Chapter 1

The notion that the subject matter of psychology should be the scientific study of conscious experience is MOST closely linked with A. William James B. Wilhelm Wundt C. Sigmund Freud D. John B. Watson

B. Wilhelm Wundt

In conducting a research study psychologists need to define all their variables clearly and unambiguously, so that other researchers can objectively evaluate the results of the research. This aspect of psychology illustrates the underlying theme that A. psychology evolves in a sociohistorical context B. our experience of the world is highly subjective C. psychology is empirical D. behavior is determined by multiple causes

C. psychology is empirical

Which of the following would be LEAST likely to be studied by a cognitive psychologist? A. how we remember things B. the development of language C. shaping behavior by reinforcement D. how people reason to solve problems

C. shaping behavior by reinforcement

The first two major schools of psychology were A. behaviorism & psychoanalysis B. functionalism & behaviorism C. structuralism & functionalism D. behaviorism & Gestalt psychology

C. structuralism & functionalism

The notion that unconscious motivations can influence our overt behavior is MOST consistent with the views of A. Carl Rogers B. Wilhelm Wundt C. B.F. Skinner D. Sigmund Freud

D. Sigmund Freud

Programmers who were working on a chess-playing supercomputer asked a psychologist from their university for some help in working out the problem-solving algorithms they would be using. The psychologist who helped with this project was MOST likely A. a behavioral psychologist B. a humanistic psychologist C. a biological psychologist D. a cognitive psychologist

D. a cognitive psychologist

Which of the following is a recent movement in psychology that has revived the old interest in mental and conscious events? A. physiological psychology B. psychoanalysis C. behavioral psychology D. cognitive psychology

D. cognitive psychology

Which of the following areas is LEAST likely to be considered an area of psychology? A. industrial psychology B. clinical psychology C. educational psychology D. developmental psychology

D. developmental psychology

Skinner's behaviorism A. left room for free will B. included constructs about motives C. permitted limited statements about consciousness D. made the study of behavior and its outcome the basis of the whole approach

D. made the study of behavior and its outcome the basis of the whole approach

What is the branch of psychology concerned with practical problems?

applied psychology

What is an observable activity or response by an organism?

behavior

What is the theoretical orientation asserting that scientific psychology should study only observable behavior.

behaviorism

What is the the use of those cognitive skills or strategies that increase the probability of a desirable outcome?

critical thinking

_________ includes socially shared values and norms that are transmitted across generations.

culture

What is the observation of one's own conscious experience?

introspection

What examines behavioral processes in terms of their adaptive or survival value for a species?

evolutionary psychology

What is the school of thought asserting that psychology's major purpose was to investigate the function or purpose of consciousness?

functionalism

With which of the following individuals is B.F. Skinner most in agreement on the issue of internal mental events? A. John Watson B. Sigmund Freud C. Wilhelm Wundt D. Abraham Maslow

A. John Watson (elaborate)

Research findings suggest that when students engage in attentive note taking, they are MORE likely to A. be able to identify and remember the most important information B. recall the information they find particularly interesting C. have problems distinguishing important from the unimportant information D. participate in class discussions

A. to be able to identify and remember the most important information

What is a reaction against a negative emphasis in psychology; a new focus on positive, adaptive, and creative aspects of human existence?

positive psychology

________ is based on the notion that the task of psychology is to investigate how the elements of consciousness are related to each other.

structualism

What is the school of thought based on the notion that the task of psychology is to analyze consciousness into its basic elements?

structuralism