Chapter 1

Tamera is a cognitive psychologist interesting in studying errors in perception and memory, especially when these things do not match reality. In other words, Tamera is interested in the study of _____.

illusions

The correct perspective emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors.

psychoanalysis

Building on the work of Charcot and others, Sigmund Freud developed

psychoanalytic theory.

Both structuralists and functionalists agreed that:

psychology

According to the text, the basis of human perceptions, thoughts, memories, and feelings, as well as the human subjective sense of self, is:

the electrical and chemical activities of the brain.

_____ and chemical activities of the brain are the basis of human perceptions, thoughts, memories, feelings, and the subjective sense of self.

Electric

Central to evolutionary psychology is the _____ function that minds and brains serve.

adaptive

Kurt Lewin

argued that people react to the world as they see it and not to the world as it is.

Which psychological approach played a primary role in lessening interest in the psychoanalytic approach?

humanism

The psychological theory that emphasizes the positive potential of human beings is known as

humanistic psychology.

Consciousness

A person's subjective experience of the world and the mind

consciousness defined:

A person's subjective experience of the world and the mind.

Gestalt psychology The German psychologist Kurt Lewin

A psychological approach that emphasizes that we often perceive the whole rather than the sum of the parts

Hysteria:

A temporary loss of cognitive or motor functions, usually as a result of emotionally upsetting experiences

psychoanalysis:

A therapeutic approach that focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders

2. William James:

ALL ARE CORRECT A. studied mental function. B. disagreed that consciousness could be broken down into separate elements. C. All of these choices are correct. D. argued that consciousness was like a flowing stream, serving to adapt people to their environments.

Cognitive Psychology

After Behavorism faded perception, reasoning and memory Naom Chomsky a part of founding

response:

An action or physiological change elicited by a stimulus

behaviorism Margaret Washburn

An approach that advocates that psychologists restrict themselves to the scientific study of objectively observable behavior

psychoanalytic theory

An approach that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behavior

Behavioral neuroscience

An approach to psychology that links psychological processes to activities in the nervous system and other bodily processes.

Who developed the concept of reinforcement

B. F. Skinner

According to Aristotle, a child's mind is a(n) _____, completely shaped by experience.

Blank Slate

The work of the French surgeon _____ with a brain-damaged patient who had significant impairment in mental function demonstrated that the brain and the mind are closely linked.

Broca

natural selection

Charles Darwin's theory that the features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations.

Ivan Pavlov

Classical conditioning?

Karen is a humanistic therapist who concentrates on helping people recognize that they have free will and can reach their full potential. She calls the people who she helps:

Clients

3. Cognitive neuroscientists link brain activity and:

Cognitive Processes

Karl Lashley

Cognitive and brain activity First to study relationship

William James

Consciousness is like a constant stream Cannot be broken down into pieces Serving to help ppl adapt to environment Instead of study mental STRUCTURE, studying FUNCTION *Functionalism*

How does functionalism relate to Darwin's theory of natural selection?

Darwin proposed the principle of natural selection: The features of an organism that help it survive and reproduce are more likely than other features to be passed on to subsequent generations. James realized that like all other animals, human beings must avoid predators, locate food, build shelters, attract mates, and so on. Applying Darwin's principle of natural selection, James (1890) reasoned that the ultimate function of all psychological processes must be to help people survive and reproduce, and he suggested that psychology's mission should be to find out exactly how different psychological processes execute that function. James's arguments attracted much attention, and by the 1920s, functionalism was the dominant approach to psychology in North America.

Pierre Florens and Paul Broco

Did post mortal dissection of the brain Surgical technique Mind immaterial substance (brain)

The French philosopher, René Descartes, is MOST closely associated with the concept of _____.

Dualism

The French philosopher, René Descartes, is MOST closely associated with the concept of:

Dualism

Rene Discartes

Dualism Body and mind fundamentally different from each other

Structuralism who?

Edward Titchner

illusions: Max Wertheimer

Errors of perception, memory, or judgment in which subjective experience differs from objective reality

Aristotle and Plato

First to study psychology

Emotions are complex in nature. Some philosophers have argued that emotions have evolved to help species adapt to their environment. This view of emotions is BEST illustrated by:

Functionalism

How did work with brain damaged people help demonstrate the relationship between the mind and the brain?

For example, the French surgeon Paul Broca (1824-1880) worked with a patient known as Monsieur Leborgne, who had suffered damage to a small part of the left side of the brain (now known as Broca's area). Leborgne was virtually unable to speak and could utter only the single syllable "tan." And yet, he understood everything that was said to him and was able to communicate using gestures. Broca had the crucial insight that damage to a specific part of the brain impaired a specific psychological function, demonstrating clearly that our mental lives are the products of the physical workings of one of the body's major organs: the brain.

B. F. Skinner's ideas were controversial because of his denial of

Free will

How was Freud influenced with work of hysteria patients?

Freud theorized that hysteria was caused by painful childhood experiences that the patient could not remember. Freud suggested that these memories resided in the unconscious, which is the part of the mind that operates outside of awareness but that influences thoughts, feelings, and actions. This idea led Freud to develop psychoanalytic theory, an approach that emphasizes the importance of unconscious mental processes in shaping feelings, thoughts, and behaviors. Psychoanalytic theory formed the basis for a therapy that Freud called psychoanalysis, which focuses on bringing unconscious material into conscious awareness to better understand psychological disorders. Freud's theory suggested that the key to curing psychological problems was to help people remember the early experiences that were causing those problems. During psychoanalysis, patients were led to recall past experiences ("When I was a toddler, I was frightened by a masked man on a black horse") and to articulate their dreams and fantasies ("Sometimes I close my eyes and imagine not having to pay for this session"). Making unconscious material conscious was the key to the psychoanalytic cure.

4. William James developed _______, the study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environments.

Functionalism

Lori is listening to a debate on approaches to studying psychology. She was particularly impressed with the professor who said, "Psychology should stress the study of how behavior and mental processes allow people and animals to adapt to their environments." The theory that BEST reflects this view is _____.

Functionalism

Wilhelm Wundtz Herman von Helmholtz

German scientist 1st ever psychology depart. at a University

In the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, studies of brain-damaged patients with observable behavioral problems demonstrated that the mind is the result of the workings of the brain. These studies supported the views of the English philosopher _____.

Hobbes

What fundamental question has puzzled philosophers for years?

How the mind works

Phrenology

Human brain is divided up into pieces. Each piece controls something (human capacity)

This approach is associated with Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow. Positive psychology is a contemporary field that focuses on thriving people and communities. Based on this information, positive psychology is MOST likely influenced by the _____ psychological approach.

Humanism

Fatima is a therapist who tells her clients that all of their behaviors are a product of their environment and that they do not have complete free will. Her views are in DIRECT opposition to which psychological theory?

Humanistic

Jean-Martin Charcot was interested in _____, which involved temporary loss of motor control or cognitive functions.

Hysteria

Recall the text's discussion of the path to psychoanalysis and the development of clinical psychology. Which sequence correctly arranges influential individuals in chronological order?

Jean-Marin Charcot --> Sigmund Freud --> Alfred Adler

Behavorism

John B Watson BF Skinner How animals adapt observing only outside behavior Ignored evolution of animal Ignored the mental going ons of the animal Measure, predict and control behavior (allowed for)

Evolutionary psychology

John Garcia E O Wilson

The German psychologist _____ argued that one could BEST predict a person's behavior by understanding his or her subjective experience.

Kurt Lewin

Social psychology

Kurt Lewin Gordon Allport Study pressure and influences on the brain

Paul Broca worked with a brain damaged patient, "Monsieur Leborgne," who could understand language but could only say the work "tan". When this patient died Broca examined his brain and found that his language problems were caused by damage to the _____ of the brain.

Left side

Charles Darwin's theory and functionalism

Mental abilities are adaptive, must have evolved

Franz Joseph Gal

Mind and body are linked, but by size, not by gland

Thomas Hobbes

Mind and body are not different Mind is what the brain does

Humanistic psychology after Freud

More positive potential of human beings

Juan's professor lectures on the fact that certain features in animals have been passed down from one generation to another. Which theory is Juan's professor probably describing?

Naturalism

Sam's daughter begins to hit other children while at the playground. His daughter has never been exposed to violence nor has she ever seen someone hit another person. Sam believes that she inherited this tendency from his father, who was a violent person. Sam's explanation of his daughter's behavior would fit the theory known as:

Navatism

Plato

Navitist the view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn

1. The idea of the blank slate assumes that we are shaped by:

Nurture

Hobbes

Paul Broca's work with a brain-damaged patient who had significant impairment in mental function demonstrated that the brain and the mind are closely linked. This supported the beliefs about mind and body propounded by the philosopher _____

Which process BEST allows people to recognize their families, identify predators, and successfully avoid traffic?

Perception

Aristotle

Philosophical Empericism Nature and nurture is where we get behavior/knowledge

_____, an ancient Greek philosopher, believed that cognitive abilities and knowledge are inborn.

Plato

Sigmund Freud

Psychoanalytical theory View human nature was dark Hard to test theory

2. What was the subject of the famous experiment conducted by Hermann von Helmholtz?

Reaction Time

What was controversial about Skinner's idea's?

Skinner claimed that our subjective sense of free will is an illusion and that when we think we are exercising free will, we are actually responding to present and past patterns of reinforcement. We do things in the present that have been rewarding in the past, and our sense of "choosing" to do them is nothing more than an illusion. Not surprisingly, these claims sparked an outcry from critics who believed that Skinner was calling for a repressive society that manipulated people for its own ends. According to the great intellectual magazine, TV Guide, Skinner was advocating "the taming of mankind through a system of dog obedience schools for all" (Bjork, 1993, p. 201). In fact, Skinner was merely suggesting that knowledge of the principles that govern human behavior could be used to increase human well-being. In any case, the controversy certainly increased Skinner's well-being: A popular magazine that listed the 100 most important people who ever lived ranked him just 39 points below Jesus Christ

2. According to Pinker, the notion that humans are blank slates can foster:

Social Engineering

3. Wundt and his students sought to analyze the basic elements that constitute the mind, an approach called

Structuralism

Reaction Time

The amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus.

Reaction times

The amount of time taken to respond to a specific stimulus.

Structuralism

The analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind.

structuralism

The analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind.

reinforcement:

The consequences of a behavior determine whether it will be more or less likely to occur again

cognitive neuroscience:

The field of study that attempts to understand the links between cognitive processes and brain activity

1. In the 1800s, Paul Broca conducted research that demonstrated a connection between

The mind and the Brain

unconscious

The part of the mind that operates outside of conscious awareness but influences conscious thoughts, feelings, and actions

cognitive psychology:

The scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning.

functionalism:

The study of the purpose mental processes serve in enabling people to adapt to their environment. **How to study box is examples**

introspection

The subjective observation of one's own experience

"He wanted to do for psychology what the Periodic Table of the Elements did for chemistry," lectures a psychology professor. The professor is MOST likely referring to:

W name??? LOL

The behavioral psychologist _____ was influenced by Ivan Pavlov's experiments on salivary responses in dogs.

Watson

Edward Titchner/structuralism

What does the structure??? Not What does the mind do??

How did the work of chemists influence early psych?

Wundt noted that chemists try to understand the structure of matter by breaking down natural substances into basic elements, and so he developed an approach to psychology known as structuralism, the analysis of the basic elements that constitute the mind. Wundt made good use of reaction times, as his mentor had taught him to do, but his primary research method involved introspection, which is a method that asks people to report on the contents of their subjective experience.

The field of _____ links psychological processes and activity in the nervous system.

behavioral neuroscience

Psychoanalysis had its biggest impact on _____ psychology.

clinical

The use of scanning techniques to observe the brain in action and to see which parts are involved in which operations helped the development of

cognitive neuroscience.

The study of mental processes such as perception and memory is called

cognitive psychology.

The scientific study of mental processes, including perception, thought, memory, and reasoning

cognitive psychology:

For something to be considered behavior, it has to be

done by a human. done by a non-human animal. observable. any of these things.***

The diminishing influence of the psychoanalytic approach was NOT caused by:

its grim vision of human nature. a shift in focus to the positive potential of human nature. The difficulty of testing its ideas. RIGHT--a decrease in interest in the unconscious experience.

During World War II, cognitive psychologists discovered that many of the errors pilots make are the result of

limited human cognitive capacity to handle incoming information.

Behaviorism involves the study of

observable actions and responses.

Margaret is having trouble in school. Her mother is not sure how to help Margaret increase her motivation for doing homework. If Margaret's mom were to ask Ivan Pavlov's advice, he would MOST likely say:

pair her homework with a pleasant experience and eventually she will like doing her homework.

Noam Chomsky (b. 1928)

pointed out that even young children generate sentences they have never heard before—and therefore could not possibly be learning language by reinforcement. This critique of Skinner's theory signaled the end of behaviorism's dominance in psychology and helped spark the development of cognitive psychology.

The experiments of Ivan Pavlov and John Watson centered on

stimulus and response.

Psychology is defined as

study of mind and behavior

One of the biggest challenges for evolutionary psychologists is:

testing their hypotheses.

1. Psychology is defined as:

the scientific study of mind and behavior.

philosophical empiricism

the view that all knowledge is acquired through experience.

Nativism

the view that certain kinds of knowledge are innate or inborn Aristotle, on the other hand, believed that the child's mind was a "blank slate" on which only experience could write, and he was a strong proponent of what we now call philosophical empiricism

Sara is scared of spiders but does not remember ever having a bad experience with spiders; she only knows that she gets a bad feeling from them. According to psychoanalytic theory, her current fear of spiders is influenced by her _____.

unconscious

Nancy is scared of clowns but does not remember ever meeting a clown in person, or even seeing a clown. According to psychoanalytic theory, Nancy's fear of clowns might be caused by:

unconscious mind

What was the useful application of Helmholtz's results?

was a physiologist who had developed a method for measuring the speed of nerve impulses. He gave participants a mild electric shock on different parts of their bodies and then recorded their reaction times, or the time it takes to respond to a specific stimulus. Helmholtz found that people generally took longer to respond when he shocked their toes than when he shocked their thighs. He concluded that it must take longer for the nerve impulse to travel from the toe to the brain than from the thigh to the brain because the toe is farther away from the brain. And because he knew exactly how much farther away it was, he knew exactly how fast a nerve impulse could travel

stimulus

which is a sensory input from the environment

To understand human behavior, Jean-Martin Charcot studied people

with psychological disorders.