective when these are spaced (far apart/close together).

conditioning trial, close together

The most effective temporal arrangement for conditioning is ____ conditioning, in which the onset of the NS (precedes/follows) the onset of the US, and the two stimuli (overlap/do not overlap).

delayed, precedes, overlap

In what is known as ____, the presentation of a (familiar/novel) stimulus during a period of habituation can sometimes result in the (reappearance/disappearance) of the habituated response.

dishabituation, novel, reappearance

An excitatory CS for fear is one that will (elicit/suppress) a fear response; an inhibitory CS for fear is on that will (elicit/suppress) a fear response.

elicit, suppress

Reflexes are ______ in the sense that they are drawn out by stimuli that precede their occurrence.

elicited

Pseudoconditioning is a potential problem whenever the US produces a strong ____ response.

emotional

Most of the basic principles of classical conditioning have been established using procedures that involve ____ conditioning.

excitatory

Conditioning trials in which the NS is followed by the presentation of a US will produce ____ conditioning; conditioning trials in which the NS is followed by the absence or removal of a US will produce ____ conditioning.

excitatory, inhibitory

Your grandmother always cooks great meals except when your vegetarian sister is present. As a result, you usually salivate a great deal when sitting at your grandmother's table for a meal, but not when your sister is present. Your grandmother's table is a(n) ____ CS for salivation, while your vegetarian sister is a(n) ____ CS for salivation.

excitatory, inhibitory

Quickly jerking your hand or foot away from contact with an open flame or sharp object is a reflexive action known as a _______ response.

flexion

The perception of pain generally ______ the occurrence of the response.

follows

From an evolutionary standpoint, if a stimulus is irrelevant or "safe," we tend to ____ to it, whereas if a stimulus is potentially dangerous we become ____ to it.

habituate, sensitive

A decrease in the strength of a behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus is called ____.

habituation

Learning to ignore the sound of dripping water is an example of ____.

habituation

In general, repeated presentations of a low-intensity stimulus result in ___ and repeated presentations of a high-intensity stimulus result in ___.

habituation, sensitization

With repeated presentations of the emotional event, the b-process (increases/decreases) in both ___ and ___.

increases, strength and duration

The UR is the (learned/innate) response to the (NS/CS/US). The CR is the ____ response to the ____.

innate, US, learned, CS

Such behaviors used to be called ____, but some researches dislike this term because it implies that the behavior is more ____ than is actually the case.

instinct, inflexible

In delayed conditioning, the time between the onset of the NS and the onset of the US is called the ____ interval (abbreviated ____).

interstimulus, ISI

In general, sensitization is (less/more) stimulus specific than habituation.

less

Simultaneous and backward conditioning procedures have traditionally been considered as (less/more) effective than delayed and trace conditioning procedures.

less

The fact that it has been several months since you noticed the sound of the morning and evening whistles at a nearby factory is an example of ____ - ____ habituation.

long-term

During conditioning, the metronome can be labeled as either a(n) ____ stimulus or a(n) ____ stimulus.

neutral, conditioned

In the metronome example, the metronome is initially a(n) ____ stimulus because it ______ elicit salivation. The food, however, is a(n) ______ stimulus that elicits a(n) _________ response of salivation.

neutral, does not, unconditioned, unconditioned

In trace conditioning, the time between the ____ of the NS and the ____ of the US is called the ____ interval. Trace conditioning can be effective if this interval is relatively (long/short).

offset, onset, trace, short

In trace conditioning, the (onset/offset/onset & offset) of the NS precedes the ____ of the US.

onset & offset, onset

In simultaneous conditioning, the ____ of the NS occurs at the same time as the ____ of the US.

onset, onset

The opponent-process theory of emotion accounts for why a strong emotional response is often followed by a(n) (similar/opposite) emotional response.

opposite

Talking on the phone to someone with whom you are in love is also an illustration of how the a- and b- processes are ____ (opposite/similar) to each other; for example, if the a-process is pleasurable, then the b-process is ____.

opposite, unpleasurable

The _____ response is an elicited set of movements designed to facilitate attending to a stimulus.

orienting

An excitatory CS is one that is associated with the (presentation/removal) of a US; an inhibitory CS is one that is associated with the (presentation/removal) of a US.

presentation, removal

When an elicited response that appears to be a CR is actually the result of sensitization, we say that ___ has taken place.

pseudoconditioning

Many simple reflexes are activated through a ___ ___ that consists of a(n) ___ neuron, a(n) ___ neuron, and a(n) ___ neuron (in that order).

reflex arc, sensory neuron, interneuron, and a motor neuron

An increase in the strength of a behavior following repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus is called ____.

sensitization

Becoming increasingly aware of the sound of a jackhammer on the street below your apartment is an example of ____.

sensitization

A stimulus of intermediate intensity will initially result in a period of ___ which is then followed by ___.

sensitization, habituation

The specific stimulus that elicits this behavior is called a ___ stimulus or ___.

sign, releaser

Long-term habituation tends to build up ____, following which, when the stimulus is no longer presented, the ability to respond recovers ____.

slowly, slowly.

Different species of spiders spin different kinds of webs. Web spinning of this sort can thus be considered a ____ - ____ behavior.

species-specific

A ______ response is an automatic defensive response to a sudden, unexpected stimulus.

startle

In ____ conditioning, the (NS/US) is presented at regular intervals, with the result that the passage of time becomes a (CS/US).

temporal, NS, CS