Chapter 1 - Humans and the Microbial world

The principle that microorganisms cause certain diseases is called the ___ Theory of the Disease

Germ

The disproving of spontaneous generation led to an era referred to as the ____.

Golden Age of Microbiology

The term staphylococci is an informal name for species of the genus

Staphylococcus

Peptidoglycan is found in the cell wall of

bacteria

Using microorganisms to degrade toxic chemical spills is an example of ____

biodegradation

In algae, photosynthesis takes place in ____, which have chlorophyll, a green pigment

chloroplasts

technically speaking viruses are not microorganisms because they are not

composed of cells

An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in England was controlled by

destroying millions of pig, sheep, and cattle

An infectious disease that has become more common in the last 35 years is also referred to as an ____ infectious diseas (eid)

emerging

Compared to the range of types of plants and animals, microbes as a group are

more diverse

Which microorganism lack a membrane-bound nucleus?

- Bacteria - Archaea

Which of the following are manufactured by microbial fermentation?

- Beer - Yogurt - Cheese

Which of the following is/are true regarding viruses?

- viruses are nonliving - viruses are smaller than most bacteria - viruses are acellular

Because they are often caused by a Helicobacter pylori infection, most stomach ulcers are treatable with

Antibiotics

Which type(s) of microorganisms have cells that lack membrane-bound organelles

Bacteria & Archaea

Which of the following is a difference between archaea and bacteria?

Bacteria possess peptidoglycan in their cell walls whereas archaea do not

____ is the process by which microbes carry out the decomposition of harmful chemicals.

Bioremediation

The use of microorganisms to solve practical problems is the definition of ____

Biotechnology

The "Old Friends" hypothesis suggests that _______.

Early exposure to certain microorganisms helps protect individuals from allergies, asthma, and some other diseases

Which cell type is usually larger in size?

Eukaryotic cells

Which of the following diseases killed one-third of the population of Europe in the 14th century?

Plague

Although archaea and bacteria differ in a number of important characteristics, it was ultimately significant differences in their ___ that provided the basis for separating the two groups of prokaryotes into different domains.

Ribosomal RNA sequences

A scientific experiment includes a component that tules out alternative explanations of the results by showing that the only feature that varied in the experiment was the characteristic being tested. The component that does this is called a

control

John Tyndall's experiments in the 1800s showed that live microorganisms remained in some broths even after they have been boiled for 5 hours. This observation can be explained by the presence of a heat-resistant form of bacteria called an

endospore

Prions are _____

infectious proteins

Which of the following infectious diseases killed more people in 1918-1919 than died in World Wars I and II combined?

influenza

The cellulose that makes up the plant cell walls of grass can be digested by certain species of

microbes

organisms that populate the human body and which protect it from disease are termed

microbiota

In research, bacteria often serve as ____, meaning that they are studied as a means to better understand processes fundamental to higher life forms

model organisms

A ________ is the term used for any disease -causing microorganism

pathogen

algae and protozoa are also referred to as ______________, a diverse group that falls within the domain of Eukarya

protists

As important decomposers, fungi obtain nutrients by

secreting enzymes to degrade organic material in the environment

Algae are

single-celled, photosynthetic eukaryotes multicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes

Louis Pasteur helped disprove

spontaneous generation

In the name Escherichia coli K12, the part after the species is the _____ designation

strain

Which of the following about microorganisms is true?

we could not survive without them

The term ___ refers to a multiceullar parasite such as a roundworm or tapeworm

helminth

the scientific process involves a series of steps. rank the first four steps of this process in order

- Make an observation about something and ask a question about the situation - Develop an explanation and then devise an experiment to test this explanation - Collect data from this experiment - Draw a conclusion

Microorganisms are useful in the study of higher life forms for which of the following reasons?

- Microbes multiply quickly. - Microorganisms have the same fundamental genetic properties - They have the basic same metabolic mechanisms. - It's cheaper to study Microbial life forms.

Infectious diseases can reemerge as a result of ______.

- Pathogen is becoming resistant to anti-microbial medications - Parents refusing to vaccinate their children

Which of the following are characteristics of protozoa?

- Single-celled eukaryotes - Microscopic

Which of the following is/are the correct way(s) to write an organism's binomial name?

- Staphylococcus aureus - S. aureus

Which of the following best describes the cultivation of microorganisms in the laboratory?

Less than 1% of microorganisms can be cultivated.

For the name streptococcus pyogenes, the first part (streptococcus) indicates the ____ and gives information about the shape of the organism

genus

Eukaryotic organisms can be _________.

single-celled & multi-celled

Members of which domains can be infected by viruses

- bacteria - archaea - eukarya.

True or false: Without microorganisms, we would run out of certain nutrients

True

True or false: Some scientists could not reproduce the results of Pasteur's swan-necked flask experiment

True: some scientists used hay instead of sugar or yeast to make the broth, growth occurred even after boiling.

Which is an example of bioremediation?

Using microbes to break down oil after spill in the ocean.

which of the following cannot reproduce independently

Viroids and Prions

Where are algae most likely to be found?

- Moist terrestrial habitats - Surface of oceans, lakes, and streams

Consider the Human Microbiome Project begun in 2007. The term "microbiome" has which two overlapping meanings?

- The total genetic content of a microbial community - The microbial community itself

Like plants, some microorganisms

- produce oxygen - photosynthetic.

Characteristics of archaea that are similar to bacteria include their

- prokaryotic cell structure - method of multiplication - shapes - energy used

Check all that apply: when scientists share their work in scientific journals, they are communicating the

- results - conclusions - methods

Which of the following describes a viroid

- It can infect plants - It consists of RNA.

The human body and its microbial inhabitants can best be compared to ____.

The earth's environments and their interacting inhabitants

Solid, repeatable, extensive amounts of scientific evidence can lead to which of the following?

Theory

The domains ____ and ____ are made up of prokaryotes

Bacteria, Archaea