Chapter 1

mead

how self develops over childhood as we begin to take the pov of others in specific contexts and eventually internalizes to generalized other

Emile Durkheim

how society holds together and how modern capitalism and industrialism have transformed the ways people relate to one another - divisions of labor - effects work and productivity but also has social and moral consequences - determines social solidarity - suicide is conditioned by social forces - the degree to which we are integrated into a group or not and degree to which we follow lifes routine - founding practitioner of positive sociology

social ecology

human behaviors and and personalities are shaped by their physical and social environments immigration, race, ethnic divisions

grand narrative that constitutes social identity is

nothing more than the sum of individual stories told between pairs of individuals ex. parents story of you and your story of parents and others stories of both of you - details added or omitted depending on who talking to

indirect cost

opportunity cost - cost of time spent devoted to school - money not made while in school

generalized other

our view of views of the society as whole that transcend individual situations

comte said

secular basis for morality did indeed exist - we can determine right and wrong without higher power help job of sociologist - develop secular morality

anomie

sense of formlessness resulting from drastic changes in living conditions or arrangements

self

the perception of consciousness as an object

cooley

the self looking glass self emerges from an interactive social process envision how others perceive us gauge the responses of others to our individual representations refine how others see us to develop self concept that is constant with interactions group dynamics

social solidarity

the way social cohesion among individuals is maintained

Sociology is the study of:

- group-level dynamics and social structures ? - the study of human society

harriet martineau

- one of earliest feminist sociology writers theory and practice of american society describes our nations physical and social aspects - how we educate kids, relationship between federal and state governments - also wrote first methods books of sociology - marriage is based on assumption of inferiority of women

comet's three historical, epistemological stages

1. theological stage - society is the result of divine will - THEOLOGY 2. metaphysical stage - Enlightenment thinkers - human behavior governed by natural, biological instincts - basic drives and natural instincts govern us - BIOLOGY 3. scientific stage - social physics to identify scientific laws that govern human behavior - PHYSICS

homework 2

2 out of 2 points The process by which people internalize the values, beliefs, and norms required to become functioning members of a given society is known as: Selected Answer: a. socialization. Question 2 2 out of 2 points According to Goffman, we all try to make good impressions on others and we actively work to ensure that others believe they are doing the same. He calls this: Selected Answer: d. impression management. Question 3 2 out of 2 points Involuntary statuses that we are born into are called: Selected Answer: c. ascribed statuses. Question 4 0 out of 2 points Theories of socialization focus, in part, on how the self develops. According to your textbook, the self is the: Selected Answer: a. identity of a person as perceived by others. Question 5 2 out of 2 points One major concern with restricted ownership of major media outlets is that: Selected Answer: c. de facto censorship may occur because it becomes easier to suppress messages that media owners don't support. Question 6 2 out of 2 points A recognizable social position that an individual occupies, such as student or professor, is known as a: Selected Answer: c. status. Question 7 2 out of 2 points Military boot camps and prisons are places that control all of the basics of people's day-to-day lives and are known as: Selected Answer: a. total institutions. Question 8 2 out of 2 points The final step in Mead's theory of socialization is the development of an internalized sense of the total expectations of others. This is known as the ____________ other. Selected Answer: b. generalized Question 9 2 out of 2 points Socialization occurs in a variety of contexts. Which of the following are considered "agents" that facilitate people becoming socialized? Selected Answers: Social Position School Total Institutions Family Media Peers Question 10 2 out of 2 points Today's assumption that childhood represents a distinct phase in the life course stands in sharp contrast to the notion of children as little adults that was popular in preindustrial times. This example highlights how: Selected Answer: d. our notions of childhood are socially constructed.

social imagination coined by

C. Wright Mills

who invented the social imagination

Comte in the 19th century with social physics/positivism

founding fathers of sociological discipline

Marx, Weber, Durkheim - maybe simmel

input

Question 1 Sociology is the study of: Selected Answer: c. group-level dynamics and social structures. Question 2 Skateboarding is a very popular pastime among youth in larger urban settings. Even within the activity, there are distinct variations on how it's done - street versus vert, and so on. There is a large lexicon of terms and phrases, and these can vary over locale. Skaters are a kind of Selected Answer: c. subculture. Question 3 Following the attack on Pearl Harbor in 1941, the United States undertook the mass incarceration of all persons living in the United States who were of Japanese ancestry. The government stated that this action was to preserve national security. Many of those sent to these concentration camps were U.S. citizens, even though their parents or grandparents may have been born in Japan, because of the feeling that all Japanese were dangerous. This action is representative of the use of Selected Answer: c. racist ideologies. Question 4 For a research project in your introductory sociology course, you decide to compare the coverage of health and beauty topics to that of career and professional topics in magazines created for women. You are conducting Selected Answer: d. textual analysis. Question 5 In the United States, media ownership is Selected Answer: b. centralized in the hands of a few big companies. Question 6 Nonmaterial culture includes Selected Answer: d. values, beliefs, behaviors, and social norms. Question 7 Think about your own experience of going to school. More than simply "what you learned in school today," much of your life has been shaped by that entire experience: what you choose to wear, whom you make friends with, whom you avoid, and how you respond to authority figures such as teachers. Overall, your experience of school is Selected Answer: a. a place where people learn specific cultural scripts. Question 8 Which of the following is more difficult to do in social science research? Selected Answer: c. establish that something is the cause of something else Question 9 A potential shortcoming of survey research is that surveys: Selected Answer: b. rely on people's honesty and willingness to cooperate. Question 10 The three factors needed to establish causality are: Selected Answer: d. correlation, time order, and ruling out alternative explanations. Question 11 The extent to which a researcher can claim that his or her findings explain a larger population than was studied is known as: Selected Answer: c. generalizability. Question 12 The functionalist paradigm went largely unchallenged in the United States until about the 1950s. C. Wright Mills criticized Talcott Parsons for: Selected Answer: b. supporting the dominant class structure and the inequalities associated with it. Question 13 Which modern sociological theory attempts to understand social behavior by examining the ways people interpret and give meaning to social signals and signs? Selected Answer: d. symbolic interactionism Question 14 According to Suicide, one of the main social forces leading to suicide is a sense of normlessness that results from drastic changes in society. This normlessness was called: Selected Answer: a. anomie.

positive arose out of

a need to make moral sense of social order in time of declining religious authority

direct cost

actual monetary amount

social identity

boils down to a set of stories within a social network that is robust - hard to change bc have to change so many stories - nothing more than idea

Weber

brought ideas back to history - Marx saw culture just as an effect and not as a cause of how societies evolve - socialogical analysis should focus on multiple influences of culture, economics, and politics instead of just one like Marx did - religious transformation of protestant reformation laid groundwork for capitalism - riches as sign of divine - theories of authority, rationality, state, and status still used today - Verstehen - understanding - subjectivity is foundation of interpretive sociology

social institution

complex group of interdependent positions, that together, perform a social role and reproduce themselves over time - shape every aspect of our behavior BUT are not monolithic, uniform, or stable - dense network of other social institutions and meanings - every day we construct and change them through ordinary interactions and meanings we ascribe

randall collins

expansion of higher education is just about ratcheting up credentials rather than the actual need for more education

xenophobia

feelings of discomfort that result from the discomfort of facing a different reality

american sociology

focus on empirical chicago school

George simmel

formal sociology - sociology of pure numbers - diffs between group of two and group of three - urban and cultural sociology - small group interactions paved way for micro interactions - definitions for small group, large group, party, stranger, and poor

social role

grand narrative that unifies these stories within then network

money is the future is worth less than the hand reasons:

inflation, investments today to make more tomorrow

pragmatistic school of philosophy

inquiry and truth cannot be understood outside their environment - the environment effects meaning - cooley /mead through social interaction arises meaning if men define situation as real than it is real in their consequences

thinking like a sociologist

making the familiar unfamiliar applying analytical tools to something you have always done unconsciously

social relations

network of ties

diff between language and dialect

power and legitimacy

Karl Marx

provided theoretical basis for communism - alternative to capitalism - derived historical materialism - primarily conflicts btw classes drive social change - history is account of mans struggle to gain control of and dominate his natural environment - at rise of industrial revolution and capitalism - the tools and processes that man used to survive and to manage their surroundings came to dominate humans - people slaves to industrial technology - each economic system has it's own fault line of conflict - divide between small amount of capitalists and large number of workers - this politic struggle produced the communist revolution - changed focus of history to material instead of just ideal

social position

set of stories we tell ourselves

formal authorities

social institutions with their own logics and inertia

chicago school

sociology ecology Robert Park - go get feet dirty in research in 1860 - Wirth - city broke tradition solidarity and promoted tolerance, rationality, and individual freedom - cultural sociology - ethnicity is about what cultural traditions are passed down - social self - Cooley/Mead

positive sociology

strain within sociology that believes the social world can be described and predicted by observable relationships

interpretive sociology

study of social meaning

social imagination

the ability to see connections between our personal experience and larger forces of history - a man can understand his fate, chances, and experience by becoming aware of all the individuals in his circumstance and locating himself within his period - allows us to step out of the trap of rapid social change to understand what is happening and understand the social foundations shifting under our feet - grasp relationship between history and biography - what we take as natural that isn't - connection between history paths take and how we live our daily lives

some argue language is

the basis for all social life - its own social phenomenon

division of labor

the degree to which jobs are specialized

college v not college

those who graduate might earn more bc they have actually learned more or they might have earned more bc they might be innately smarter, etc. could just be the social credentials college gives you

example of social institution intentionally rupturing its identity

tobacco companies

Verstehen

understanding in german and coined by weber - sociologist approach social behavior from the behavior of those engaging in it - understand meaning people attach to their actions