Chapter 1 learning obj + test yourself

How does the anatomy of a muscle or bone differ from its physiology? Which describes appearance and location and which describes function?

Anatomy deals with the form and structure of the body and its parts- what things look like and where they are located. Physiology deals with the functions of the body and its parts- how things work and what they do. appearance/location = anatomy Function = physiology

Define the terms anatomy and physiology.

Anatomy: The study of the form and structure of an animal body and its parts. Through anatomy we can describe where things are located in or on the animal body and what they look like. Physiology: The study of the functions of the animal body and its parts. Through physiology, we can describe how parts of the body work and what their functions are.

How do homeostatic mechanisms influence the health of an animal?

As conditions inside and outside change, homeostatic mechanisms influence the health of an animal by helping to maintain a fairly constant internal environment inside the body, making life possible.

List and describe common regional terms for the body.

Barrel: Trunk of the body- formed by the rib cage and the abdomen Brisket: Area at the base of the neck between the front legs that covers the cranial end of the sternum Cannon: Large metacarpal or metatarsal bone of hoofed animal Fetlock: Joint between cannon bone (large metacarpal/metatarsal) and the proximal phalanx of hoofed animals. Flank: Lateral surface of the abdomen between the last rib and the hind legs. Hock: Tarsus Knee: Carpus of hoofed animals Muzzle: Rostral part of the face formed mainly by the maxillary and nasal bones Pastern: Area of the proximal phalanx of hoofed animals Poll: Top of the head between the bases of the ears Stifle: Femorotibial/femoropatellar joint- equivalent to human knee Tailhead: dorsal part of the base of the tail Withers: area dorsal to scapulas

What are the four basic tissues that make up an animal's body?

1. Epithelial tissue: A collection of tissues that are made up of layers of cells that line and cover body surfaces. These cells may be in single layers or multilayered and can regenerate quickly. 2. Connective tissue: Tissue made up of cells and extracellular substances that connect and support cells and other tissues. 3. Muscle tissue: A collection of tissues that support the body and enable it to move, thermoregulate, and transport materials. Some muscles may be controlled voluntarily, whereas others act involuntary. Examples of involuntary muscle include cardiac and smooth muscle; voluntary muscle includes all of the skeletal muscles. 4. Nervous tissue: A collection of tissues that collect, process, and convey information. Nervous tissue includes the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Sensory (afferent) nerves convey information about the body's surroundings to the brain, whereas motor (efferent) nerves send instructions from the brain to the body. Some nervous tissues, called mixed nerves, can perform both functions.

What is the difference between a cell, a tissue, an organ, and a system in an animal's body?

A cell is the basic functional unit of life. Specialized cells grouped together form tissues. Organs are formed by groups of tissues that work together for a common purpose. Systems are groups of organs involved in a common set of activities.

Differentiate between the study of regional anatomy and the study of systemic anatomy.

Regional Anatomy: A method of studying anatomy that examines all the component structures that make up each region of the body. For example, the regional approach to abdominal anatomy would examine all the cells, tissues, organs, muscles, blood vessels, and nerves that are present in the abdomen. Systemic Anatomy: A method of studying anatomy that examines each system of the body (e.g., skeletal system, reproductive system) as a separate topic.

If you are facing a cat head-on, is it left ear on your left or right side?

Right side. Left and right always refer to the animal's left and right sides. Therefore, the cat's left ear is on its left side and your right side.

Why must the term rostral be used instead of cranial to describe structures on a hedgehog's head, but the term caudal works just fine?

Rostral is a special term used only to describe positions or directions on the head. The term cranial loses its meaning on the head because the cranium is part of the head. Rostral means toward the tip of the nose (rostrum). An animal's eyes are located rostral to its ears. In humans the term nasal means toward the nose.

How might abnormalities in an animal's anatomy or physiology have a negative impact on its health and well-being?

The functions of the parts of an animal's body are extremely interrelated. Therefore an abnormality with the anatomy or physiology of one part can affect other parts.

How does the normal anatomy and physiology of cells in an animal's body impact the health of the animal as a whole? How does the normal anatomy and physiology of the animal's body as a whole impact the health of each of its cells?

The health of cells affects the health of tissues, which affects the health of organs, which affects the health of systems, which affects the health of the whole body. Similarly, the health of the body affects the health of the systems, which affects the health of the organs, which affects the health of the tissues, which affects the health of cells.

What surface of a hamster's front leg is in contact with the ground when it is walking normally? What surface of the hind leg?

The palmar surface of the front leg and the plantar surface of the hind leg are touching the ground.

Describe the four anatomic planes of reference.

Dorsal Plane: A plane at right angles to the sagittal and transverse planes. It divides the body into dorsal (toward the animal's back/upper) and ventral (toward the bell/lower) parts that are not necessarily equal. If an animal stands in water with its body partially submerged, the surface of the water describes a dorsal plane. In humans this plane is called the frontal plane. Median Plane: A special kind of sagittal plane that runs down the center of the body lengthwise and divides it into equal left and right halves. It could also be called a midsagittal plane, but that term is not commonly used. Sagittal Plane: An anatomic reference plane that runs the length of the body and divides it into left and right parts that are not necessarily equal halves. Transverse Plane: An anatomic reference plane across the body that divides it into cranial (head-end) and caudal (tail-end) parts that are not necessarily equal.

If your left hand is on a goat's belly and your right hand is on its back, which hand is on the animal's dorsal surface and which is on its ventral surface?

Dorsal means toward the back (top surface) of a standing animal, and ventral means toward the belly (bottom surface) of a standing animal. Therefore, the left hand, on the goat's belly, is on the ventral surface and the right hand, on the goat's back, is on the dorsal surface.

Define homeostasis.

Homeostasis: A state of equilibrium maintained in the body by feedback and regulatory processes in response to internal and external changes; the maintenance of balance in the body. The concept of homeostasis includes the many mechanisms that monitor critical levels and functions in the body and stimulate corrective actions when things stray from normal. By keeping important activities within relatively narrow ranges, the process of homeostasis helps maintain normal body structure, function, and therefore health.

List and describe the anatomic terms of direction.

Left: Individual/animal's left. Right: Individual/animal's right. Cranial: A directional term meaning toward the head end of an animal's body. Rostral: A directional term meaning toward the tip of the nose. Rostral is generally used to describe portions and directions only on the head, where the term cranial loses its meaning. Caudal: A directional term meaning toward the tail end of an animal's body. Dorsal: A directional term meaning toward the top of an animal when it is standing on all four legs; toward the back/backbone. Ventral: A directional term meaning toward the bottom surface of an animal when it is standing on all four legs; toward the belly. Medial: A directional term meaning toward the median plane (center line) of the body. Lateral: A directional term meaning away from the median plane (center line) of the body. Deep (Internal): A directional term meaning toward the center of the body or a body part. Superficial (External): A directional term meaning toward the surface of the body or a body part Proximal: A directional term used only for extremities of the body. It implies a position or direction toward the body proper. Distal: A directional term used only for extremities of the body. It implies a position or direction away from the body proper. Palmar: The caudal surface ("back") of the forelimb from the carpus distally. Plantar: The caudal surface ("back") of the hindlimb from the tarsus distally. Dorsal: The cranial surface ("front") of the forelimb and hindlimb from the carpus and tarsus distally.

According to the principle of bilateral symmetry, single structures in the body are located on or near which anatomic plane of reference?

Median plane

The next time you see a dog, differentiate between the medial and lateral surfaces of one of its elbows and the proximal and distal ends of one of its legs.

Medial and lateral refer to positions relative to the median plane. Medial means toward the median plane (toward the centerline of the body), and lateral means away from the median plane. Therefore, the inside of the elbow is the medial surface and the outside of the elbow is the lateral surface. Proximal and distal are used to describe positions only on extremities, such as legs, ears, and tail, relative to the body. Proximal means toward the body, and distal means away from the body. The proximal end of the leg attaches it to the body and the toes are located on the distal end of the leg.

Differentiate between microscopic and macroscopic anatomy.

Microscopic Anatomy: The study of anatomic parts too small to be seen with the unaided eye, such as cells and tissues. Macroscopic Anatomy: Also called gross anatomy; the study of body parts large enough to be seen without magnification, such as a lung, leg, or brain.

How does each of the anatomic planes of reference (sagittal, median, transverse, and dorsal) divide a cow's body?

Sagittal plane divides a cow's body down the length of the body into left and right parts (not necessarily equal halves). Median (midsagittal) plane is a special kind of sagittal plane that runs down the center of the body lengthwise and divides it into equal left and right halves. Transverse plane divides a body into cranial (head-end) and caudal (tail-end) parts that are not necessarily equal. Dorsal plane divides the body at a right angle to the sagittal and transverse planes. It divides the body into dorsal (toward the cow's back) and ventral (toward the belly) parts that are not necessarily equal.

Where is the pleura found? Where is the peritoneum found?

The pleura is found in the thoracic cavity and the peritoneum is in the abdominal cavity.

If you insert a hypodermic needle into a horse's muscle to give it an injection, which end of the needle- the top or the hub- is located deep in the muscle, and which end is located superficially?

The tip of the needle is deep in the muscle and the hub is superficial.

What is the difference between the visceral and parietal layers of pleura and peritoneum?

The visceral layer covers the organs and the parietal layer lines the whole cavity.