Chapter 1

kilocalorie

heat energy needed to raise the temperature of 1000 g of water 1 degree Celsius.

Macronutrients

-Needed in relatively large amounts -Provide energy Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

1 kilocalorie =

1 Calorie = 1000 calories

Three Key Features of Essential Nutrients

1. If missing from diet, a deficiency disease results. 2. Adding missing nutrient back to diet corrects signs and symptoms of the deficiency. 3. Scientists can explain why lack of the nutrient caused abnormalities.

How many kcal per gram of Carbohydrates

4

What is a poor diet associated with?

4 of 10 leading causes of death including: -Heart disease -Some types of cancer -Stroke -Type 2 diabetes

Six Classes of Nutrients

Carbohydrates Lipids (fat) Proteins Vitamins Minerals Water

All nutrients must be supplied by the diet, because they cannot be made by the body. True OR False

False: All nutrients do not need to be supplied by the diet, because some can be made by the body.

Nutrients

Life-sustaining substances in food

What influences eating habits?

Mood, peers, ethnic background, income, occupation, health beliefs, religious beliefs, food flavor/texture/appearance, etc.

What Are Phytochemicals?

Substances found in plant foods that are not classified as "nutrients" but are beneficial to health.

Malnutrition

The state of health that occurs when the body is improperly nourished. Malnutrition may result from inadequate or excessive amounts of nutrients.

Diet

Usual pattern of food choices

How many kcal per gram of protien

4

How many kcal per gram of fats

9

Metabolism

Chemical processes that take place in living cells

Milk, carrots, and bananas are examples of "perfect foods" that contain all nutrients. True Or False

False: Milk, carrots, and bananas are not "perfect foods." No naturally-occurring food supplies all nutrients

Proteins are the most essential class of nutrients. True OR False

False: Proteins are not the most essential class of nutrients

There are four classes of nutrients: proteins, lipids, sugars, and vitamins. True OR False

False: There are six classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water

Vitamins are a source of energy True OR False

False: Vitamins are not a source of energy

What's a Calorie?

Kilocalorie or Calorie — measure of food energy

Micronutrients

Needed in very small amounts -Do not provide energy Vitamins and minerals

Essential nutrient

Nutrient that must be supplied by food

Dietary moderation =

Obtaining enough nutrients from food AND Avoiding excessive amounts of nutrients AND Balancing calorie intake with caloric expenditure

Water:

Required in large amounts but not a "macronutrient," because it does not provide energy (calories)

Nutrition

Scientific study of nutrients and how the body uses them

Cell

Smallest functioning unit in a living organism

Deficiency disease

State of health that occurs when a nutrient is missing from the diet

Chemistry

Study of the composition and characteristics of matter and the changes that can occur to it

Lifestyle

a person's way of living such as dietary practices, physical activity habits, and use of drugs

Risk factor

personal characteristic that influences chances of developing disease Examples include: - Genetic background - Age - Environment - Access to health care

refined grains

white bread, corn chips, and pasta. BUT refining a food reduces amounts of vitamins, minerals, and other beneficial substances that were naturally in the food

An essential nutrient:

• must be supplied by food • is not synthesized by the body or made in amounts that meet the body's needs