Chapter 1 Praxis

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all English sounds besides the nasal ones

oral resonance occurs during what sounds?

MLU (number of morphemes/number of utterances) presence/absence of Brown's 14 grammatical morphemes TTR (number of different words in sample/number of words in sample)

What can you obtain in a language sample?

thoracic cavity

What cavity are the lungs located in?

octave

an indication of the interval between two frequencies

type token ration (TTR)

represents the variety of different words the child uses expressively, thus assessing the child's semantic or lexical skils

production and perception

speech sounds are studies in terms of two related phenomena. what are they?

pharyngeal plexus

structure arising from cranial nerve X and XI?

ventricular (false) vocal folds

vibrate only at very low fundamental frequencies and usually not during normal or typical phonation; compress during such activities as coughing and lifting heavy items

spinal nerves autonomic nervous system (both part of CNS)

what 2 systems work together to control various bodily activities that are executed with little conscious effort/knowledge

velopharyngeal closure

when soft palate is raised and retracted, the muscles of the pharynx also move inward to meet the muscles of the soft palate. This sphincter-like action with the nasal port closed is called?

Concurrent

Concurrent validity/construct validity/content validity/predictive validity the degree to which a new test correlates with an established test of known validity

Predictive validity

Concurrent validity/construct validity/content validity/predictive validity (aka criterion related validity) refers to the accuracy with which a test predicts future performance on a related task

heuristic

Halliday's communicative intent stage in which children children attempt to have their environment and events explained to them (tell me why, what's that?)

personal

Halliday's communicative intent stage in which children express own feelings

syntax, semantics, pragmatics, literacy (reading and writing)

Language disorders in adolescents include difficulty in what 4 areas?

T2-T12

Leator costarum brevis and Levator costarum longis (inspiration) are innervated by what spinal nerves?

20 6

_____ week old fetuses respond to sound By ___ monthsof age , an infant can localize speech that is very soft

transmitting mediugm

any matter that carries or transmits sound; air, liquids, solids

Broca's

aphasia AOS commonly occurs with

formant frequency

frequency region with concentrated acoustic energy; center frequency of a formant, which is resonance

50-100

how many utterances should be collected during a conversational speech sample to be representative enough?

cricothyroid

intrinsic laryngeal muscle that lengthens and tenses vocal folds

both attachments are within larynx

intrinsic laryngeal muscles have both their attachments within the larynx or have one inside and one outside larynx?

thyroarytenoid

intrinsic layrngeal muscles that vibrates and produces sound

m, p, b, l, n, s, z, t, d, v, f, w, th, voiced th

list anterior sounds

look on word document pg 9

list intrinsic and extrinsic laryngeal muscles and what each do (and innervation).

/h/

list the only low sound

50 200

most children produce how many words by 18 months? How many words do children understand at this age?

mastication; but teeth also help produce some speech sounds so the teeth are articulators

primary function of the teeth?

assimilations

substitutions/assimilations/syllable structure reduplication, regressive, progressive, voicing

Reinke's space

the cover over the vocalis muscle inclusive of the epithelium and superficial lamina propria is called what?

articulation

the movement of joined anatomic parts and the production of speech sounds that result form such movement

cerebral cortex brainstem spinal cord

the nerve fiber tract of the pyramidal system comes from the ________ to the ________ and _________

environmental, genetic, and neurophysiological

there are ___, ___, and ___ theories of stuttering

voice termination time

time required to cease vocal activity

pitch

variations in frequency are called

nerve cell

another name for neuron

Dynamic assessment

assessment that tests, teaches, retests

semi-vowels

the liquids /l/ and /r/ are also called

pure tone

tone that contains a single frequency

/l/

which sound is lateral

Bell's palsy is caused by paralysis of what cranial nerve?

trachea

tube formed by approx. 20 rings of cartilage

overextension

"all round items are balls; all tall men with glasses and brown hair are Daddy; in semantics

Neural transmission

A chemical process of information exchange at the level of the synapse

established risk at risk

2 categories of risk factors for language disorders in infants and toddlers

dopamine acetylcholine

2 important neurotransmitters in the motor system

screening, standardized assessment, alternative assessment

3 categories of language assessment

PNS

Are LMNs part of the CNS or PNS?

concordance a. concordant b. disoncordant

Concordance/prevalence occurrence of the same clinical condition (or normal trait) in both members of a twin pair concordant/discordant a. both twins have the same condition, the pair is b. only one of the twins has the condition, the pair is

reading, writing, language, speaking and listening

English language arts and math consist of four areas: what are they?

T2-T11

External Intercostals (inspration) internal intercostals, and innermost intercostals (expiration) are all innervated by what spinal nerves?

clefts

Hearing loss, SSDs, Language disorders, laryngeal and phonatory disorders are communication disoders commmonly associated with ?

Yes, because the brain has no alternate source of blood

If an artery is blocked above the circle of willis, will brain damage occur?

controlling sound production

Intrinsic laryngeal muscles primary responsibility is?

unusual body postures dysarthria changes in body tone involuntary and uncontrolled movements (dyskinesias) that interfere with a person's voluntary attempts to walk, speak, or do many other activities

Lesions in the basal ganglia can result in what?

Cranial nerves Spinal nerves Autonomic nervous system, which breaks down into the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches

PNS includes what?

souther US

Poverty is heaviest where in the US?

Internal capsule

Structure that contains the concentrated and compact projection fibers near the brainstem

adaptation, consistency, adjacency, audience size

Stuttering frequently varies when certian variables of stimulus control are manipulated, creating phenomena such as ____ ,____ , ______, and _______

respiration; both support exhalation

Subcostal muscle and serratus posterior inferior muscles are muscles involved in what?

laryngopharynx oropharynx nasopharynx

The 3 segment so the pharyngeal cavity

layer of skin skull bones meninges

The brain is protected by 3 structures; name them

consciousness and alertness

The thalamus is critical for maintenance of what functions?

interhemispheric fibers

These connecting fibers form the medullary center of the brain

CN V and VII Important for speech production!

This pons houses the nuclei for what cranial nerves?

dysarthria (because the issues seen in them are closely related to those symptoms of dysarthria)

Treatment techniques for patients with neurological diseases often follow principles based on therapy for _____________ these include: improve articulation by exaggerating consonants and slow rate of speech, improve prosody to decrease monopitch, iprove resperation, improve vocal fold approximation

spinal cord and many organs of the body

Vertebral arteries supply what body parts?

vocal fold thickening

Vocal Nodules/Polyps/Contact Ulcers/Vocal fold thickening/Traumatic laryngitis caused from prolonged vocal abuse; results in a breathy voice with lowered pitch; often a precursor to nodules or polyps; voice becomes incresingly hoarse when this happens

neck (left and right)

Where are your carotid arteries located?

maximum phonation time (MPT)

client's ability to sustain "ah"

sibilants

high freqency sounds that have longer duration and more stridency than most other consonants ch, dj, s, z, sh, shz

Dyne

measure of force in the CSG metric systm

arcuate fasiculus (aka superior longitudinal fibers)

most important of the association fibers is the; arches from the frontal lobe to the temporal lobe

organic

oral structrual shit, hearing loss, and neuropathologies of SSDs are __________ based disorders

subcostal muscle

posterior thoracic muscle that depresses the thorax aiding in exhalation

the clavicle and first rib

the manubrium provides attachment for what?

naturalness (big topic in phonology)

the terms marked and unmarked are used to describ e sounds accoridng to what paradigm? marked/unmarked: 1. less natural and tend to be acquired later (th) 2. appear to be natural and tend to be easier to acquire and are usually acquired earlier (m, b)

C6-T5

trachea runs along what vertabra?

Dore; 1-2 years

who created these stages of communicative intent and at what age do they develop? practicing protesting greeting calling/addressing requesting action requesting an answer labeling repeating/imitating answering

angular gyrus

writing, reading, and naming difficulties, and sometimes transcortical sensory aphasia can be caused by damage to what area in the brain?

Pyramidal System

Direct motor activation pathway that is primarily responsible for facilitating voluntary muscle movement (including speech)

Persist after age 3

Disappear by age 3/Disappear by age 3/Persist after age 3 vocalization

Disappear by age 3

Disappear by age 3/Persist after age 3 consonant assimilation

Persist after age 3

Disappear by age 3/Persist after age 3 consonant cluster reduction

Persist after age 3

Disappear by age 3/Persist after age 3 depalatization

Disappear by age 3

Disappear by age 3/Persist after age 3 diminutization

Persist after age 3

Disappear by age 3/Persist after age 3 epenthesis

Disappear by age 3

Disappear by age 3/Persist after age 3 final consonant deltion

Persist after age 3

Disappear by age 3/Persist after age 3 final consonant devoicing

Disappear by age 3

Disappear by age 3/Persist after age 3 fronting of velars

Persist after age 3

Disappear by age 3/Persist after age 3 gliding

Disappear by age 3

Disappear by age 3/Persist after age 3 prevocalic voicing

Disappear by age 3

Disappear by age 3/Persist after age 3 reduplication

Persist after age 3

Disappear by age 3/Persist after age 3 stopping

Disappear by age 3

Disappear by age 3/Persist after age 3 weak/unstressed syllable deletion

Phonological Process Approach

Distinctive Features Approach/ Contrast Approaches (minimal pair, maximal contrast)/ Phonological Process Approach (Hodson and Paden's Cycles Approach) based on assumption that kids multiple errors reflect the operation of certain phonological rules and that the problem is essentially pphonemic, not phenetic; errors described as phonological processes

Hodson and Paden's Cycles approach

Distinctive Features Approach/ Contrast Approaches (minimal pair, maximal contrast)/ Phonological Process Approach (Hodson and Paden's Cycles Approach) phonological pattern approach that is designed to treat dchildren with multiple misarticulations and highly uninteligible speech; error patterns are targeted for remediation based on stimulability , intelligibility, and percentage of occurrence (40% or greater); error patters are not drille to mastery; clinician introduces correct pattersn, gives child limited practice with them, and retruns to them at a later date; cycle runs 5-16 weeks of about 3-6 cycles; includes: review of previous sessions words, auditory bombardment, new target words, play break, more activities incvolving new target wwords, repeating auditory bombardment and dismissal

Maximal contrast therapy

Distinctive Features Approach/ Contrast Approaches (minimal pair, maximal contrast)/ Phonological Process Approach/Hodson and Paden's Cycles Approach aka maximal opposition approach; the selected word pairs contain maximum numbers of phonemic contrasts; all 3 features of place, voice manner are usually involved; /t,sh/ would be contrasted with a sound that is maximmally different (/m/)

Minimal Pair contrast therapy

Distinctive Features Approach/ Contrast Approaches (minimal pair, maximal contrast)/ Phonological Process Approach/Hodson and Paden's Cycles Approach clinician uses pairs of words that differ by only one feature (place/voice/manner); 1 contains target sound, other contains the sound child is making incorrectly in words; helps kids learn the semantic and motoric differences between phonemes;

Distinctive Feature Appraoch

Distinctive Features Approach/ Contrast Approaches (minimal pair, maximal contrast)/ Phonological Process Approach/Hodson and Paden's Cycles Approach goal is to establsih missing distincitive features or feature contrasts by teachign relevant sounds; assumes that teaching a feature in the context of a few sounds will result in generalized production of other sounds with the same feature or features; ex. all sounds share a common feature of stridency, so the clinician teaches phonemes with that feature in hopes it will generalize to the others; find underlying patters and train one or several sounds in that pattern; minimal pairs are often used in this

both

Do UMNs include the pathways of the pryamidal, extrapyramidal, or both systems?

Afferent

Do afferent/efferent fibers travel though the inferior and middle cerebellar peduncles?

NO!

Do glial cells (neruoglia) transmit nerve impulses?

T (primary site of tumor) N (involvement of lymph nodes) M (Metastasis)

Doctors classify and treat laryngeal cancer based upon 3 primary categories: what are they

BOTH!

Doe distinctive features approach include finding underlying patterns, using minimal pairs, or both?

lowers

Does the diaphragm expand/lower during inhalation?

NO; it affects the speed of sound

Does the medium tha transmits a sound affect the frequency of the sound? What does it affect?

Dynamic Temporal and Tactiel Cueing (DTTC) CAS

Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing (DTTC)/ Prompts for Restructuring Oral Muscular Phonetic Targets (PROMPT) intensive, motor-based drill like treatment; designed for severe isssues; targets a small number of functional words and phrases; tactiel cues are used; daily repetetive practice; goal is to have kid produce words occorrectlyk sponataneoulsy both inside and outside the clinic what disorder is this a treatment for?

Prompts for Restructuring Oral Muscular Phonetic Targets (PROMPT) CAS

Dynamic Temporal and Tactile Cueing (DTTC)/ Prompts for Restructuring Oral Muscular Phonetic Targets (PROMPT) uses tactile kinesthetic proprioceptive cues to support and shape movements of the articulators what disorder is this a treatment for?

accent

EFL client who has a communication difference based on first language influence, the term ________ training is preferable

46; consonants and vowels distinctive feature distinctive feature and the place-voice-manner

English language has _______ amount of speech sounds which are classified as ____ and _____. Vowels (tongue position and lip position) may be described according to the ____________ paradigm and Consonants may be described according to both the ____________ paradigm and the ________________ paradigm

pharyngoesophageal segment (PES) injection method and inhalation method

Esophageal voice is produced by a _____________ segment; it is the vibratory source that can be located in the cricopharyngeus or elsewhere in the larynx what are the 2 methods of this?

elementary age

Evaluation of elementary age/adolescents involves assessing: verb phrases; noun phrases; prepositional phrases; sentence types (simple, declarative, compound, etc.); ing, comparatives/superlatives, possessive morpheme, 3rd person singular, adjectives, past tense construction, have child retell story, ask parents for a list and type of words kid uses; tell story from pictures; nonverbal behaviors, narrative skills, topic initiation and maintenance, turn taking skills, converational repar,

Camperdown program (O'Brian, Onslow, Cream, and Packman) Fluency Shaping Method

Fluent Stuttering Method/Fluency Shaping Method/Fluency Reinforcement Method/Masking and Delayed Auditory Feedback Techniques/Direct Stuttering Reduction Methods program which includes only prolonged speech (reduced rate of speech) as its target behavior. What type of stuttering treatment is this?

Circle of Willis

Formed at the base of the brain where the 2 carotid and the 2 vertebral arteries join; this is completed by the anterior and posterior communicating arteries; the posterior, middle and anterior cerebral arteries branch out from this

repetitions (part word, whole word, phrase) sound prolongations silent prolongations (stuckin articulatory position) interjections (sound/syllable, word, phrase) pauses (silent intervals that are unusually long-NOT stuck in articulatory position) broken words (be-pause-fore) incomplete sentences (last summer i was....last summer...we went to paris) revisions (Let me have coffee, maybe tea)

Forms of fluencies

5% part-word repetitions and sound prolongations; 2% whole-word repetitions and schwa interjections; 5% frequency; iterations (duration)

Generally speech that contains _____% or more dysfluencies may bejudged as dysfluent or stutterd by most listeners. __________ and ____________ are judged abnormal at lower frequencies as low as _______% of words spoken ____________ and ________ interjections must reach at least ______% to evoke judgments of dysfluent or stuttered speech _____________ of dysfluencies and number of ____________ are significant variables that prompt a jusdgment of stutteing (________ of dysfluencies may be another significant variable

Gestural (unaided)

Gestural (unaided) Gestural-assisted (aided) neuro-assisted (aided) child uses gestures and other patterned movements which may accompany some speech; gestures play a major role here; no instruments or external aids are used; common forms are: pantomime, eye blink encoding, American Indian Hand Talk (AMER-IND), American Sign Language (ASL), Limited manual sign systems, left-hand manual alphabet

gestural-assisted (aided)

Gestural (unaided) Gestural-assisted (aided) neuro-assisted (aided) gestures or movements are combined with an instrument or message display device; can be mechanical, speech generating or nonmechanical devices; include the types: picsyms, pic symbols, blissymbols, sig symbols, rebuses, premack-type symbols, Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)

neuro-assisted (aided)

Gestural (unaided) Gestural-assisted (aided) neuro-assisted (aided) useful for children who have such profound motoric impairments and limited hand mobility that they cannot use a manual switching device; uses bio electrical signals such as muscle action potentials to activate and display messages on a computer monitor; the electrical activity of the muscles associated with their contraction is used to activate switching mechanisms; electrodes are attache to the skin; myoswitches are activated

Hyperkeratosis

Paradoxical Vocal Fold Motion Disorder

Granuloma/Hemangioma/Leukoplakia/Hyperkeratosis/Laryngomalacia/Subglottal Stenosis/Papilloma/Laryngeal Trauma/Laryngeal Web/Paradoxical Vocal Fold Motion Disorder (PVFM)/ Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)/Paralysis and Ankylosis/Spasmodic Dysphonia aka laryngeal dyskinesia and episodic paroxysmal laryngospasm (EPL); inappropriate closure or adduction of the true vocal folds during inhalation, exhalation, or both; often appear asthmatic; sometimess undergo tracheotomy to relieve symptoms;; some display stridor and dysphonia, some display stridor; both psychological and physiological causes; some view it as a conversion disorder; some view it to be pharmacological or neurological in nature; some have airway sensitivity to irritants (sinus drainage/postnasal drip, laryngopharyngeal reflex, exposure to irritating smoke, fumes, gas, dust, mist, or vapors; most fall between 10-40 years old; treatment includes combo of psychological, medical, and behavioral approaches, endoscopy and direct feedback; children may respond to visual biofeedback techniques and relaxation exercises

Leukoplakia

Laryngomalacia

Granuloma

Laryngeal web

Laryngeal Trauma

subglottal stenosis

GERD

Paralysis and Ankylosise

Granuloma/Hemangioma/Leukoplakia/Hyperkeratosis/Laryngomalacia/Subglottal Stenosis/Papilloma/Laryngeal Trauma/Laryngeal Web/Paradoxical Vocal Fold Motion Disorder (PVFM)/ Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)/Paralysis and Ankylosis/Spasmodic Dysphonia paralyzation due to RLN damage during surgeries (thyroidectomy), progressive neurological diseases (ALS), malignant diseases (tumors affecting larynx), intubation trauma, laryngeal trauma (gunshot wound), stroke, vagus nerve deficits for unilateral paralysis: teflon, collagen, gelfoam, and autologous fat can be injected into fold; thyroplasty type I can be done to medialize the vocal fold; in nerve muscle pedicle reinnervation can also be done-makes puncture in thyroid cartilage) other treatment techniques for paralysis: elevation in pitch, increased loudness, increased breath support, pushing appraoch, hard glottal atttacks, head turning or positioning ankylosis (stiffenign of the joints; movemetn of the arytenoids is restricted ; cancer can also cause this

Hemangioma

Papilloma

Infectious Dementia

HIV/AIDS and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease are common causes of what type of Dementia?

regulatory

Halliday's communicative intent stage in which children attempt to control behavior of others (do as i tell you)

instrumental

Halliday's communicative intent stage in which children attempt to get assistance (I want ball)

interactional

Halliday's communicative intent stage in which children initiate interactions with others (hi daddy)

imaginative

Halliday's communicative intent stage in which children pretend or do play acting

informative

Halliday's communicative intent stage in which children tells someone something (i have something)

Higher

Higher/lower vowels have a higher fundamental frequency?

4 2 Lateral ventricles (one in each hemisphere) (largest) third ventricle fourth ventricle

How many cerebral ventricles are there? Name them. Which are the largest?

32-33

How many individual vertebrae does the spinal column consist of?

6; each is made up of different cells

How many layers are in the cortex?

How many pairs of ribs are there?

2 nerve fibers soma (cell body)

How many parts does a neuron have and what are they?

5; 7 cervical vertebrae (C1-C7), 12 thoracic vertebrae (T1-T12), 5 lumbar vertebrae (L1-L5), 5 sacral vertebrae (S1-S5)-fused in adults, 3-4 coccygeal vertebrae (fused and called the coccyx)

How many segments are the vertebrae in the spinal column divided into? Name them and the amount in each

32 (16 in each arch) (in each arch of 16) 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 premolars, 6 molars

How many teeth do adults have? How many of each?

chances are minimal, as the circle of willis offers alternate channels of blood flow below it

If an artery is blocked below the circle of Willis, will brain damage occur?

10; 20; 4-6

If brain's blood supply is interrupted, consciousness may be lost within _________ seconds electrical activity ceases after _______ seconds brain is permanently damaged within __________ minutes

auditory association area

Important area in temporal lobe that synthesizes/analyzes information from the primary auditory cortex so that it can be recognized as whole units.

postcentral gyrus (sensory cortex, sensory strip) supramarginal gyrus angular gyrus

Important structures in Parietal Lobe

consonants first first first longer less frequently content (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs) function

In adults and school-aged children who stutter, stuttering is most likely to occur as follows: with consonants/with vowels? on the first/middle/last sound or syllable of a word? on the first/middle/last phrase or sentence? on the first/middle/last sound word in a grammatical clause? on shorter/longer words? more frequently used words/less frequently used words? on content/function words? preschool children's stutttering tends to occur on content/function words more often?

34.13% 34.13% 68% 85-100 100 15 16th 2nd

In regards to the bell curve: ______ % falls within 1 SD above the mean _______ % fall within 1 SD below the mean So, _____% of the sample will have sores between ____ - ______, assuming ______ is the average score; the standard deviation is ____ points clients whose scores place them 1 SD below the mean score slightly below the _______ percentile. People whose scores are 2 SD below the mean score close to the _____ percentile

lungs

In what structure of the body does the exchange of gas occur?

1; 12

Infants under _____ year of age are able to distinguish sounds that are not used in their language, however, this ability begins to decline around ______ months of age

oval mechanical labryths parilymph vestibular system; cochlea vestibular; equilibrium endolymph basilar membrane; Organ of Corti Reissner's membrane basilar membrane low frequency; high frequency electrical Organ of Corti

Inner Ear Begins with the ___________ window. through the movement of the stapes in the oval window, the inner ear recieves the _____________ vibrations of sound. Inner ear is system of interconnecting tunnels called ______________ within the temporal bone. the tunnels are filled with a fluid called ___________. 2 major structures of the inner ear ________ and ____________. The semkicircular canals are part of the ________ system and are responsibel for ____________. the cochlea is filled with fluied called _________. Teh floor of hte cochlear duct is called the _____________ which contains the ______________ (contains thousands of hair cells). Vibrations created by stapes into the oval window create wavelike movements in the perilymph. Through ____________ those movemetns are transmitted to the endolymph. The endolymph then transmits the movements to the __________. ______________ sounds stimulate the tip of the basilar membrane and _________ stimulate the base of the basilar membrane; Mechanical forces of vibrations are eventually transformed into _____________ energy which can stimulate nerve endings. This energy transformatoin occurs in the _________.

50-70 dB SPL 100 dB SPL

Intensity of normal conversational speech varies between ____ and _____dB SPL very intesne sounds exceed ______dB SPL and may induce pain

NO; it helps coordinate and regulate impulses

Is the cerebellum the primary motor integration and initiation center?

NO, but it is closely related to the CNS

Is the extrapyramidal system part of the central nervous system?

fronting bc stops are specifically replacing velars what happens in stopping? specifically a fricative or affricate is replaced by a stop (top/shop, dIs/this, bup/butch

Is this stopping or fronting? Why? tar/kar, do/go, ti/ki

language samples

Language assessment, remediation, and screening procedure (LARSP), developmental sentence scoring (DSS), Language sampling, analysis and training procedure (LSAT), Computerized Profiling, Lingquest 1, and Systematic Analysis of Langauge Transcripts are used to analyze what?

auditory comprehension

Lesions within the Posterior superior temporal lobe (PST) suggest a better prognosis in the treatment of what area?

k, g, ng

List back sounds

dendrites, axon, terminal buttons, synapse

List parts of neuron from top to bottom

Aorta vertebral arteries carotid arteries circle of Willis

List the 4 major structures that supply blood to the brain.

Frontal

Lobe in cerebrum (brain) that controls motor function, planning, problem solving, spontaneity, memory, language, initiation, judgement, impulse control, and social and sexual behavior; makes up 1/3 of the surface area of the cerebrum

syntax

MLU is used to asses what area of language?

neruological

MS, Myasthenia gravis, ALS, and Parkinson's are what kinds of diseases?

Medulla Thus, right side of body is primarily controlled by the left side of brain and vice versa

Many of the pyramidal tracts form the left and right sides of the brain decussate (cross over) to the other side where in the brainstem?

cranial nerves V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, XII (5, 7-12)

Most important parts of the peripheral nervous system in relation to communication are what? What are the ones directly connected to speech, language, and hearing?

brain

Most important structure in the body for language, speech, and hearing

most are innervated by recurrent laryngeal nerve branch; cricothyroid is the exception-innervated by the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve branch.

Most intrinsic laryngeal muscles are innervated by which branch of cranial nerve X? What muscle is the exception, and which branch is it innervated by?

X and XI

Most pharyngeal muscles are innervated by what cranial nerves?

spastic: increased tone and rigidity of the muscles; abrupt, jerky, slow movements cause by damage to motor cortex or direct motor pathways; MOST COMMON (61-77%) ataxic: disturbed balance, awkward gait, uncoordinated movements (cerebellar damage) athetoid: slow, writhing, involuntary movements (basal ganglia damage (indirect pathway)

Most professionals categorize CP into three major types: list em which one is most common?

lungs heart digestive system

Motor fibers of CN X supply what?

UMN;pyramidal

Motor projection fibers form the UMN/LMN system of the pyramidal/extrapyramidal tract?

premotor;primary motor areas

Motor projection fibers originate in the _______ and ________ areas in the frontal lobe

Linguistic approaches

Motor-based approaches/Linguistic approaches/Core vocabulary (Consistency Approach)/ phonological awareness treatment Distinctive features approach, Contrast approaches, phonological process appraoch, hodson and Paden's cycle approach,

motor based approaches

Motor-based approaches/Linguistic approaches/Core vocabulary (Consistency Approach)/ phonological awareness treatment Van Riper's traditional approach, McDonald's Sensorimotor Approach,

Transdisciplinary

Multidisciplinary team/Transdisciplinary team/Interdisciplinary team multiple specialists work together in the initial assessment, but only one or two team members provide services

Interdisciplinary team

Multidisciplinary team/Transdisciplinary team/Interdisciplinary team team members from multiple disciplines interact and use each other's suggestions and informations in interpreting data; team collaboratively writes the evaluation report and intervention plan.

Multidisciplinary

Multidisciplinary team/Transdisciplinary team/Interdisciplinary team team members represent multiple disciplines, but each member conducts an individual evaluation, writes a separate report, and has little interaction with other team members

Parkinson's

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)/Myasthenia Gravis/ Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/Parkinson's caused by lack of dopamine in the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia; can be idiopathic or secondary to other conditions such as dementia; often sound breathy, low pitched, and monotonous; treatment includes L-dopa (levodopa), voice treatment; Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT) to increase respiratory and phonatory efforts

Myasthenia gravis

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)/Myasthenia Gravis/ Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/Parkinson's neuromuscular autoimmune disease that produces fatigue and muscle weakness; decreased amount of acetylcholine at the myoneuronal junction; get more tired the more they work; often sound hypernasal, breathy, hoarse, and soft in volume; also dysphagia and distorted articulation; often treated with corticosteroids

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)/Myasthenia Gravis/ Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/Parkinson's progressive an diffues demyelination of white matter, with corresponding preservation of axons at the brainstem, cerebellum, and spinal cord; may have impaired prosody, pitch, loudness control, harshness, breathiness, hypernasality, articulatrion breakdown; and nasal air escape; treatment may include adrenocoricotrophic hormone (ACTH) ; corticosteroids (prednisone) may also be used

ALS

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)/Myasthenia Gravis/ Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/Parkinson's progressive, fatal disease involving degeneration of UMN and LMN systems; often sound breathy, low pitched, and monotonous; poor respiratory control; do not respond well to medications, but riluzole can show some slow muscle deterioration; treatment focuses on augmentative/alternative forms of communication that can be used in the later stages of the disease; aka Lou Gehrig's disease

look at word document

Muscles of Velum (soft palate) and what each do (and innervated by)

superior peduncles substantia nigra

Name 2 structures found in the midbrain of brainstem

genioglossus styloglossus hyoglossus

Name 3 extrinsic tongue muscles we know for sure the CN XII supples

Wernicke's Transcortical Sensory Aphasia (TSA) Conduction Aphasia Anomic aphasia

Name 4 Fluent Aphasias

phonation (birth-1 month) cooing/gooing (2-4 months) expansion (4-6 months) canonical (reduplicated babbling) (6-8 months) variegated babbling (nonreduplicated) 8 months-1 year

Name Oller's 5 stages of development of prelinguistic, nonreflexive vocalizations and ages of each. pg 193 if want to review definitions

gyrus

Name given to a ridge on the cortex

cortex

Name given to the top most portion of the brain

Oral preparatory Oral Pharyngeal Esophageal

Name phases of swallow

cranial (8) thoracic (12) lumbar (5) sacral (5) coccygeal (1)

Name spinal nerves and how many in each

primary auditory cortex auditory association area Wernicke's area (Carl Wernicke)

Name the 2 general areas of the temporal lobe that are critical to adequate hearing and speech. Name another important area in this lobe

Corticospinal tract Corticobulbar tract

Name the 2 tracts that make up the pyramidal system

superior temporal gyrus middle temporal gyrus inferior temporal gyrus

Name the 3 major gyri in the temporal lobe

Broca's Transcortical motor aphasia (TMA) Mixed transcortical aphasia (MTA) Global Aphasia

Name the 4 Nonfluent Aphasias

2 carotid arteries 2 subclavian arteries

Name the 4 branches the aortic arch divides into

primary motor cortex (aka motor strip) (located on the precentral gyrus) supplementary motor cortex Broca's area

Name the areas in the frontal lobe that are specifically critical to speech, language and hearing

projection fibers association fibers commissural fibers

Nerve fibers of the medullary center are divided into 3 types. List them

Dysarthria Apraxia

Neuropathologies of SSDs are

Aphasia

Non-invasive brain stimulation (repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)),drug treatment, physical exercises, digital devices (iPods) are experimental approaches to treating ________

Ankyloglossia (tongue tied) dental deviations oral motor coordination issues orofacial myofunctional disorders OMD

Organic disorders of SSD

Vascular dementia, mutiple CVAs dementia, Lewy body dementia (similar to syptoms of Parkinson's dementia), and TBI dementia

Other forms of Dementia (4)

CNS

PNS/CNS acts as a motor command center for planning, originating, and carrying out transmission of messages

CNS

PNS/CNS station that coordinates activity, integrates information, and issues commands

PNS

PNS/CNS: gathers information about the environment and sends impulses to brain; suggests demands/directions

parkinsonism

Parkinson's disease/parkinsonism group of neurological disorders that include hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity

Medulla pyramidal tracts

Part of brainstem that contains nerve fibers that carry commands from the motor center of the brain to various muscles. And what are these nerve fibers called?

pons

Part of brainstem that is involved with hearing and balance

palatine bone

Posteriorly, the maxillary bone joins with the what?; this also attaches to the velum (soft palate)

Postnatal

Prenatal/Postnatal factors of Intellectual Disorder? lead poisoning, TBI, low birthweight, endocrine and metabolic disorders (hypothyroidism/phenylketonuria), and cranial abnormalities (micro and macrocephaly

prenatal

Prenatal/Postnatal factors of Intellectual Disorder? rubella, maternal lead poisoning, maternal anoxia, trauma, and fetal anoxia

Fluency reinforcement method

Masking and Delayed Auditory Feedback Techniques

Psychological Methods of Treatment/Fluent Stuttering Method/Fluency Shaping Method/Fluency Reinforcement Method/Masking and Delayed Auditory Feedback Techniques/Direct Stuttering Reduction Methods They induce a slow speech with reduced prosodic features; includes devices; most believe that they achieve their desired effects by inducing syllable prolongation

Direct Stuttering Reduction Methods

Psychological Methods of Treatment/Fluent Stuttering Method/Fluency Shaping Method/Fluency Reinforcement Method/Masking and Delayed Auditory Feedback Techniques/Direct Stuttering Reduction Methods does not teaching specific fluency skills or modifying stuttering into less abnormal forms; behavioral methods of pause and talk (time-out) or response-cost may be used

Fluency Shaping Method

Psychological Methods of Treatment/Fluent Stuttering Method/Fluency Shaping Method/Fluency Reinforcement Method/Masking and Delayed Auditory Feedback Techniques/Direct Stuttering Reduction Methods goal is to establish normal fluency (NOT fluent stuttering); teaches the various skills of fluency; teach airflow management; teach gentle, soft, relaxed,and easy onset of phonation; teach reduced rate through syllable prolongations, with no pauses; induces stutter-free speech, not normal-sounding fluency; maintenance strategies (self monitoring skills and training family to monitor and reinforce); aka SPEAK more fluently; limitation of this is that it generates slow, deliberate, and somewhat unnatural sounding fluency

Fluent stuttering method; Van Riper preparatory sets: changing the manner of stuttering so the stuttering is less abnormal

Psychological Methods of Treatment/Fluent Stuttering Method/Fluency Shaping Method/Fluency Reinforcement Method/Masking and Delayed Auditory Feedback Techniques/Direct Stuttering Reduction Methods modifying the severity and the visible abnormality of stuttering; goal is NOT necessarily normal fluency, but more fluent (less abnormal) stuttering; modifying the stuttering; aka STUTTER more fluently include: teaching stuttering identification, desensitizing the client to his/her stuttering, modifying stuttering (face difficult speaking situations and use feared words without avoidance, cancellations, pullouts, preparatory sets), stabilizing the treatment gains, counseling the client Who?

Fluency Reinforcement method

Psychological Methods of Treatment/Fluent Stuttering Method/Fluency Shaping Method/Fluency Reinforcement Method/Masking and Delayed Auditory Feedback Techniques/Direct Stuttering Reduction Methods positively reinforce child for fluent utterances with veral praise, tokens, or both; frequently models slow, relasxed speaking rate; reshaping of normal prosody if slower rate is an added target; naturalistic conversation contexts used

extrapyramidal system

Pyramidal system/Extrapyramidal system: This system transmits impulses that control the postural support needed by fine motor movements

pyramidal system

Pyramidal system/Extrapyramidal system: this system is responsible for carrying the impulses that control voluntary fine motor movements

dynamic

RTI is a form of what kind of assessment?

ordinal

Rating scales nominal scale/ordinal scale a numerical scale that can be arranged according to rank orders or levels; 1 2 3 4 5 in rating breathiness or harshness or voice

nominal

Rating scales nominal scale/ordinal scale category that is present or absent; items or observations are classified into discrete groupings that do not have numerical relationships to one another; mild, moderate, severe/always, sometimes, never

Right

Right/Left hemisphere of brain? understanding holistic gestalt stimuli, visual perception, geometric and spatial information; facial recognition, drawing, copying, arousal, attention, orientation, emotional experience and expression, perception of musical harmony, pitch, and melody; language comprehension in general and meanings of related words in particular; prosodic featrues of communicatioin; understanding ambiguous meanings; expressing and understanding the eemotioal tone of speech; understanding discouse; pragmatic language skills (turn taking, topic maintenance, soically appropriate communication); more difusely organized; difficulty with abstract langauge

24-30 months late talkers who appear to have recovered by age 4 from early delay are at modest risk for continuing difficulties problematic social communication is a major red flag for later social communication and ASD

"late talkers" have a significant expressive language delay at what age?

frequency and pitch

2 important, but independent, characteristics of vibratory motion that cause different auditory sensations

Maximum phonation time (MPT) s/z ratio 1.4

2 main things used to assess phonation what decimal number is indicative of possible laryngeal pathology

motor approaches and linguistic approaches

2 major categories for SSD treatment

high-amplitude sucking paradigm visually reinforced head turn

2 major methodologies to study perception in infants are what?

head trauma (resulting in TBI) and Cerebral Palsy (CP)

2 major subgroups of brain injury

direct selection and scanning

2 means through which AAC users send messages

cognitive and behavioral Falls (28%) Closed head

2 most common treatment approaches for TBI most common cause of TBI? most common form?

supramarginal gyrus angualar gyurs

2 specific areas of the parietal lobe that are important for speech and language

distinctive feature analysis place-voice-manner analysis

2 systems for classifying speech sounds

281-297 238-270 217 117 100-150, 125 180-250, 225 20.90-24.60

238, 281, 117, 297, 270, 217, 100, 150, 125 180, 250, 225, 20.90,24.60 mean fundamental frequency (MFF)(measured in Hz) of 7-8 year olds is ____ - ____ MFF of 10-11 year olds is ___ - _____ MFF of 19 year old female is ________ MFF of 19 year old male is ________ Adult males have MFF of __ - ___, typical is ____ adult Women have MFF of ___ -____, typical is ____ Adults aged 18-39 have an MPT ranging from ____ - _____

Gestural (unaided) Gestural-assisted (aided) neuro-assisted (aided)

3 main forms/methods of AAC

onset (beginning-consonant/consonant cluster) nucles (vowel/dipthong in middle of syllable) coda (end)

3 parts of a syllable and explain them

superior cerebellar peduncle-midbrain middle cerebellar peduncle-pons inferior cerebellar peduncle-medulla

3 primary fiber bundles in the cerebellum that serve as connections between the brainstem and cerebellum. What do each of them connect to?

pharynx, oral cavity, nasal cavity

3 structures that resonate sound; resonators that modify laryngeal tone

serous (middle ear inflamed and filled with watery or thick fluid) acute (sudden onset due to infection) chronic (permanent damage to middle ear)

3 subcategories of otitis media

imitation naming sentence completion

3 types of evoked speech samples

stuttering neruogenic stuttering cluttering

3 types of suttering (general)

sp, st, sk

4 year olds should have little difficulty with which consonant clusters? gl, fl, pl pr, br, tr kst, lk, nd skr,spl, spr sp, st, sk

neurotransmitter

A chemical contained within the terminal buttons; helps make contact between two cells by diffusing itself across the synaptic space; can cause the inhibition or excitation of the next neuron.

naturalistic interventions developmental-social pragmatic perspective

ASD intervention that teaches social skills in informal settings (child's home) perspective of ASD treatment that focuses on increasing adult's responsiveness to a child and establishing turn taking

autistic disorder, Asperger's disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder

ASD is the umbrella term for what 3 disorders

ASHA's office of multicultural affairs and its multicultural issues board special interest division 14 Communication disorders and science in culturally and linguisticallly diverse populations

ASHA and Multicultural issues

Abductor

Abductor spasmodic dysphonia/Adductor spasmodic dysphonia? intermittent, involuntary, fleeting vocal fold abduction when the patient tries to phonate; loudness is reduced, and the pt is occasionally aphonic, with breathy or whispered speech

adductor

Abductor spasmodic dysphonia/Adductor spasmodic dysphonia? most common type; characterized by overpressure due to prolonged overadduction or tight closure of the vocal folds; voice may sound choked or strangled

esophageal

Achalasia is a special form of ____________ swallowing disorder

electrophysiological audiometry

Acoustic immitance/Tympanometry/acoustic reflex/electrophysiological audiometry/electrocochleography/Auditory brainstem response (ABR)/computerized axial tomography/magnetic resonance imagin/ hearing screening pure tones and dB/atoacoustic emissions (OAE) objective measure of auditory mechanism functioning; the inner ear and auditory centers of brain generate elecrical impulses; produce auditory evoked potentioals

MRI

Acoustic immitance/Tympanometry/acoustic reflex/electrophysiological sudiometry/electrocochleography/Auditory brainstem response (ABR)/computerized axial tomography/magnetic resonance imagin (MRI)/ hearing screening pure tones and dB/atoacoustic emissions (OAE) best used for imaging the internal auditory canals, base of the skull, and pituitary glad regions to evaluate presence of auditory system pathologies, especially acoustic neuromas or tumors

electrocochleography

Acoustic immitance/Tympanometry/acoustic reflex/electrophysiological sudiometry/electrocochleography/Auditory brainstem response (ABR)/computerized axial tomography/magnetic resonance imagin/ hearing screening pure tones and dB/atoacoustic emissions (OAE) procedrue for measureing the electrical activity of the cochlea in response to sound; action potention occurs at CN VIII

Tympanometry acoustic reflex

Acoustic immitance/Tympanometry/acoustic reflex/electrophysiological sudiometry/electrocochleography/Auditory brainstem response (ABR)/computerized axial tomography/magnetic resonance imagin/ hearing screening pure tones and dB/atoacoustic emissions (OAE) procedrue where acoustic immitance is measured with an electroacoustic instrument called an impedance bridge or impedance meter can measure the _______ reflex; valuable for middle ear testing

ABR

Acoustic immitance/Tympanometry/acoustic reflex/electrophysiological sudiometry/electrocochleography/Auditory brainstem response (ABR)/computerized axial tomography/magnetic resonance imagin/ hearing screening pure tones and dB/atoacoustic emissions (OAE) technique used to record the electrical activity in the auditory nerve, the brainstem, and the cortical areas of the brain; useful in detecting brainstem diseases; very helpful in testing the hearing of newborn infants

computerized axial tomography

Acoustic immitance/Tympanometry/acoustic reflex/electrophysiological sudiometry/electrocochleography/Auditory brainstem response (ABR)/computerized axial tomography/magnetic resonance imagin/ hearing screening pure tones and dB/atoacoustic emissions (OAE) too used in otological diagnosis; can help detect small tumors as well as brain lesions that cause hearing impairment

OAEs and ABR

Acoustic immitance/Tympanometry/acoustic reflex/electrophysiological sudiometry/electrocochleography/Auditory brainstem response (ABR)/computerized axial tomography/magnetic resonance imagin/ hearing screening pure tones and dB/otoacoustic emissions (OAE) ________ and ______ are used for newborn hearing screenings usually in hosptials

20-25 dB 500, 1,000, 2000, 4,000

Acoustic immitance/Tympanometry/acoustic reflex/electrophysiological sudiometry/electrocochleography/Auditory brainstem response (ABR)/computerized axial tomography/magnetic resonance imagin/ hearing screening pure tones and dB/otoacoustic emissions (OAE) during a hearing screenign pure tones are presented at ____ - ____dB and the frequencies of __, ___, ___,___ Hz are tested

acoustic immitance impedance=resistance admittance=flows through the system

Acoustic immitance/Tympanometry/acoustic rflex/electrophysiological sudiometry/electrocochleography/Auditory brainstem response (ABR)/computerized axial tomography/magnetic resonance imagin/ hearing screening pure tones and dB/atoacoustic emissions (OAE) transfer of acoustic energy

SCORTCH Syphilis Toxoplasmosis Rubella Cytomegalovirus (most common) Herpes simplex

Acronym for major causes of hearing loss in fetuses and newborns; what is it and list the causes which one is the most common cause of viral hearing loss?

Adults

Adults/children with apraxia of speech have unimpaired reflex and automatic acts; moslty difficulty with voluntary speech movemetns and prosody; no muscle weakness, no paralysis, no fatigue.

Efferent

Afferent/Efferent projection fibers relay motor commands to glands and muscles

Afferent

Afferent/Efferent projection fibers relay sensory information from the peripheral sense organs to the brain

Dyslexia

Alexia//Dyslexia/Agraphia/Agnosia/auditory agnosia; auditory verbal agnosia/visual agnosia/tactile agnosia difficulty reading

Tactile Agnosia

Alexia//Dyslexia/Agraphia/Agnosia/auditory agnosia; auditory verbal agnosia/visual agnosia/tactile agnosia impaired naming and description of objects client's can feel in their hands when visual feedback is blocked (blindfolded)

Agraphia

Alexia//Dyslexia/Agraphia/Agnosia/auditory agnosia; auditory verbal agnosia/visual agnosia/tactile agnosia impaired or lost writing skills

Auditory verbal agnosia (aka pure word deafness)

Alexia//Dyslexia/Agraphia/Agnosia/auditory agnosia; auditory verbal agnosia/visual agnosia/tactile agnosia impaired understanding of spoken words; normal recognition of nonverbal sounds; normal to near-normal verbal expression and reading; aka what?

Auditory Agnosia

Alexia//Dyslexia/Agraphia/Agnosia/auditory agnosia; auditory verbal agnosia/visual agnosia/tactile agnosia impaired understanding of the meaning of auditory stimuli; difficulty matching objects with their sound

Agnosia

Alexia//Dyslexia/Agraphia/Agnosia/auditory agnosia; auditory verbal agnosia/visual agnosia/tactile agnosia impaired understanding of the meaning of certain stimuli even though there is no peripheral sensory impairment; disorder of recognition

Visual Agnosia

Alexia//Dyslexia/Agraphia/Agnosia/auditory agnosia; auditory verbal agnosia/visual agnosia/tactile agnosia impaired visual recognition of objects, may be intermittent

Alexia

Alexia//Dyslexia/Agraphia/Agnosia/auditory agnosia; auditory verbal agnosia/visual agnosia/tactile agnosia loss of reading skill

Bilabial: m, b, p, w, Labio dental: f, v, Lingua dental: th, voiced th, Lingua alveolar: l, n, t, d, s, z, Lingua palatal: r, sh, shz, ch, dj, y Lingua velar: k, g, ng Glottal: h nasals: m,n, ng stops: t, d, k, g, p, b fricatives: f, v, s, z, sh/shz, th, voiced th affricates: ch, dj liquids: l,r glides: y, w lateral: l

All consonants in the place of articulation. (7) AND manner (7)GO!

hyoid bone

All extrinsic laryngeal muscles are attatched to what?

negative attitudes and emotions

Andrews and Cutler's modified S-Scale and the Behavior Assessment Battery helps assess what associated with stuttering?

Landau-Kleffner

Angelman Syndrom/Apert Syndrome/Cri du Chat Syndrome/Crouzon Syndrome/Down Syndrome/Fragile X syndrome/Hurler's syndrome/Landau-Kleffner/Marfan Syndrome/Moebius Syndrome/Pierre-Robin Syndrome/Prader-Willi Syndrome/Russel-Silver Syndrome/Tourette Syndrome/Treacher Collins Syndrome/Trisomy 13/Turner Syndrome/Usher Syndrome/Velocardiofacial Syndrome/Williams Syndrome cause unkown; form of aphasia whereby formerly healthy children (3-7) lose their ability to comprehend language and then to speak it; can be gradual or sudden; some left with permanent language disorders, some regain it, some relapses may occur; abnormal brain wave patterns; most develop epilepsy; sometimes hyperactivity, aggressiveness, and depression

Cri du chat

Prader Willi

Angelman Syndrom/Apert Syndrome/Cri du Chat Syndrome/Crouzon Syndrome/Down Syndrome/Fragile X syndrome/Hurler's syndrome/Marfan Syndrome/Moebius Syndrome/Pierre-Robin Syndrome/Prader-Willi Syndrome/Russel-Silver Syndrome/Tourette Syndrome/Treacher Collins Syndrome/Trisomy 13/Turner Syndrome/Usher Syndrome/Velocardiofacial Syndrome/Williams Syndrome autosomal dominant inheritance and deltion in chromosome 15; low muscle tone, early feeding difficulties, failure to thrive, obesity; excessive eating, underdeveloped genitals; impaired articulation; oral motor issues; hypernasality; flat intonatoin pattersn, slow speaking rate;harsh or hoarse vocal quality; abnormal vocal pitch; developmental delays and ID; impaired expressive and receptive language skills; hypotonia; altered growth of larynx; narrow palatal arch; tooth decay; cognitive sequencing problems ; behaviroal issues

Treacher Collins

Angelman Syndrom/Apert Syndrome/Cri du Chat Syndrome/Crouzon Syndrome/Down Syndrome/Fragile X syndrome/Hurler's syndrome/Marfan Syndrome/Moebius Syndrome/Pierre-Robin Syndrome/Prader-Willi Syndrome/Russel-Silver Syndrome/Tourette Syndrome/Treacher Collins Syndrome/Trisomy 13/Turner Syndrome/Usher Syndrome/Velocardiofacial Syndrome/Williams Syndrome autosomal dominant inheritance; spontaneous mutation in some; underdeveloped facial bones, small chin and cheek hypoplasia, dental malocclusion and hypoplasia, downwardly slanted palperbral fissues; coloboma (lesion) of lower eyelid; stenosis or atresia of external auditory canal, malformed pinna; middle and inner ear malformations; hihg hard palate, some cleft palate; submucous cleft sometimes; sucking and swallowing problems in infancy; conductive loss and sometims sensorineural; lang. disorders; hypernasality and nasal emission; artic. disorders; oral sstruct. deviations

Usher

Marfan

Trisomy 13

Angelman Syndrom/Apert Syndrome/Cri du Chat Syndrome/Crouzon Syndrome/Down Syndrome/Fragile X syndrome/Hurler's syndrome/Marfan Syndrome/Moebius Syndrome/Pierre-Robin Syndrome/Prader-Willi Syndrome/Russel-Silver Syndrome/Tourette Syndrome/Treacher Collins Syndrome/Trisomy 13/Turner Syndrome/Usher Syndrome/Velocardiofacial Syndrome/Williams Syndrome baby has an extra copy of chromosome 13 and born with 47; 1 in 5,000 births; many life endangering severe birth defects; congenital heart defects, severe brain anomalies, spina bifida, severe eye defects, cleft lip and palate, and plydactyly (extra fingers and toes); facial deformiteis ; holoprosencephaly (failur of brain to devide into 2 hemispheres); many die before their first birthdays; if they live they have profound ID, as well as feeding difficulties; nasogastric feeding

Russell Silver

Pierre Robinson

Angelman Syndrom/Apert Syndrome/Cri du Chat Syndrome/Crouzon Syndrome/Down Syndrome/Fragile X syndrome/Hurler's syndrome/Marfan Syndrome/Moebius Syndrome/Pierre-Robin Syndrome/Prader-Willi Syndrome/Russel-Silver Syndrome/Tourette Syndrome/Treacher Collins Syndrome/Trisomy 13/Turner Syndrome/Usher Syndrome/Velocardiofacial Syndrome/Williams Syndrome caused by autosomal recessive inheritance in most; may be part of Stickler syndrome; mandibular hypoplasia, cleft palate; velopharyngeal incompetence, deformed pinna and low set ears, temporal bone and ossiular chain deformiteis; glossoptosis (tongue in back); breathing and feeding issues; many need feeding tubes as infants; conductive loss; otitis media; cleft palate; delayed language and disorders; hypernasality and nasal emission, articulation disorders, hypercompensatory articulation

Crouzon

Angelman Syndrom/Apert Syndrome/Cri du Chat Syndrome/Crouzon Syndrome/Down Syndrome/Fragile X syndrome/Hurler's syndrome/Marfan Syndrome/Moebius Syndrome/Pierre-Robin Syndrome/Prader-Willi Syndrome/Russel-Silver Syndrome/Tourette Syndrome/Treacher Collins Syndrome/Trisomy 13/Turner Syndrome/Usher Syndrome/Velocardiofacial Syndrome/Williams Syndrome craniosynostosis (fusion of cranial shit); hypoplasia of midface, maxilla, or both; small maxillary strucute, eyes far apart; eyeball protrusion, parrotlike nose; facial asymmetry and tall forehead, malocclusion class III; highly arched palate; shallow oropharynx; short head, long thick soft palate; conductive hearing loss; articulation disorders; abnormal palatal oral cavity strucures; hypernasality, languge disorders

Down Syndrome

Angelman Syndrom/Apert Syndrome/Cri du Chat Syndrome/Crouzon Syndrome/Down Syndrome/Fragile X syndrome/Hurler's syndrome/Marfan Syndrome/Moebius Syndrome/Pierre-Robin Syndrome/Prader-Willi Syndrome/Russel-Silver Syndrome/Tourette Syndrome/Treacher Collins Syndrome/Trisomy 13/Turner Syndrome/Usher Syndrome/Velocardiofacial Syndrome/Williams Syndrome extra whole number chromosome 21; have 47 chromosomes; hypotonia; flat facial profile; small ears, nose, and chin and brachycephaly; midface dysplasia, shortened oral and phayrngeal structures; narrow and high arched palate; large fissured tongue that protrudes; short neck w/ excess skin on back; hyperflexible joints; cardiac malformations ; short fingers; conductive loss and some sensorineural loss; languagde delays and disorders; esp defiecient syntactic and morphological features; better vocab skills; hypernasality and nasal emission, breatheir voice; articulation issues

Apert

Angelman Syndrom/Apert Syndrome/Cri du Chat Syndrome/Crouzon Syndrome/Down Syndrome/Fragile X syndrome/Hurler's syndrome/Marfan Syndrome/Moebius Syndrome/Pierre-Robin Syndrome/Prader-Willi Syndrome/Russel-Silver Syndrome/Tourette Syndrome/Treacher Collins Syndrome/Trisomy 13/Turner Syndrome/Usher Syndrome/Velocardiofacial Syndrome/Williams Syndrome gene FGR2 at 10q25-26; small skull diameter, flat frontal andoccipital bones, high forehead, increased intracranial pressure, compensatroy growth in crail structues; midfacial hypoplasia; arched adn grooved hard palate, conductie hearing loss; class III malocclusions, irregularly placed teeth, thickened alveolar process, long or thickend soft palate, cleft of the hard palate; hypernasality; forward cariage of tongue; articulation disorder with mostly alveolar consonants and labiodental sounds; zero to moderate intelectual disaibility range

Moebius

Angelman Syndrom/Apert Syndrome/Cri du Chat Syndrome/Crouzon Syndrome/Down Syndrome/Fragile X syndrome/Hurler's syndrome/Marfan Syndrome/Moebius Syndrome/Pierre-Robin Syndrome/Prader-Willi Syndrome/Russel-Silver Syndrome/Tourette Syndrome/Treacher Collins Syndrome/Trisomy 13/Turner Syndrome/Usher Syndrome/Velocardiofacial Syndrome/Williams Syndrome heterogeneous cause including agenesis or aplasia of motor nuclei of cranial nerves; sporadic, unpredictabel occurrence in most cases; facial and hypoglossal nerves, trigeminl nerve in some; bilabial paresis and weak tongue control for lateralization, elevation, depression , and protrusion; paralysis of abductors of eye; limited strenth , range, speed of movement of articulators; feeding problems in infancy; masklike face; conductive loss; articulation disorders; bilabial, llinguadental, and lingua-alveolar sounds affected teh most

Tourette

Fragile X

Angelman Syndrom/Apert Syndrome/Cri du Chat Syndrome/Crouzon Syndrome/Down Syndrome/Fragile X syndrome/Hurler's syndrome/Marfan Syndrome/Moebius Syndrome/Pierre-Robin Syndrome/Prader-Willi Syndrome/Russel-Silver Syndrome/Tourette Syndrome/Treacher Collins Syndrome/Trisomy 13/Turner Syndrome/Usher Syndrome/Velocardiofacial Syndrome/Williams Syndrome leading inherited cause of ID in males; expansion of teh nucleic acid cytosine guanine guanine (CGG); repeats too often on the X mental regardation gene (FMR1); large, long, poorly formed pinna, big jaw, enlarged testes, high forehead;most have ID; becomes more severe in adulthood; jargon, perseveration, echolalia, inappropriate language or talking to oneself, lack of gestures and other nonverbal means of communication, voice problems, articulation disorders; may avoid eye contact, withdraw socially, limited attentionspans, hyperactic, autistic like social deficiencies; delays in pragmatic, semantics, phonology, and syntax; syntax is especially affected; low speech intelligibiliyt

Velocardiofacial

Angelman Syndrom/Apert Syndrome/Cri du Chat Syndrome/Crouzon Syndrome/Down Syndrome/Fragile X syndrome/Hurler's syndrome/Marfan Syndrome/Moebius Syndrome/Pierre-Robin Syndrome/Prader-Willi Syndrome/Russel-Silver Syndrome/Tourette Syndrome/Treacher Collins Syndrome/Trisomy 13/Turner Syndrome/Usher Syndrome/Velocardiofacial Syndrome/Williams Syndrome most commonly associated with cleft palate, usually of soft palate; aka Shprintzen syndrome; cause unknown; genetic; chromosome 22; autosomal disorder; aka DiGeorge sequence; over 180 othe anomalies can occur; otitis media unique facial characteristics; wide nose, small ears, almond shaped eyes, micrognathia, microcephaly, elongated face; low intelligence; neonatal period especially challenging; feeding issues, failure to thrive; pharyngeal hypotonia, oral apraxia, lanryngeal and vascular anomalies and nasal regurgitation and nasal vomiting

Angelman

Turner

Angelman Syndrom/Apert Syndrome/Cri du Chat Syndrome/Crouzon Syndrome/Down Syndrome/Fragile X syndrome/Hurler's syndrome/Marfan Syndrome/Moebius Syndrome/Pierre-Robin Syndrome/Prader-Willi Syndrome/Russel-Silver Syndrome/Tourette Syndrome/Treacher Collins Syndrome/Trisomy 13/Turner Syndrome/Usher Syndrome/Velocardiofacial Syndrome/Williams Syndrome only in females; missing or deformed X chromosome; ovarian abnormality (absence of menstruation adn infertility); congenital swelling of feet, neck and hands; cardiac defects; neck webbing; low posteiro hariline; broad chest with widely spaced nipples; elbows bent outward; pigmented skinlesions; narrow maxialla and palate; micrognathia (small lower jaw); ear abnormalites; low set, and elongated ear; cup shaped ears; thick earlobes; cleft palte, high arched palate; RHD; sensorineural loss; otitis media; some condiuctive loss; artic. disorders; visual, spatial, and attentional problems

Williams

Angelman Syndrom/Apert Syndrome/Cri du Chat Syndrome/Crouzon Syndrome/Down Syndrome/Fragile X syndrome/Hurler's syndrome/Marfan Syndrome/Moebius Syndrome/Pierre-Robin Syndrome/Prader-Willi Syndrome/Russel-Silver Syndrome/Tourette Syndrome/Treacher Collins Syndrome/Trisomy 13/Turner Syndrome/Usher Syndrome/Velocardiofacial Syndrome/Williams Syndrome rare genetic dosorder affects 1 out of 20,000 babies; aka elfin face syndrome; physical resemblance to elves; small boned and short; long upper lip, wide mouth, full lips, small chin, upturned nose, puffiness around eyes; chromosome 7 abnormalty; most have IQs between 50-70; can be goo din music, language, and interpersonal skills; charming personalities; coureous, gregarious, and loving and unafraid of strangers; narrowed pulmonary arteries and narrowed aortadental occlusion or bite; small, widely spaced teeth

Hurler's

Angelman Syndrom/Apert Syndrome/Cri du Chat Syndrome/Crouzon Syndrome/Down Syndrome/Fragile X syndrome/Hurler's syndrome/Marfan Syndrome/Moebius Syndrome/Pierre-Robin Syndrome/Prader-Willi Syndrome/Russel-Silver Syndrome/Tourette Syndrome/Treacher Collins Syndrome/Trisomy 13/Turner Syndrome/Usher Syndrome/Velocardiofacial Syndrome/Williams Syndrome rare, congenital metabolical disease caused by an autosomal recessive deficiency of S L iduronidase; occures 1 out of 10,000 births; most die in their early teens; used to be called "gargoylism"; dwarfism, hunchback, ID, short and thick bones, coarse facial features with low nasal bridge, sensorineural deafness, noisy respiration; vocal fatigue and haorsness; protuberant abdomen, chest infections, decreased joint mobility, thickening of coronary arteries; short, wide, thck hands; thick everted lips; large tongue; small teeth; compromised intelligibility

Both! They are called different names depending on what system they are in.

Are Glial cells (neuroglia) in the CNS, PNS, or both?

CNS

Are UPNs part of the CNS or PNS?

Yes. 40%

Are a person's lungs inflated or not while at rest, and if so, how much?

lower motor system

Are cranial nerves part of the upper/lower motor system?

healthy

Are healthy/unhealthy lungs soft, spongy, porous, elastic, and pink

no, they can be found across all SES levels and ethnic groups; but more prevalent in low income communities

Are neglect and abuse people found only in low SES?

supplementary motor cortex

Area in frontal lobe involved in the motor planning of speech; also plays a secondary role in regulating muscle movements

external carotid artery

Artery that supplies blood to the muscles of the mouth, nose, forehead, and face

articulation

Articulation/Phonological: general factors related to _______________ problems include gender, intelligence, birth order, sibling status, SES, language development and academic performance, and auditory discrimination skills

posterior cerebral arteries

As the basilar artery moves toward the upper portion of the pons, it divides into 2 ___________ __________ __________

basilar artery

As they move up to the lower level of the pons, the 2 vertebral arteries join to form the ___________ __________

pragmatics

Aspberger's mainly have issues in what?

the areas of language and executive functioning (cognitive processing)

Assessment and treatment of SLI should include what 2 things

2,400 200-600 (average is 425) 3,600

At 30 months (2.5 y/o) a child comprehends _____________ amount of words and expresses _______ - _______ amount of words. At 36 months (3 years), a child comprehends up to ________ amount of words

18-24 months SLI

At what age range do children show a great vocabulary spurt? Which language disorder/impairment often has slow rate of word acquisition around this time?

Hypokintic basal ganglia (extrapyramidal system) Parkinson's

Ataxic/Flaccid/Hyperkinetic/Hypokinetic/Spastic/Mixed (flaccid-spastic/ataxic-spastic)/Unilateral UMN all speech systems can be affected, but mostly voice, articulation, and prosody; typically muscular rigidity and reduced force and ROM; muscle tremors at rest (diminish when they start to move voluntarily); serious mask-appearance in face; writing is excessively small; slow walking, then short rapid shuffling; involuntary flexion of head and trunk; difficulty changing positions; decreased swallowing (saliva build up and drooling); reduced Vital Capactiy; irregular breatthing; faster rate of respiration; monopitch; low pitch; monoloudness; harsh; breathy; short rushes of speech; reduced stress; imprecise consonants; mushy fricatives; frequently repeat phonemes-sometimes palilalia (yes yes yes yes); hypernasality sometimes (25%) Damage is where? Most common cause is?

Hyperkinetic basal ganglia (extrapyramidal system) Huntington's

Ataxic/Flaccid/Hyperkinetic/Hypokinetic/Spastic/Mixed (flaccid-spastic/ataxic-spastic)/Unilateral UMN all speech systems can be affected, but prosody is most affected; involuntary, rapid occurring movement; tics, hiccups; chorea (random involuntary movements); athetosis (slow inovlun. movem.); Dystonia (contractions of muscles causign abnormal posturess); essential tremor; audible inspiration and forced and sudden inspiration/expiration not typical of other dysarthrias; voice tremor; intermittently strained voiced; loudness variations, harsh voice; some mild hypernasality sometimes; slower rate of speech; imprecise consonants; prolonged inter word intervals; innapropriate silent periods; phonenme prolongations; excess and equal stress; monopitch, monoloudness; reduces stress; short phrases Damage is where? Commonly caused by what degenerative disease?

Spastic UMNs (indirect motor pathways-cortical areas, basal ganglia, internal capsule, pons, and medulla are common)

Ataxic/Flaccid/Hyperkinetic/Hypokinetic/Spastic/Mixed (flaccid-spastic/ataxic-spastic)/Unilateral UMN hyperadduction of vocal folds; strained strangled voice quality; predominant hypernasality; bilateral face weakness; reduced range, forece, and speed of movement; loss of fine and skilled movement; increased muscle tone; imprecise consonants; distorted vowels; slow rate, excess and equal stress; monopitch; monoloudness; reduced stres; short phrases; continuous breathy voice; harshness; low pitch; pitch breaks Damage is where:

Flaccid LMN is PNS (motor units of cranial/spinal nerves) ALS; Guillian Barre syndrome

Ataxic/Flaccid/Hyperkinetic/Hypokinetic/Spastic/Mixed (flaccid-spastic/ataxic-spastic)/Unilateral UMN hypotonia (decreased tone); weakness; atrophy; diminished reflexes; fasciculations; fibrillations; rapid and progressive weakness with use of muscles; weak inhalation; reduced subglottic air pressure; breathy voice; audible inspiration; short phrases; hypernasality; nasal emission; harsh voice; monopithc; monoloudness; reduced loudness; imprecise consonants; weak pressure consonants; can be clustered into 3 phonatory incompetence, resonators incompetence, and phonatory prosodic insufficiency (either tongue, several muscle groups, or all muscle groups affected) Damage is where? Seen in what disorders?

ataxic-spastic MS; and Wilson's

Ataxic/Flaccid/Hyperkinetic/Hypokinetic/Spastic/Mixed (flaccid-spastic/ataxic-spastic)/Unilateral UMN impaired loudness control; harsh voice; imprecise articulation; impaired emphasis; hypernasality; inappropriate pitch levels; decreased vital capacity; breathiness; sudden articulatory breakdowns; reduced stress associated commonly with what degenerative diseases?

flaccid-spastic ALS

Ataxic/Flaccid/Hyperkinetic/Hypokinetic/Spastic/Mixed (flaccid-spastic/ataxic-spastic)/Unilateral UMN imprecise consonants; hypernasality; harsh voice; slow rate; monopitch; short phrases; distorted vowels; low pitch; monoloudness; excess and equal stress; prolonged intervals; strained strangled voice quality; breathiness; audible inspiration, inappropriate silences; nasal emission associated commonly with what degenerative disease?

Unilateral UPN UPNs that support cranial and spinal nerves dysphagia, right hemisphere syndrome/disorder; aphasia, apraxia

Ataxic/Flaccid/Hyperkinetic/Hypokinetic/Spastic/Mixed (flaccid-spastic/ataxic-spastic)/Unilateral UMN unilateral lower face weakness; unilateral tongue weakness; unilateral palatal weakness; hemiplegia/hemiparesis; imprecise production of consonants; irregular articulatory breakdowns; some vowel distortions; some sound/syllable repetitions; harsh voice; reduced loudness; strained harshness; wet hoarseness; breathiness; slow rate; increased rate in segments; excess and equal stress; monopitch; monoloudness; low pitch; and short phrases; hypernasality/nasal emission/combo of the 2 Damage is where? Can be seen in these disorders:

Nonverbal communication.

Aural-oral training/manual training/total communication/nonverbal communication ASL Seeing Essential English (SEE1): employs ASL, it breaks down words into morphemes and uses written English word order; uses some markers to identiyf number and tense Signing exact English (SEE2): used more widely than SEE 1 and is more flexible; breaks down words into free morphemes Fingerspelling: spelling with fingers Rochester Method: uses combo of oral speech and fingerspelling; signs are not used

Aural/oral training

Aural-oral training/manual training/total communication/nonverbal communication amplification methods are used (hearing aids); person also undergoes auditory and speech training

Total

Aural-oral training/manual training/total communication/nonverbal communication invovles teachign both verbal and nonverbal means of communication; signs and speech used simultaneously

manual

Aural-oral training/manual training/total communication/nonverbal communication nonverbal communication involves signing and fingerspelling

Structural

Behavioral/Structural/Natural Phonology/Generative Phonology/Linear Phonology/Nonlinear phonology (all speech sound acquisition theories) Jakobson, Chomsky, Halle,; based their assumptions on linguists structural theory of language; phono development follows an innate, universal, and hierarchical disorder of acquisition of distinctive features; child begins with the maximal contrasts of /p/ and /a/, and differntiates and fine tunes them into more subtle contrasts; babbling is not continuous with early speech in this view, and thus proposed the hypothsis of discontinuity between early babbling and subsequent speech development; not much suppor tfor this theory

Natural

Behavioral/Structural/Natural Phonology/Generative Phonology/Linear Phonology/Nonlinear phonology (all speech sound acquisition theories) Stampe; phonological processes are innate processes that simplify teh adult target word; these proesses are innate or are acquired early in life and fairly easy; children learn to suppress processes that do no toccur in their languages; children represent or store speech forms correctly; what leads to the use of phonological processes is output constraints (constraints on production that lead to simplification of the adult model); this theory does not account for "nonnatrual" simplifications in the speech of children

Nonlinear

Behavioral/Structural/Natural Phonology/Generative Phonology/Linear Phonology/Nonlinear phonology (all speech sound acquisition theories) accounts for the influence of stress and tone features in levels of representation independent of segmental or linear representation (prosody); deemphasize processes or rules and focus on prosodic phenomena; assume that there is some sort of hierarchy that helps to organize both segmental and suprasegmental phonological units or properties; explore relationships among units of different sizes (syllable structure could affect the segmental level of a child's production); big contribution=attention to multisyllabic words and the way therpy is organzied

Behavioral

Behavioral/Structural/Natural Phonology/Generative Phonology/Linear Phonology/Nonlinear phonology (all speech sound acquisition theories) based on conditioning and learning; focuses on describing observable and overt behaviors; child develops adult like speech of their community through interactions with caregiver; babbling is gradually shaped to adult forms through classical conditioning; does not account for an infant's creativity or capacity to produce new patterns; 1950s to early 1970s

Linear

Behavioral/Structural/Natural Phonology/Generative Phonology/Linear Phonology/Nonlinear phonology (all speech sound acquisition theories) foundational goals of this theory are to: describe phonological patterns that occur in natural languages, create rules that account for these systems, and identify universal principles that apply to various phonological systems; all speech segments are arranged in a sequential order and have equal value, and that all distinctive features are equal; no one specific sound segment has control over other segments; characterized by rules that operate in a domain of linear strings of segments; assume that phonological properties are linear strings of segments, and that sound segments are composed of a bundle of independent characteristics or features;does not account for the effects of stress and other prosodic variables

Genrative

Behavioral/Structural/Natural Phonology/Generative Phonology/Linear Phonology/Nonlinear phonology (all speech sound acquisition theories) theroy of the sound structure of human langauges; 2 major ideas underly this theory: 1. phonological descriptions are depedent on information from other linguistic levels. 2. phonological rules map underlying representations onto surface pronunciations; thsi theory enables a description of the relationship of children's productions to adult pronuncition in terms of phonological rules; not broadly applied in the field of SLP

6.0-8.0 13,000-15,000

Between 5-6 years of age, child's MLU should be ___________ Comprehends about __________ - __________words by age 6

7.3 20,000-26,000 derivational

Between age 6-7, children have MLU of about ________ comprehends about ________ - __________ words they use ____________ morphemes (those that change a verb into a noun-catch becomes catcher)

7.0-9.0 Yes!

Between age 7-8, children have MLU of about ________ can children at this age retell a story and keep the main ideas in correct sequence while doing so?

4.5-7.0 6,500 9,600

Between ages 4-5, child's MLU should be ____ at 54 months (4.5) child comprehends about ________ words at 60 months (5) child comprehends about _______

Both! Hyponasality

Biofeedback such as Nasometer can be used for treatment of hypernasal/hyponasal or both? focusing and nasal glide stimulation is used in treating which?

arcuate fasciculus

Broca's area and Wernicke's area are connected through the what?

MTA

Broca's/Transcortical motor aphasia (TMA)/Mixed Transcortical aphasia (MTA)/Global Aphasia somewhat rare; lesions in the watershed area or the arterial border zone of the brain; spares and isolates Broca's area and Wernicke's area; UMN paralysis (spastic), weakness of limbs, and visual field defects may occur hallmark: severe echolalia, unimpaired automatic speech; automatic and involuntary communication Aud. Comprehension: severely impaired Syntax: Speech: limited spontaneous speech; automatic, unintentional, and involuntary nature of communication; severe echolalia; severely; impaired fluency; marked naming difficulty and neologism; impaired controntation naming; unimpaired automatic speech Repetition: Semantic: Reading: severely impaired oral reading; severely impaired reading comp. writing: severely impaired

Broca's

Broca's/Transcortical motor aphasia (TMA)/MixedTranscortical aphasia (MTA)/Global Aphasia caused by damage to Brodmann's areas 44 and 45 in the posterior inferior frontal gyrus of the left hemisphere of the brain Aud. Comprehension: better auditory comprehesion of spoken language than production Syntax: difficulty understanding syntactic structures Speech: monotonous speech; nonfluent, effortful, slow, halting, an duneven speech; limited output; misarticulated or distorted speech sounds; agrammatic (telegraphic speech Repetition: impaired Semantic: impaired naming (esp confrontation naming) Reading: poor oral reading and poor reading comprehension Writing: issues (slow and laborious and full of spelling errors)

TMA

Broca's/Transcortical motor aphasia (TMA)/MixedTranscortical aphasia (MTA)/Global Aphasia caused by lesions in teh anteriro superior frontal lobe of the left hemisphere, above or below Broca's area; tend to have motor disorers as rigidityof upper extremiteis; akinesia; bradykinesia; buccofacial apraxia; right hemiparesis; apathy and withdrawal possibly hallmark: intact repetition skills Aud. Comprehension: good in simple conversations; impaired for complex speechaware of grammaticality Syntax: simple, and imprecise syntactic structures Speech: absent or reduced spontaneous speech; paraphasic, agrammatic, and telegraphic speech; echolalia, perseveration; use of unfinished sentences; limited word fluency; attempt to initiate speech with motor behaviors (clapping, head nodding, hand waving) Repetition: no difficulties; refusal to repeat nonsense syllables Semantic: Reading: slow and difficult read aloud writing: extremely impaired

Global

Broca's/Transcortical motor aphasia (TMA)/MixedTranscortical aphasia (MTA)/Global Aphasia most severe of the nonfluent aphasias; affects all language areas (perisylvian regions); apraxia, right sided paresis/paralysis, right sided sensory loss, and neglect of left side of body hallmark: impairment of all language areas Aud. Comprehension: impaired Syntax: Speech: impaired naming, greatly reduced fluency, expression limited to few words, exclamations, and serial utterances; perseveration Repetition: Semantic: Reading: impaired writing: impaired

both; has both cranial and spinal nerves/roots

CN XI is a cranial nerve, spinal nerve or both?

under

CN XII runs under/over tongue

5, 7, 9-12

CN(s) involved in this Flaccid Dysarthria?

Hemiplegia: one side of body Paraplegia: legs and lower trunk Monoplegia: only one limb or part of one limb Diplegia: either both legs or both arms Quadriplegia: all four limbs

CP paralysis can be categorized as what 5 things?

corniculate cartilages

Cartilage of larynx that assists in reducing the laryngeal opening when a person is swallowing

Arytenoid carilages

Cartilage of larynx that permits sliding and circular movements

cuneiform cartilages

Cartilage of larynx that stiffen/tense the aryepiglottic folds

Neglect and abuse

Children who suffer from this often have expressive language delays

Integrated appraoch

Client specific strategy/functional communication strategy/integrated approach to target behavior selection/normative approach targets are appropriate for client's age, ethnocultural background, individual uniqueness,, and communication requirements; functional, useful, enhance natural communication in everyday situations (school, occupation, home, etc); places a greater emphasis on the client and effective communication and includes importance of age appropriate targest

Client specific

Client specific strategy/functional communication strategy/integrated approach to target behvior selectin/normative approach behaviors selected will improve the client's communication and help meet the social , academic, and other demands made on the client; may consider special education calss children attend to see what educational terms he needs to leran; good for cultural and linguistic backgrounds

Functional communication strategy

Client specific strategy/functional communication strategy/integrated approach to target behvior selectin/normative approach similar to client specific, but grammatical accuracy and speech sound production accuracy are less important than effective communication; best strategy for aphasia, apraxia, dysarthria, and other neurogenic commuication disorders in adults; help meet demands of daily livng such as teachign aphasia dude verbal requests instead of grammar shit

Normative

Client specific strategy/functional communication strategy/integrated approach to target behvior selectin/normative approach using norms to select targets; good for language and speech disorders

independent relational

Clinicians can score and analyze assessment data for SSD in 2 ways: _______ or _________ analysis

academic; social; literacy

Clinicians should focus on ___________ and __________language (and _______ when necessary) during treatment of language disorders in general becasue the ultimate goal of therapy is social and vocational success.

content validity

Concurrent validity/construct validity/content validity/predictive validity measure of the validity of a test based on a thorough examination of all test items to determine whether the items are relevant to measuring what the test purports to measure, and whether the items adequately sample the full range of the skill being measured

Construct validity

Concurrent validity/construct validity/content validity/predictive validity refers to the degree to which test scores are consistent with theoretical constructs, concepts, or expectations

supramarginal gyrus

Conduction aphasia and agraphia (writing disorder) can be caused by damage to what area in the brain?

Core Vocabulary (consistency) approach

Core Vocabulary (Consistency) Approach/ Phonological Awareness Treatment designed to meet the needs of 10% of childen with functional speech sound disorders who have inconsistent errors on teh same words in the absence of chidhood apraxia of speech; kids have impaired ability to phonologically (not motorically) program the sequence of phonemes that make up a word (aka inconsistent speech sound disorder); same word in the same phnetic context; total score is converted to a percetnage (40% meets criterion for inconsistent speech osund disorders); revolves around 70 core vocab words

Core Vocabulary (consistency) approach

Core Vocabulary (Consistency) Approach/ Phonological Awareness Treatment designed to meet the needs of 10% of childen with functional speech sound disorders who have inconsistent errors on teh same words in the absence of chidhood apraxia of speech; kids have impaired ability to phonologically (not motorically) program the sequence of phonemes that make up a word (aka inconsistent speech sound disorder); same word in the same phonetic context; total score is converted to a percentage (40% meets criterion for inconsistent speech sound disorders); revolves around 70 core vocab words

Phonological Awareness Treatment

Core Vocabulary (Consistency) Approach/ Phonological Awareness Treatment teaches the explicit awareness of the soun structure of a langauge, or attention to tinternal structure of words; practice sorting words by sound difference; spelling words auditorily and having child say it

tongue blad raised above the schwa position r,l,n,s,z,t,d,dj,ch,sh, shz, th, voiced th

Coronal sounds

CN VIII, IX, X, XI, XII (8-12)

Cranial nerve nuclei housed in the medulla

corticobulbar pyramidal system

Cranial nerves receive much of their innervations from the _______________tract of the ____________ system.

Craniofacial Anomalies

Craniofacial Anomalies/Cleft Lip/Cleft Palate abnormalities of the sturctures of head and face; congenital and in many cases due to genetic factors; cleft lips and palate are some

Cleft Lip

Craniofacial Anomalies/Cleft Lip/Cleft Palate opening in lip, usually upper lip; usually associated with cleft palate

Cleft Palate submucous cleft

Craniofacial Anomalies/Cleft Lip/Cleft Palate various congenital malformations resulting in an opening in the hard palate, soft palate, or both; ________ cleft is a type of microform (minimal expressions of clefts) in which the surface tissues of the soft or hard plate fuse, but the underlying muscle/bone tissues do not.

Cricopharyngeal myotomy

Cricopharyngeal myotomy/esophagostrmy/gastrostomy/nasogastric feeding/pharyngostomy/teflon injection into vocal folds cricopharyngeal muscle is split from top to bottom to creat permanently open sphincter for swallowing; recommended for Parkinson's, ALS, oculopharyngeal dystrophy whose main problem is cricopharyngeal dysfunction

esophagostrmy

Cricopharyngeal myotomy/esophagostrmy/gastrostomy/nasogastric feeding/pharyngostomy/teflon injection into vocal folds for pts who cannot tolerate oral feeding, feeding tube inserted into esophagus and stoage through stoma (hole)

gastrostomy

Cricopharyngeal myotomy/esophagostrmy/gastrostomy/nasogastric feeding/pharyngostomy/teflon injection into vocal folds for pts who cant tolerate oral feeding; feedign tube into stomach though opening in abdomen; blended food is injected into this

pharyngostomy

Cricopharyngeal myotomy/esophagostrmy/gastrostomy/nasogastric feeding/pharyngostomy/teflon injection into vocal folds non oral, surgical feeding method; tube in esophagus and stomach through stoma in teh pharynx

nasogastric feeding

Cricopharyngeal myotomy/esophagostrmy/gastrostomy/nasogastric feeding/pharyngostomy/teflon injection into vocal folds pts who cant tolerate oral feeding; tube in nose, pharynx, esophagus, into stomach

teflon injection into vocal folds

Cricopharyngeal myotomy/esophagostrmy/gastrostomy/nasogastric feeding/pharyngostomy/teflon injection into vocal folds surgical implant method to improve airway closure during swallowing; injected into normal or reconstructed vocal dcord or any remainng tissue on thop of airway to increase muscle mass that helsp close airway

Comprehensive

Criterion-referenced assessment/Authentic assessment/Dynamic Assessment/Portfolio Assessment/Comprehensive and integrated assessment clinician retains the necessary elements of the traditional approach (case history, interview, language sampling, orofacial exam, and hearing screening); standardized tests may not be used, but if necessary, clinician will prudently select ethnoculturally appropriate tests and interpret all test results cautionsly; client specific stimulus materials used, sample communication in natural settings, and evaluate each skill in depth; targets will be functional and in meaninful communication and social contexts; may include additonal materials such as those collected in portfolio assessment; includes elements of functional, client specific, criterion referenced, authentic, dynamic, and portfolio assessments

Criterion referenced assessment

Criterion-referenced assessment/Authentic assessment/Dynamic Assessment/Portfolio Assessment/Comprehensive and integrated assessment form of assessment that minimizes the role of standardized test scores in assessing skills; evaluated against the standard of performance of criterion, NOT statistical norms

Portfolio Assessment

Criterion-referenced assessment/Authentic assessment/Dynamic Assessment/Portfolio Assessment/Comprehensive and integrated assessment involves collecting samples of child's work for performance over a period of time and observing the growth that occurs when instruction is provided; sample drawings, writings, other academic work; videos of convos with others, notes fromteachers, rports from other specialists

Authentic assessment

Criterion-referenced assessment/Authentic assessment/Dynamic Assessment/Portfolio Assessment/Comprehensive and integrated assessment naturalistic observation of skills; seeks to sample speech and language skill sin everyday settings and thus avoids contrived or formal test situations; skills are assessed in the context of realistic learning situations and demands; speech samples collected in classrooms, homes, and other natural settings are the primary assessment data

Dynamic Assessment

Criterion-referenced assessment/Authentic assessment/Dynamic Assessment/Portfolio Assessment/Comprehensive and integrated assessment seeks to evaluate a child's ability to learn when provided with instruction; uses a test-teach-retest format; unique because intervention is incorporated into the assessment process; determines child's capacity to learn

Client-Specific

Criterion-referenced assessment/Authentic assessment/Dynamic Assessment/Portfolio Assessment/Comprehensive and integrated assessment/Client Specific Assessment preferred alternative to standardized tests; everything is client specific

functional

Criterion-referenced assessment/Authentic assessment/Dynamic Assessment/Portfolio Assessment/Comprehensive and integrated assessment/Client Specific Assessment/functional assessment day to day communication skills in a nturalistic socially meaningful contexts

difficulty swallowing unilateral loss of the gag reflex loss of taste and sensation from the posterior 1/3 of tongue

Damage to CN IX can cause what?

mask-like appearance with minimal or no facial expression

Damage to CN VII would result in what?

difficulty swallowing paralysis of the velum voice problems (total/partial paralysis of vocal folds) if the RLN is damaged

Damage to CN X can result in what?

neck weakness paralysis of sternocleidomastoid inability to turn head inability to shrug shoulders or raise arm above shoulder level maybe some problems with uvula and velum

Damage to CN XI can result in what?

tongue paralysis diminished intelligibility swallow problems

Damage to CN XII can result in what?

ataxia (abnormal gait, disturbed balance) ataxic dysarthria

Damage to cerebellum can cause what?

inability to close mouth difficulty chewing trigeminal neuraglia (sharp pain in face)

Damage to cranial nerve V would result in what?

difficulty in carrying out consciously organized activity

Damage to frontal lobe can cause what? (generally speaking)

disconnection syndromes; problems in naming, reading, movement, etc.

Damage to the corpus callosum results in what disorder/syndrome

involuntary movement

Damage to the extrapyramidal system creates motor disturbances that fall under the rubric of ______________ disorders. (including facial muscles and bizarre postures)

hearing loss, problems with balance, or both

Damage to the vestibular branch of CN VIII results in what?

anterior cerebral artery

Damage to this artery can cause cognitive deficits, such as impaired judgement, concentration, and reasoning; damage can so cause paralysis of the feet and legs

middle cerebral artery

Damage to this artery may result in strokes, aphasia, reading and writing deficits, contralateral hemiplegia, and an impaired sense of pain, temperature, touch, and position

PNS or CNS; usually LMNs and/or UMNs, cerebellum, and basal ganglia (extrapyramidal system)

Damage to what in general causes Dysarthria?

CN X RLN

Damage to which nerve during thyroid surgery can result in total or partial paralysis of the vocal folds? What branch?

Dementia associated with Huntington's Disease

Dementia of the Alzheimer Type (DAT)/Frontotemporal Dementia (Pick's Disease/Primary Progressive Aphasia)/Dementia Associated with Parkinson's/Dementia associated with Huntington's Disease/Infectious Dementia age of onset is younger than most (35-40); men and women equally affected; genetic etiology (chromosome 4); protein cell kills the brain cells that control movement; sometiems classified as subcortical; loss of neruons on basal ganglia, caudate nucleus, putamen, and substantia nigra; reduced levels of inhibitory neurotransmittters (esp. GABA and acetylcholine); Chorea (irregular, spasmodic, involuntary movement of the neck, head, and face); increasingly uncontrollable tic-like movement disorders; gait disturbeances; reduced voluntary movements; behavioral disorders including excessive complaining, nagging, eccentricity, irritabillity, emotional outburts, false sense of superiority, depression/euphoria, schizophrenic like behaviors, suicide attempts; deteriorization in intellectual functions; dysarthria, naming problems; sleep issues, dysphagia, muteness in final stages

Dementia associated with Parkinson's

Dementia of the Alzheimer Type (DAT)/Frontotemporal Dementia (Pick's Disease/Primary Progressive Aphasia)/Dementia Associated with Parkinson's/Dementia associated with Huntington's Disease/Infectious Dementia both genetic and environmental factors at play; basal ganglia and brainstem degeneration; presence of Lewy bodies; reduced inhibitory dopamine; neurofibrillary tangles and plaques; bradykinesia (slow voluntary movements); tremors in restin gmuscles; mask like face; reduced eye blinking, festinating gait; frequent falls; freezing during movement; swallowing disorders; sleep distrubances; rigidity/tensinon in muscle; Dysarthric speech; memory problems; issues i nabstract reasoning and problem solving; severe naming and lang. comp. problems; hallucination, delirium, ; micrographia (writing in small letters)

Primary progressive aphasia

Dementia of the Alzheimer Type (DAT)/Frontotemporal Dementia (Pick's Disease/Primary Progressive Aphasia)/Dementia Associated with Parkinson's/Infectious Dementia aphasia in the initial sstages, predominanlty lang. impairment and intact cognitive skills until at least 2 years postonset; has progressive neuropathology, eventually leading to dementia; has a nonfluent, semantic and logopenic variant.

Frontotemporal Dementia

Dementia of the Alzheimer Type (DAT)/Frontotemporal Dementia (Pick's Disease/Primary Progressive Aphasia)/Dementia Associated with Parkinson's/Infectious Dementia group of heterogenous diseases that includes a behavioral variant of this (Pick's Disease) and primary progressive aphasia; 10% of dementia cases; 3rd most common form of dementia; degeneration of nerve cells in left and right frontal lobes, temporal lobe, or both in both hemispheres; presence/absence of Pick cells; better preserved memory and orientation; anomia; progressive loss of vocabulary; difficulty defining common words; limited spontaneous speeech; echolalia, nonfluent speech impaire dcomprehension

Dementia of the Alzheimer Type (DAT)

Dementia of the Alzheimer Type (DAT)/Frontotemporal Dementia (Pick's Disease/Primary Progressive Aphasia)/Dementia Associated with Parkinson's/Infectious Dementia most common type of dementia; can be early onset (up to 60-65) or late onset (70s-80s); late onset is way more common; associated with family history of Down syndrome, prior brain injury, and low level of education; some genes are associated with it; neurofibrillary tangles; neuritic plaques; neuronal loss; neurochemical changes; memory and orientation issues; more women than men affected

receive axons transmit the cell body (soma)

Dendrites ___________ neural impulses generated from ____________ of other cells, and they ___________ those impulses to ___________

5% 2% duration; 1 second

Diagnostic criteria for stuttering: a. a dysfluency rate that exceeds ____% of spoken words when all kinds of dysfluencies are counted b. a certain frequency of part word repetitions, speech-sound prolongations, and broken words (at least _____% of the words spoken) c. excessive ________ of dysfluencies ( ______ seconds or longer) d. other criteria the clinician adopts

Apraxia of speech

Sound Production Treatment (SPT) that has emphasis on teaching articulation of words with minimal contrast has been found to be effective with what disorder?

multiple (extrapyramidal and pyramidal) single (brainstem; cerebral)

Spastic dysarthria can be caused by ___________ strokes (damage to ____________ and _____________ tracts) or __________ stroke (damage only occurs in ________________ and not in the __________________ hemispheres)

L1-L2 (book says just L1)

Spinal cord ends at level of what vertebrae?

2 efferent (ventral) (anterior) afferent (dorsal) (posterior)

Spinal nerves are attached to the spinal cord through how many roots? What are they?

higher is higher

Stuttering (genetics) a. there is a higher/lower familial prevalaence inpersons with persistent stutterin than in those who recover form it? b. There is/is not a well established gender ratio in the prevalence of stuttering? c. Stuttering shwos a higher/lower concordance rate among monozygotic twins than amone ordinary siblings and dizygotic twins?

syntax

T-units (terminable units) and C-units (communication units) contain an independent clause and subordinate clauses. These can be used to assess what area in language disorders of adolescents?

True!

T/F blood relatives of a stuttering woman run a greater risk than those of a stuttering man

vertebral column and cranial structure

The CNS is enclosed within what?

C3-C5

The Diaphragm is innervated by what spinal nerves?

vocal process vocal folds

The _____ ________ are the most anterior angle of the base of the arytenoids What attaches to these?

terminal/end button dendrite

The ________ of one neuron makes contact with the _______ of another neuron

2%, 25%, 20%

The brain makes up about _______% of the body's weight The brain consumes _______% of the body's oxygen and The brain requires _______% of the body's blood.

larynx, pharynx, velum, tongue, face, lips

The cranial nerves involved in speech exit the skull via small foramina and innervate the muscles of the _____, _____, _____, ____, _____, ______

UMN; pyramidal

The direct activation pathway for voluntary motor movements is the ____________ system of the ____________ tract

language disorders

The disabilities: intellectual disability, ASD, hearing loss, TBI, and CP are associated with what disorders?

indirect

The extrapyramidal system has a direct/indirect activation system that interacts with various motor systems in the nervous system

posture; LMNs

The extrapyramidal system helps maintain ____________ and tone and helps regulate the movement that results from ___________

The following are prenatal,perinatal, and postnatal brain injury (respectively) causes of what disorder? maternal rubella, mumps, accidents dificulties in birth process (prolonged labor), prematurity, breech delivery anoxia, accidents, infections, and diseases such as scarlet fever and meningities

20-20,000 Hz

The human ear is capable of responding to frequencies in the range of ____ - _______

ASD

The less obvious characteristics of the disorder: slow acquisition of speech sound production and language; deficits in comprehension and use of figurative language; lack of generalization of word meanings; lack of understanding of the relationships between words; pronoun reversal (referring to self as he/she/him/her); use of short simple sentences; occasional use of incorrect sord order; omission of grammatical features such as plural inflections, conjunctions

CN III and IV (3 and 4)

The midbrain contains the cranial nerve nuclei for what cranial nerves?

Corpus callosum; myelinated fibers that connects right and left hemisphere

The most important commissural fiber. What does it do?

direct

The pyramidal system has a direct/indirect connection with LMNs?

thoracic

The ribs attach to what vertebrae?

taste and sensation of posterior 1/3 of tongue tympanic cavity ear canal eustachian tube faucial pillars tonsils soft palate pharynx

The sensory component of CN IX deals with what?

larynx pharynx trachea heart digestive system

The sensory fibers of CN X supply what?

vertebral column

The spinal cord of the CNS is protected by the

neurology

The study of neurological disorders and diseases and their diagnosis and treatment

environmental genetic, and neurophysiological

Theories of stuttering have been built on ____, ___, and _____ observations

Pons and midbrain together inferior and middle peduncles

These 2 serve as a connection point between the cerebellum and various cerebral structures; They serve as this connection point through what structures?

posterior cerebral arteries

These arteries supply the lateral and lower portions of the temporal lobes and the lateral and middle portions of the occipital lobes

Commissural; interhemispheric

These connecting fibers run horizontally and connect the corresponding areas of the left and right hemispheres; Are they intra/interhemispheric fibers?

longitudinal fissure

This structure courses along the middle of the brain from front to back and divides the cerebrum into the left and right hemispheres

Central Sulcus (aka fissure of Rolando)

This structure runs laterally, downward, and forward, and divides the anterior from the posterior half of the brain; in-between frontal and parietal lobe

income level

Thre is a strong correclation between education and ______ _________

synapses

Through what junction do neurons communicate with each other?

intrinsic

Thyroarytenoid, lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid, cricothyroid, and posterior cricoarytenoid are intrinsic or extrisnsic laryngeal muscles?

McDonald's Sensorimotor Approach

Van Riper's Traditional Approach/McDonald's Sensorimotor Approach based on the assumption that the syllable, no the isolated phoneme, is the basic unit of speech production; coarticulation are important to this approach; bottom-up drill appraoch; phonetic environment is important (should begin with syllable level); adminster a deep test to find where an errored sound was produced correctly; contains basic 4 steps that begin with nonerror sounds in bi and trisyllabic contexts-goes to transfering sounds to communication activities

Van Riper's traditional approach

Van Riper's Traditional Approach/McDonald's Sensorimotor Approach foundation for motor approaches to articulation therapy; bottom up drill appraoch that focues on discrete skills; simplest to most complex; uses auditory discrimination(perceptual training) and phonetic placement; isolation-syllables-words-phrases-sentences-reading-conversation

Polyps

Vocal Nodules/Polyps/Contact Ulcers/Vocal fold thickening/Traumatic laryngitis masses that grow and bulge out from surrounding tissue; softer and may be filled with fluid or have vascular tissue; tend to be unilateral; traumatic use of coal folds results in submucosal hemorrhage which leads to this; can bbe sessile or pedunculated; can be created and grow over time or can occur from just one shitty vocal use; seen more frequently in adults than in children; sound breathy and hoarse; may also have diplophonia; may go away with voice rest or may persist and become worse with time

Traumatic laryngitis

Vocal Nodules/Polyps/Contact Ulcers/Vocal fold thickening/Traumatic laryngitis occurs when pt engages in vocally abusive behaviors; vocal folds get swollen; voice is hoarse and may be low pitched with pitch breaks; voice therapy usually consists of voice rest and reducing vocally abusive behaviors

Vocal Nodules

Vocal Nodules/Polyps/Contact Ulcers/Vocal fold thickening/Traumatic laryngitis small nodes that develop on vocal folds and protrude from surrounding cells; reddish or pinkish in beginning and become white or grayish over time (bc they become fibrous); can be unilateral but are usually bilateral and sit opposite each other on the two vocal folds; develop from prolonged vocally abusive behaviors; these increase the mass of vocal folds so they vibrate at a slower rate causing lower pitch; cause breathiness and hoarseness; seen mostly in kids who scream and in adults whose career or leisure activities invovle vocally abusive practices; singers are especially susceptible to vocal nodules; treated by voice therapy or surgery (microsection/laser)

Contact ulcers

Vocal Nodules/Polyps/Contact Ulcers/Vocal fold thickening/Traumatic laryngitis sores or craterlike areas of ulcerated, granulated tissue that develop (usually bilaterally) along the posterior 3rd of the glottal margin; causes of this include: slamming together of arytenoid caritlages (occurs during low pitched phonation accompanied by hard glottal attack and sometimes by increased loudness); seen in pt's who speak forcefully and talk excessively; GERD (irritates arytenoid cartilages); intubation for surgery; pts complain of vocal fatigue and pain; often sound hoarse and clear their throats; treatment may require medications but surgery is not recommended; voice therapy techniques are often used 70% of children who are intubated have a lacerated glottal area, this can cause permanent scarring and dysphonia

posterior crioarytenoid muscle

Vocal folds abduct when which muscle contracts?

oblique and transverse arytenoid muscles

Vocal folds adduct when which 2 laryngeal muscles muscles contract?

TSA

Wernicke's/ Transcortical Sensory Aphasia (TSA)/Conduction Aphasia/Anomic Aphasia caused by lesions in the temporoparietal region of the brain; parts of occipital lobe may be affected; neglect of one side of body can be common; sound similar to those with Wernicke's, however repetition is intact in pt's with this aphasia hallmark: repetition is in tact Aud. Comprehension: poor comp of repeated words; poor of spoken language; difficulty in obeying commands, answer Y/N Q's; in tact automatic speech tasks Syntax: appropriate grammar and syntax Speech: fluent with normal phrase length, good prosody, normal articulation; paraphasic and empty speech; echolalia of grammatically incorrect forms, nonsense syllables, and wors form foreign languages; tendency to complete sentences or poems started by clinician Repetition: good Semantic: severe naming problems Reading: poor comp, good reading aloud (better oral reading skills than other language skills) writing: impaired

Anomic

Wernicke's/ Transcortical Sensory Aphasia (TSA)/Conduction Aphasia/Anomic Aphasia controverisal, may have several areas of lesions; hallmark: debilitating word finding difficulty (most language functions, except for naming are relatively unimpaired Aud. Comprehension: good Syntax: normal except for pauses Speech: fluent; use of vague and nonspecific words; verbal paraphasia; circumlocution; good articulation Repetition: good Semantic: hallmark word finding issues Reading: normal oral reading skills; good reading comp. writing: good

Wernicke's

Wernicke's/ Transcortical Sensory Aphasia (TSA)/Conduction Aphasia/Anomic Aphasia damage to superior temporal gyrus in left hemisphere of the brain hallmark: nonsense flow of grammatically correct speech, impaired repetition, severely impaired aud. comp. Aud. Comprehension: extremely poor Syntax: intact grammar structures Speech: incessant, effortlessly produce, flowing speech with normal or abnormal fluency; rapid rate of speech; neologisms (made up words); circumlocution Repetition: impaired Semantic: severe word finding problems; iimpaired turn taking Reading: impaired writing: impaired

Conduction

Wernicke's/ Transcortical Sensory Aphasia (TSA)/Conduction Aphasia/Anomic Aphasia rare; lesions between Broca's and Wernicke's area, especially in supramargina gyrus; similar to Wernicke's, but have good to normal auditory comprehension hallmark: repetition deficits; buccofacial apraxia in most patients Aud. Comprehension: near normal Syntax: good Speech: impaired repetition; less fluent than those with Wernicke's; variable speech fluency; paraphasic speech; Repetition: Semantic: marked word finding problems; empty speech; attempt to correct speech; good articulaion and prosody; Reading: highly variable reading problesm; better comp of silenty read material writing: deficit in most

morphological awareness and phonological awareness

What 2 skills can increase literacy skills?

terminal button of one neuron the receptive site of another neuron the synaptic cleft (space between the two)

What 3 things does a synapse between neurons consist of?

Subcortical Aphasia caused by damage to left thalamus

What Aphasia? Hemiplegia; hemisensory loss; right visual problems; sometimes coma Aud. Comprehesion: good of simple material; poor of complex stuff Syntax: Speech: initial mutism, may improve to paraphasic speech; severe naming issues Repetition: Good Semantic: Impaired writing: Impaired

Subcortical Aphasia caused by damage to basal ganglia

What Aphasia? limb apraxia sometimes Aud. Comprehension: good, except complex material Syntax: Speech: fluent, which may include pauses and hesitations; articulation problems similar to those in Broca's aphasia; impaired prosody Repetition: good Semantic: word finding problems; semantic paraphasias writing: good

CN X

What CN is CN XI in concert with?

astrocytes, oligodendroglia, ependymal cells, and microglia

What are Glial cells (neuroglia) in the CNS?

terminal/end buttons

What are at the ends of axons?

opening/closing the mouth chewing food (but it's also important for speech)

What are the 2 major functions of the mandible?

lateral crico arytenoid, transverse arytenoid, and oblique arytenoid

What are the 3 adductor muscles?

Class I Malocclusion: some individual teeth are misaligned Class 2 Malocclusion: overbite Class 3 Malocclusion: underbite overjet

What are the 3 basic categories of malocclusions and what are they? occurs when the child has a class II malocclusion and the upper teeth from the molars forward are positioned excessively anterior to the lower teeth

sensory neurons (afferent): carry impulses from the peripheral sense organs toward the brain motor neurons (efferent): send information away from the CNS and cause movement interneurons: link neurons with other neurons (play an important role in controlling movement); most common type

What are the 3 basic types of neurons? What do each do? Which is the most common type?

dura mater (outermost) (adheres to skull and arachnoid) arachnoid (middle) (weblike pia mater (innermost) (adheres to brain surface; blood vessels penetrate this to enter brain)

What are the 3 layers of the meninges?

Cranial nerves (most invovled in sp, lang. and hear) Spinal nerves Autonomic Nerves

What are the 3 types of nerves in the PNS? Which one's are most directly involved in speech, language, and hearing?

Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital

What are the 4 lobes of the cerebrum? and their location

Area 4 (primary motor cortex) Area 44 (Broca's area) Areas 3,1,2 (somatosensory cortex) Area 6 (supplementary motor cortex)

What are the 4 primary cortical areas involved in speech-motor control, including phonation?

tip blade dorsum root

What are the 4 sections of the tongue?

Schwann cells and satellite cells

What are the Glial cells (neuroglia) in the PNS?

recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) branch: All intrinsic muscles of larynx except cricothyroid superior laryngeal nerve (RLN) branch: cricothyroid muscle pharyngeal branch: pharyngeal constrictors (sup. mid, infer.), all muscles of velum except tensor palatine (V)

What are the branches of CN X? What do each control?

look at word document

What are the muscles of the tongue and what is their function and innervation

taste and sensation of anterior 2/3 of tongue

What are the sensory fibers of CN VII responsible for?

ophthalmic branch: nose, eyes, forehead maxillary branch: upper lip, maxilla, upper cheek area, upper teeth, maxillary sinus, and palate mandibular branch: lower lip, mandible, part of cheek, lower teeth, part of external ear

What are the three sensory branches of CN V and where do they send their sensory information?

Superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) and Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN)

What are the two branches of CN X (vagus)

upper extremities

What area do the subclavian arteries supply blood to in the body?

right and left vertebral arteries

What arteries branch out from the 2 subclavian arteries?

XII hypoglossal

What cranial nerve are all of the tongue muscles innervated by?

CNS: oligodendroglia PNS: Schwann cells

What creates the myelin sheath in the CNS and PNS, respectively?

ASD

What disorder may have these associated problems? motor deficits, central auditory problems, intellectual disability, evidence of brain injury (particularly damage to left cerebral hemisphere), abnormal electrical activity of brain, and hearing loss

send out impulses (generated within the neuron) away from the cell body to other neurons.

What do axons do?

support and protect the nerve cells

What do glial cells (neuroglia) do?

glandular secretions. aka muscle contractions (movement)

What do motor neurons cause to happen?

an internal and external carotid artery

What do the carotid arteries branch out into?

oxygen and other nutrients

What does blood supply to the brain?

the motor tracts that are NOT part of the pyramidal system

What does the "extra" in extrapyramidal system refer to?

transmit sensory information form the cochlea of inner ear to the primary auditory cortex (in temporal lobe)

What does the acoustic nerve of CN VIII do?

mother's educational level

What factor is most highly related to socioeconomic status?

changes in the configuration and shape of the articulators

What governs the resonance characteristics of the vocal tract?

Grades 4-6

What grade/s are children with language impairments usually identified?

breaks at the junction between the cells

What in myelin sheath helps facilitate impulse transfer?

superior peduncles

What in the midbrain help connect the brainstem and the cerebellum?

treatment for ASD targeting goals in Social Communication and Emotional Regulation by implementing Transactional Supports

What is the SCERTS model; includes visual supports, environmental arrangements, and communication style adjustments

subject + verb structure aka kernal sentence/phrase structure/base structure

What is the syntactic structure in English ? (very, noun, etc.)

1:2 or .5, meaning the total number of words spoken by teh child during the language sample is usually about twice the number of differen twords in teh sample

What is the typical TTR for children 3-8 years?

family centered assessment in both home and clinical settings

What kind of assessment is best for infants and toddlers?

sensory motor autonomic

What kind of components does CN IX contain? (3)

sensory motor autonomic

What kind of components does CN X contain (3)

Behavioral

What kind of treatment is most effective in treating AOS? Behavioral/Drill

SLI

What language disorder/impairment has abnormalities of Heschl's gyrus, atypical symmetry of planum temporal, and assymetry in prefrontal areas of brain?

SLI executive functioning (cognitive processing)

What language disorder/impairment has deficits in attention, working memory, processing speed, planing, organizing, cognitive flexibility and task shifting, emotional and behavioral control? What are these categorized as?

SLI All: syntax, morphology, semantics, pragmatics, phonology

What language disorder/impairment has deficits in both language and executive functioning (cognitive processing)? What areas of language can be affected?

Specific Language Impairment (SLI)

What language disorder/impairment is this? no secondary impairment to other developmental disabilities; no known etiology or associated condition; sequence of language development is the same as typical peers; very varied strengths and difficulties; often have articulatory and phonological problems (phonology/speech sound problems-incluidng processing problems); can have poor speech intelligibility; less complex syllable structures; often lat starting to talk and have a slow rate of word acquisition; may overextend or underextend words; often have word finding/retrieval problems (causing fillers (um, you know) and vague words (this, that , thing); often have difficulties learning abstract or figurative words; morphological problems (including perceptual and syntactic problems); LOTS of problems with morphological markers and grammar. (plurals, possesives, pronouns, articles, auxilary and copula verbs, past tense, irregular past tense, comparative and superlatives (er/est), singular and plural forms; some have pragmatic issues; may understand things too literally

genetic and toxic environmental reasons; cleft palates

What might cause the premaxilla to fail to fuse with the maxillary bone and/or the palantine process fail to fuse at midline? And what would these failures cause?

midbrain (mesencephalon) Pons (metencephalon) Medulla (myencephalon)

What parts make up the brainstem? Provide their fancy name

cerebral palsy

What population (disorder) commonly suffers from ataxia?

substantia nigra

What runs the vertical length of the midbrain at the level of the peduncles?

larynx

What structure does the trachea extend from?

pharyngeal plexus

What structure is formed by the joining of cranial nerves X and XI; supplies upper pharyngeal musculature

premolars or the 3rd molar

What teeth does the deciduous arch NOT consist of?

globus palidus putamen caudate nucleus corpus striatum

What three nuclear masses make up the basal ganglia? What term is used to collectively name all three of these?

Ataxic cerebellar system

What type of Dysarthria? Ataxic/Flaccid/Hyperkinetic/Hypokinetic/Spastic/Mixed (flaccid-spastic/ataxic-spastic)/Unilateral UMN characterized predominantly by articulatory and prosodic problems; muscular incoordination and irregular movements; tremors; rocking motions; uncoordinated, jerky, inaccurte, slow, imprecis, and halting movements; exaggerated speech production; imprecise production of consosnatns; irregular articulatory breakdowns; distoriotn of vowels; excessive and even stress; slow rate of speech; monopitch monoloudness and harshness; speech sounds drunk; intermitant hypernasality Damage is where?

emerge from brainstem attach to base of brain

Where do the cranial nerves emerge from and where do they attach?

foramina (holes in the base of the skull)

Where do the cranial nerves exit through the skull?

anterior horn of vertebrae in spinal cord

Where does the PNS end, and the CNS begin

Pons and Medulla Medulla is most important, contains descending fibers that transmit motor information to several cranial nerve nuclei

Which 2 sections of brainstem are important for speech production? which is most important?

the first ring; to the inferior (bottom) border of the cricoid cartilage

Which cartilage ring in the trachea is the largest and where does it connect?

X (?) pg 13

Which cranial nerve innervates the larynx?

VII (facial)

Which cranial nerve innervates the posterior belly of the digastric muscle?

extrapyramidal system

Which is important in speech production? Pyramidal system/extrapyramidal system

right. bc the liver underneath forces it upward

Which lung is shorter, broader and bigger and why?

incidental teaching

Which method of Milieu Teaching is this (incidental teaching/mand-model/time-delay) adult waits for the child to initiate a verbal response (You want that ball! What do you want? ; if no response is said adult must use "Say ____"

time-delay

Which method of Milieu Teaching is this (incidental teaching/mand-model/time-delay) clinician waits for child to initiate verbal responses to stimuli that are separated by a predetermined waiting period; without prompting a response clinician looks at child expectantly for 15 seconds; if child does not initiate, clinician prompts a response or models it; the clinician gives teh desired object when teh child imitates, spontaneously requests, or fails to say anything after 3 models, each separated by 15 seconds

mand-model

Which method of Milieu Teaching is this (incidental teaching/mand-model/time-delay) teaches language through the use of typical adult child interactions in a play oriented setting; adult designs a naturalistic interactive situation and then establishes joint clinician-child attention to a particular material, and then commands a response (Tell me what you want.), if no response clinician models the complete correct response-if they still don't model the entire sentence the clinician prompts (Tell me the whole sentence)

sensorimotor (12-18 months)

Which of Piaget's stages does object permanence occur? How old?

Oral

Which phase? Oral preparatory/Oral/Pharyngeal/Esophageal begins with anterior-posterior tongue action that moves the bolus posteriorly; phase ends as the bolus passes through the anterior faucial arches when the swallowing reflex is initiated

Pharyngeal

Which phase? Oral preparatory/Oral/Pharyngeal/Esophageal consists of reflex actions of the swallow; once food hits faucial pillars, reflex actions occur to do the following: velopharygeal closure, laryngeal closure, relaxation of the cricopharyngeal muscle for bolus to enter, contractions of the pharyngeal contractors to move bolus down into esophagus

Oral Preparatory

Which phase? Oral preparatory/Oral/Pharyngeal/Esophageal food placed in mouth, masticated; food is prepared for swallow here by making a bolus

Esophageal

Which phase? Oral preparatory/Oral/Pharyngeal/Esophageal not under voluntary control; begilns when food arrives at orifice of the esophagus; food is propelled thoguh esophagus by peristaltic action and gravity and into stomach; results in restored breathign and a depressed larynx and soft palate

t, d, n, ch, dj, k, g, ng, p, b, m continuents until they run out of air

Which sounds are NOT continuants?

w, h; consonantal sounds have marked constriction along the midline region of the vocal tract

Which sounds are not consonantal

all vowels and /r/ and /l/

Which sounds are vocalic?

Behavioral B.F. Skinner

Which theory of language development is this: Behavioral/Nativist/Cognitive/Information-Processing/Social Interactionism: based on verbal behavior; learning (not innate mechanisms) plays a major role in the acquisition of verbal behaviors; events in environment and social interactions are most important; kids learn only the language they are exposed to; controlling relation between verbal responses and their causes (meaning); any observable behavior and manipulating elements of a stimulus; clearly established criterion for success Who is the main player in this theory?

Cognitive; Piaget Sensorimotor (0-2) Pre-operational (2-7) Concrete Operational (7-11) Formal Operations (11+) (all in years)

Which theory of language development is this: Behavioral/Nativist/Cognitive/Information-Processing/Social Interactionism: cognition/knowledge and mental processes such as memory, attention, and visual and auditory perception; focus on child's regulation of learning and internal aspects of behavior; language acquisition is made possible by cognition and general intellectual processes; child must first acquire concepts before producing words; strong cognition hypothesis (cog. precurses to langauge); weak cognitoin hypothesis; langauge is not innate; language emerges as a result of cognitive growth; 4 stages Who is the proponent of this theory?

Information-processing Ellis Weismer and Evans

Which theory of language development is this: Behavioral/Nativist/Cognitive/Information-Processing/Social Interactionism: concerned with cognitive functioning not structures or concepts); mechanism that codes stimuli from the environment, operates on interpretations of those stimuli, stores the results in memory, and permits retrieval of previously stored information; organization, memory, transfer, attention, and discrimination; long and short term memory especially important; often called cognitive connectionism; contains 2 broad categories (phonological processing and temporal auditory processing; auditory processing (discrimination, attention, memory, rate, sequencing) 2 guys here

Social Interactionism Lev Vygotsky

Which theory of language development is this: Behavioral/Nativist/Cognitive/Information-Processing/Social Interactionism: language has arisen from language's social-communicative function in human relations; emphasizes language function, not structure; interactions vary depending on the situation; language develops because people are motivated to interact socially with others around them; the child, and those around the child play an active role in language acquisition; language knowledge is acquired through social interaction with more competent and experienced members; verbal guidance and adult modeling are important; cultural tools play a critical role in language development; language continues to develop across the lifespan Who?

Nativist Noam Chomsky

Which theory of language development is this: Behavioral/Nativist/Cognitive/Information-Processing/Social Interactionism: theory of syntax/syntactic structures; innate linguistic competence; language is innate and it is not learned through environmental stimulation, reinforcement, or teaching; children are born with a language acquisition device (LAD) that knows about languages in general and that it contains universal rules of language; involves language competence, performance, surface and deep structures, grammatical transformations by rearranging words to change sentences/meaning; transformational generative theory of grammar; government binding theory ; Minimalist Program Who is the main player in this theory?

intraverbals

Which verbal behavior cause-and effect unit is this (functional units): Mands/tacts/echoics/autoclitics/intraverbals determined by the speaker's own prior verbal behaviors; account for continuous, fluent speech

Echoics

Which verbal behavior cause-and effect unit is this (functional units): Mands/tacts/echoics/autoclitics/intraverbals imitative verbal responses

Mands

Which verbal behavior cause-and effect unit is this (functional units): Mands/tacts/echoics/autoclitics/intraverbals involve requests

Tacts

Which verbal behavior cause-and effect unit is this (functional units): Mands/tacts/echoics/autoclitics/intraverbals verbal responses that describe and comment on the things in environment "The car is big and red"

wandering nerve; because it extends into the chest and stomach

Why is CN X called the vagus nerve; what's the other name for it?

11.7%; 88.3%

Yairi and Ambrose (2013) conclude that stuttering persists in _____% of those who begin to stutter and disappears in ____%

5-11% 1% NO! 3-6 years 5 years 3:1; 5:1, 2:1 higher

____ to _____% of the population has a probability of ever stuttering , even if it lasts only a few days, weeks, or months (incidence) Prevalence of stuttering in U.S is about ___% Are there any societies that are completely free from stuttering? (societies and ethnocultural groups) Stuttering usually begins in early childhood between the ages of ____ and ____ By age _____ the risk of developing stuttering is over most frequently cited ratio of prevalence of stuttering between males and females is ___:____, but they have been reported as high as ___:___ and as low as _____:_____ Prevalence of suttering among relatives is higher/lower than that in the general population

operant behavior corrective feedback time-out and response-cost

a behavior that can be changed by changing its consequences, and thus, learned Includes: stuttering frequency may be decreased by ______ ________ The most effective behavioral procedures to reduce stuttering are _____ and ______

Intellectual Disorder (ID)

a disorder with onset during the developmental period that includes both intellectual and adaptive functioning deficits in conceptual, social, and practical domains; variety of prenatal and postnatal factors can cause this; language is the area most impaired in children with this disorder (all 5 areas of language); their language is DELAYED not deviant (follow same sequence of language development); severe ones may show echolalia; often have other coexisting problems including distractability and shor attention span; congenital mecrocephaly, difficulties with gross and fine motor skills, physical structeral deficits (cleft palate); depressed cognitive skills; difficulty with abstract concepts; particular difficulty with semantics and morphology; passive; physically aggressive; necessary to use a multidisciplinary appraoch

Spasmodic Dysphonia (SMD)

a focal laryngeal dystonia; most likely has neurogenic causes with possible emotional side effects; most likely caused by basal ganglia dysfunction

natrual frequency

a frquency with which a source f sond vibrates naturally and that is affected by the mass and stiffness of the vibating body

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

a pattern of mental, physical, and behavioral defects that develop in infants born to some women who drank during the pregnancy; can cause growth problems, abnormally low birthweight and length, small head size, central nervous sytem dysfunction, abnormal crraniofaical features; malformations of major organs; etc. benefit from structure and routine and an enriched environment (cocaine example)

sympathetic

a person who stutters may become more dysfluent when what branch of the PNS is aroused?

compression; rarefaction

a single cycle (1 Hz) consists of one ________ and one ________ within a second

blade

a small region adjacent to the tip; portion of tongue that lies inferior to the alveolar ridge in a resting position

25-30%

about what percentage of English as a Foreign language (EFL) learners actually have communication disorders?

respiration

accessory muscles of the neck are involved in what?

sound spectograph

acoustic analysis of speech is conducted through use of a it's an electric instrument that graphically record the changing intensity levels of the frequency components in a complex sound wave

acoustic neuroma

acoustic neuroma/ presbycusis/Meniere's disease (ALL inner ear shit.) can develop on the acoustic nerve and cause sensorineural loss by slowing nerve conduction of sound impulses to the brain

presbycusis

acoustic neuroma/ presbycusis/Meniere's disease. (ALL inner ear shit.) hearing impairment in older people; due to the effect of aging and is associated with sensorineural hearing loss; effects high frequencies especially, resulting in a sloping high frquency loss; often have difficulyt understanding speech, esp in noisy parties

impedance

acoustic, mechanical, or electrical resistance to motion or sound transmission

Dementia

acquired neurological syndrome associated with persistent or prgressive deterioration in intellectual functions, emotions, and behavior; occurs in 65 or older; progressive detioration in intellectual functions; judgement; thinking; visuospatial skills, constructional abilities, language, emory, emotoin, and behavior (personality); most beleive there must be at least 3 of these present to diagnose this; the American Psychiatric Association says that memory must be involved to be diagnosed; mild cognitive impairment (MCI) is used when problems are limited to a single domain (such as memory)

consistency effect 65% remains

adaptation effect/consistency effect the occurrence of stuttering on the same words upon repeated reading; opposite of adaptation effect; stimulus-response phenomenon About ____% of stuttering may be this kind Does consistency remain/diminish when passages are re-read?

diminutization

addition of /i/ to the target form dogi/dog, egi/eg

English as a Foreign Language (EFL)

adults who learned english as a 2nd, 3rd, 4th etc. language

after age __________ discussions involving abstract topics can be sustained

0-3 months

age babies predominantly vocalize vowels

4-6 months

age babies produce marginal babbling (baaa, maaa) and reduplicated babbling (mamama); also responds to name at this age

7-9 months

age babies produce variegated babbling (mabamapa); beginning of object permanence (uncovers hidden toy); also comprehends "no"

10-12 months

age babies use first true word, understand 10 words; understand and obey some commands; object permanent is solid (looks in correct place for hidden toys); and uses all consonant and vowel sounds in vocal play

12-18

age children use one word sentences and are in the holophrastic single word phase (one word represents a complex idea/ variety of meanings); average MLU is 1.0-2.0

40-50

age of onset of spasmodic dysphonia (SMD) is what?

Neurogenic stuttering Persistant Transiet

aka acquired stuttering; associated with diagnosed neurological disorder or disorders; need neuropathology to make diagnosis; can be transient or persistant and often associated with aphasia or apraxia of speech; causes: cerebral vascular disorders that cause strokes and head trauma, extrapyramidal diseases(parkinsosn, progressive supranuclear palsy, brain tumors, brain surgery, dementia, seizure disorder; drug toxicity; characteristics: adult onset, increased rate of dysfluencies; repetition of medial and final syllables in words, d;ysfluent production of functilnwords, dysfluencies in imitated speech, rapid speech rate, general symptoms of brain injury Bilateral brain damage is associated with persistant/transient stuttering? left heispheric strokes are associated with persistant/transient stuttering?

juncture

aka vocal punctuation; combination of suprasegmentals, such as intonation and pausing, that mark special distinctions or grammatical dividsionsin speech; these affect the meaning of teh utterance Example: What did you eat? vs "What, (?) did you eat?" Example: night rate/nitrate I scream/ice scream

sinusoidal motion (wave)

aka wave; wave with horizontal and vertical symmetry because it contains one peak, or crest, and one valley, or trough; contains a single frequency and is the result of simple harmonic motion

Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 special interest division 14

all children are entitled to an appropriate and free education; shit about testing materials being cultureally appropriate; stuff chosen must reflect child's ability in the areas being tested

primary motor cortex

all muscles of the body are connected to the _________ through descending motor nerve cells

pressure

amount of force per unit

density

amount of mass per unit volume; serves as a medium for sound and affects sound transmisison

period

amount of time for a sound cycle to be completed

articulation development approach

an approach that looks at children's development of single phonemes; focuses on the age of mastery for single phonemes of English based on speech-motor control. ("At what age do most children master the /r/ sound?"

fumdamental pitch frequency perturbation (jitter)

an individuals typical/habitual pitch is also called their _____ frequency frequency with which the vocal folds vibrate refers to variations in vocal frequency that are often heard in dysphonic patietns

nervous system

an organization of nerves according to specific spatial, structural, and functional principles

suprahyoid muscles/infrahyoid muscles

another name for extrinsic elevators/depressor muscles of laryx, respectively

suprasegmentals

another name for feature of prosody; add meaning, variety, and color to running speech; most common are length, stress, rate, pitch, volume and juncture

orofacial myofunctional disorders (OMD)

any anatomical or physiological characteristi of the orofacial structues (palate, cheeks, tongue, lips, jaw, teeth) thta interferes with normal speech or physical, dentofacial, or psychosocial development (swallow, labial and lingual rest, and speech posture differences)

Wendell Johnson

apprehension and avoidance reactions are considered stuttering by what man?

phonological process approach

approach of speech sound development that studies children 's acquisition of sound patterns and the process underlying those patterns; focuses on language knowledge; believe that kid's errors are a way of simplifying the adult model of correct articulation; helps describe the error patterns in the speech of young children

verbal memory language acquisition meaningful language production

arcuate fasiculus is important in what 3 things?

different; infants larynx is higher, tongue is further forward in oral cavity 4-6 months YES!

are infants and adult's vocal tract different/same? How? at what age does an infant's epiglottis and velum grow farther apart allowing a much greater variety of sounds? Do all babies pass through the same stages of vocal development regardless of what linguistic community they are raised in?

extrapyramidal system

are the basal ganglia part of the pyramidal or extrapyramidal system?

incomplete; this is where the trachea comes into direct contact with the esophagus

are the rings of the trachea complete/incomplete in the back, and why?

before nasals 3-4 years stops and glides glides 2-4 years stops 3-4.5 years liquids 3-7 years fricative /f/ is earlier, around 3 years remaining fricatives 3-6 years later earlier

are vowels acquired before/after consonants? /m,n,ng/ are mastered between what ages? what 2 classification of sounds are mastered earlier than fricatives? glides are mastered between what ages (w/yuh) stops are mastered between what ages? liquids /l,r/ are mastered at what age? which fricative is mastered earlier than the other fricatives? What age is it mastered? What age are the remaining fricatives usually mastered between? consonant clusters are acquired later/earlier than most sounds? consonant clusters containing 2 phonemes (sk) are acquired earlier/later than 3 phoneme ones (str)?

filum terminale

area below cauda equina (horse's tail) where there are no spinal cord segments

primary motor cortex

area of frontal lobe that controls voluntary movements of skeletal muscles on the opposite side of the body

speech motor programming areas in dominant hemisphere such as Broca's and supplementary motor areas YES!

areas damages in AOS Do those with AOS often have auditory processing deficits?

internal carotid artery middle cerebral artery anterior cerebral artery

artery that is the major supplier of blood to the brain; 2 key branches of this artery are ________ and _________

anterior cerebral artery

artery that supplies blood primarily to the middle portion of the parietal and frontal lobes, the corpus callosum, and basal ganglia

middle cerebral artery

artery that supplies blood to major areas involved with motor and sensory functions and language, speech, and hearing functions

articulation is surface and phonology is underlying

articulation is the surface/underlying representation and phonology is the surface/underlying representation of what we produce?

articulatory errors

articulatory errors/phonological errors involve misproductions of specific phonemes and are usually functionally or organically based; althoguh etiology is often unclear

less cartilaginous; more muscular

as the bronchioles divide, do they become less/more cartilaginous and do they become less/more muscular?

coarticulation

assimilation/coarticulation? results in allophonic variations of the same sound the influence of one phoneme upon another in production and perception, wherin tow different articulators move simultaneously to produce two different speech sounds

associated problems of this disorder can include orthopedic abnormalities, seizures, feeding difficulties, hearing loss, perceptual disturbances, and intellectual deficits; generally occurs due to prenatal, perinatal, or postnatal brain injury

3.0-5.0 4,200 5,600 900-1000

at 3-4 years of age a kid should have an MLU of at 42 months (3.5), child should comprehend about ______ words at 48 months (4), child should comprehend about _______ words at 3-4 years of age, child should express about _______ words

cerebellopontine angle

at the _____________ angle the auditory nerve exits the temporal bone though the internal auditory meatus and enters the brainstem

18-24

at what age do kids put 2 words together?

2 years (24 months)

at what age do kids use 3/4 word utterances 50% of the time; use "and" to form conjoined sentences and 51% of their utterances consist of nouns

ADHD; pragmatic (most), syntactic, and semantic skills

attention issues, hyper, elevated risk for language impairments in what 3 areas? which one the most?

otologist

audiologist/otologist monitors the health of the ear and performs some ear surgeries

word discrimination (recognition)

audiometer/pure-tone hearing test/threshold/masking/speech audiometry/speech reception threshold/spondee words/word discrimination (word recognition) test/Acoustic immitance establishes how well a person discriminates between words by having the client correctly repeat monosyllabic words such as cap and day; presented at level of loudness that is comfortable for the person being tested because the purpose is to determine speech comprehension rather than speech threshold

speech audiometry speech reception threshold

audiometer/pure-tone hearing test/threshold/masking/speech audiometry/speech reception threshold/spondee words/word discrimination (word recognition) test/Acoustic immitance measures how well a person understands speech and discriminates between speech sounds 1st thing conducted is __________; the lowest or softest level of hearing at which the person can understand 50% of words presented.

spondee words

audiometer/pure-tone hearing test/threshold/masking/speech audiometry/speech reception threshold/spondee words/word discrimination (word recognition) test/Acoustic immitance words that are used to determine the speech reception threshold; two syllable words with equal stress on both syllables (baseball, hotdog, cowboy, birthday)

audiometer

audiometer/pure-tone hearing test/threshold/masking/speech audiometry/spondee words/speech reception threshold/word discrimination (word recognition) test/Acoustic immitance electronic instrument that generates and amplifies pure tones, noise, and other stimuli for testing hearing; generates tones at frequencies os 125, 250, 500, 750, 1000, 1500, 2000, 3000, 4000, 8000 Hz

masking

pure-tone 100-8000 Hz

audiometer/pure-tone hearing test/threshold/masking/speech audiometry/spondee words/speech reception threshold/word discrimination (word recognition) test/Acoustic immitance testing that determines the threshold of hearing for selected frequencies; usually goes 1000, then 2000, 4000, 8000, then 500 and 250 Hz these are tested bc they are the most important frequencies in human speech which is in the range of ____ - _____

threshold

outer pinna; tympanic membrane (eardrum)

auricle (pinna) and external auditory canal (meatus) are parts of what portion of the ear? the external auditory canal goes from the _______ to the _________

2.0-4.0 has 3-4 words by 3 years

average MLU of a 2-3 year old

oscillation

back and forth movement of air molecules becaue of a vibrating object

simple harmonic motion

back and forth movement of particles when the movement is symmetrical and periodic; aka sine wave

refraction

bending of the sound wave due to change in its speed of propagation; ex when sound waves move from air to water

middle cerebral artery

biggest branch of the internal carotid artery; supplies blood to the motor cortex in the precentral gyrus, Broca's area, primary auditory cortex, Wernicke's area, supramarginal gyrus, angular gyrus, somatosensory cortex (primary sensory cortex)

conductive

bone conduction frequencies that averages 10dB or more implies a _____ hearing loss

hard palate

bony roof of mouth; floor of the nose; part of the maxillae (aka the paired maxillary bones)

neuroanatomy

branch of neurology concerned with the study of structures of the nervous system

neurophysiology

branch of neurology concerned with the study of the function of the nervous system

acoustics

branch of physics; study of the physical properties of sound and how sound is generated and propagated

internal branch of superior laryngeal nerve

branch that provides all sensory information to the larynx

external branch of superior laryngeal nerve

branch that provides motor innervation solely to the cricothyroid muscle

speech science

broad term that includes several specific fields of study, all of which are concerned with the study of speech production at both the acoustic and physiologic levels

50,000

by 6th grade, students should understand about _______ words

by the time a child is ____ years old, he can respond to many forms of indirect requests and use indirect requests is he chooses to

Somatic Nervous system

carries sensory information from sensory organs to the CNS and relays motor movement commands to muscles; controls voluntary movements

temporal auditory processing

category of information processing that deals with the ability to perceive the brief acoustic events that comprise speech sounds and track changes in these events as they happen quickly in the speech of other people

phonological processing

category of information processing that deals with the processes involved in the ability to mentally manipulate phonological aspects of language, such as rhyming, word segmentation, syllabication;

causality

cause and effect in semantic sentences

Apraxia inconsistant errrors CAS common characteristics pg 203

caused by CNS damage; difficulty in programing speech movements; a motor-programming disorder; NOT results of neuromuscular weakness What is the hallmark of this disorder in children?

hyponasality b/m d/n g/ng YES!

caused by colds, allergies, nasal polyps/ papilloma, enlarged adenoids/tonsils, or deviated septums; may be mouth breathers; Can a nasometer be used to assess this? common substitutions of this

Central auditory disorders

central auditory disorders/retrocochlear pathology hearing losses due to disrupted sound transmission between the brainstem and the cerebrum as a result of damage or malformtation

retrocochlear pathology acoustic neuromas

central auditory disorders/retrocochlear pathology/acoustic neruomas damage to the nerve fibers along the ascending auditory pathways from the internal auditory meatus to the cortex; usually involve the cerebellopontine angle or cranial nerve VIII; usually caused by ________ _______; can also be caused by Recklinghausen disease (bunch of small tumors grow)

choroid plexus

cerebrospinal fluid is produced by what structure?

obstruents

ch, dj, f, v, th, voiced th, s, z, h, sh, dhz, p, b, t, d, k, g made with notabel amount of air obstruction in the vocal tract and narrow constriction or complete closure of the oral cavity, friction noise ilns produced or hte airstream is stopped completely

velocity

change in position of air molecules when an object is set to vibration

displacement

change in position; air molecules are said to be _____ because of the vibratory action of an object

acceleration or deceleration

change in velocity can cause _____ or _____

hard of hearing

child loss between 16-75 dB adult hearing loss between 25-75 dB

stimulability

child's ability to imitate the clinician's model when given auditory and visual cues

phonological represtention langauge, reading, spelling easy to hard

children with CAS may have deficits in ____________ ______________ (rhyming and identiflying syllables). tehy are also at risk for _____, ______ and ______ problems Apraxia treatment in both adults and children should progress hierarcharly from ______ to _______

working memory tasks speed of processing tasks

children with language impairments should work on what 2 things in therapy

orofacial myofunctional disorders OMD 10-30 dB /s,t/

children with mild hearing loss (what decibals?) especially if the loss is secondary to middle ear fluid and infections, may have this disorder; omission of high frequency voiceless sounds (what are they?) is common; they may also use the phonological processes of final consonant deletion, stridency deletion, and fronting

TBI

children with these injuries need to be assessed regularly in natural settings because traditional, standardized language tests are often not sensitive to the special problems these children manifest

Peripheral nervous system (CNS)

collection of nerves outside the skull and spinal column that carry sensory impulses (which originate in the peripheral sense organs), to the brain, and motor impulses (which originate in the brain) to the glands and muscles of the body

meninges

collective name for the 3 layers of membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord

TBI

coma or loss of conscousness confusion and posttraumatic amnesia abnormal behaviors (aggreasion, anxiety, irritability, hyperactivity, lethargy, and withdrawal motor dysfunctions (tremors, regidity, spasticity, ataxia, and apraxia immediate effects of what?

aryepiglottic folds

composed of a ring of connective tissue and muscle extending form the tips of the arytenoids to the larynx; they separate the laryngeal vestibule form the pharynx and help preserve the airway

left-handed manual alphabet

composed of concrete gestures that approximate printed letters of the alphabet; most appropriate for people with right sided paralysis

recurrence

concept of "more" in semantics "more milk"

identical; 30-80% fraternal; ordinary 1 out of 15 genetic factors; environmental events higher prevalence: developmental or ID (down syndrome); brain injuries lower prevalence: deaf and hard of hearing due to limited oral language skills

concordance rates for ________ twins is the highest, at a range of ______-_______% concordance for _____ twins is higher than that for _______ siblings in fraternal twins, both may stutter ____ out of _____ Differential prevalence data suggest that both _______ and ________ play a part in etiology of stuttering. higher prevalence of stuttering is seen in what populations? lower prevalence of stuttering is seen in what populations?

hearing impaired

condition of being hard of hearing/deaf

Association fibers

connecting fibers that connect areas within a hemisphere; assist in maintaining communication between the structures in a hemisphere

lingual frenulum (frenum)

connects the mandible with the inferior portion of the tongue; may stabilize the tongue during movement

rib cage; aka thoracic cage; aka chest

consists of 12 pairs of ribs that form a cylindrical structure; houses and protects such organs as the heart and lungs; composed of sternum, 12 thoracic vertebrae, and 12 pairs of ribs

cerebellum

consists of 2 hemispheres; receives neural impulses from other brain centers and helps coordinate and regulate those impulses; regulates equilibrium, body posture, and coordinated fine motor movements

sternum

consists of 3 parts-manubrium, body (corpus), and xiphoid process; located on the superior anterior thoracic wall; aka breastbone

neuromuscular rehabilitation for swallowing disorders

consists of: neruomuscular electrical stimulation of neck muscles transcranial magnetic stimulation transcranila direct current stimulation

distinctive feature analysis

contains a set of linguistic descriptions of the word's speech sounds; binary system that present the features as having a feature (+) or the feature being absent (-); voiced, consonantal, anterior, coronal, continuant, high, low, back, nasal, strident, vocalic

spinal nerves

control automatic functions such as breathing; part of the PNS

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) sympathetic: fight/flight; accelerates the heart rate, dilates pupils, raises blood pressure, increases blood flow; will feel emotionally aroused when this branch is activated parasympathetic: helps bring body back to state of relaxation and calm by lowering blood pressure, slowing heart rate, increasing activity within the stomach PNS

controls and regulates the internal environment of our bodies; regulated involuntary bodily processes; controls heartbeat, blood pressure, supply the body's smooth muscles and various glands that secrete hormones; has 2 branches it does this with. What is this? What are the 2 branches? What does each branch do? Is this part of the CNS or PNS?

screening assessment

conversational samples are part of screening/assessment? language samples are part of screening/assessment?

globus palidus putamen caudate nucleus

corpus striatum is made up of?

TBI

craniocerebral trauma; injury to brain sustained by physical trauma or external force; prevalence is highest for ages 0-4 and 15-19; there's closed head, open head, and mild; have cognitive and behavioral issues; communication issues as well (pragmatics, naming problesms); dysarthria sometimes; auditory comp problems; confused language; issues with attention

complex tone

created when 2 or more singel frequency tones of differing frequencies are combined; the vibrations are either periodic or aperiodic

alternative assessment

criterion reference assessment, dynamic assessment, assessment of information processing skills, and portfolio assessment and language samples are types of what kind of language assessment?

Wernicke's area

critical to the comprehension of spoken and written language; the posterior 2/3 of the superior temporal gyrus in the left hemisphere

medulla

crossing of 80-85% of fibers in the corticospinal tract happens in what portion of the brainstem?

avoidance as a result of parental disaproval/punishment avoiding stuttering to avoid the negative consequences stuttering as a result of social situaitions. avoidance or social role conficts

definition of stuttering in terms of nonspeech behviors includes what 3 things?

severity

degree of hearing loss is frequently related to the _______ of SSD problems

citation

deliberate and isolated production of a sound is called the ____________ form of that sound

below

depressors (infrahyoid muscles) lie above/below hyoid bone?

science

describe natural events or phenomena understand and explain natural phenomena, especially in terms of cause-effect relationships predict occurrences of events control natural phenomena by understanding the causes of events and predicting their occurence these are goals of what?

immediately superior (above) to the larynx and ends at the base of the tongue; connects to the oropharynx

describe the space of the laryngopharynx

directly above oropharynx and ends where the two nasal cavities begin

describe the space of the nasopharynx

directly above laryngopharynx and extends up to the soft palate and is connected to the nasoparynx

describe the space of the oropharynx

diaphragm (innervation: C3-C5)

destends abdomen, enlarges vertical dimension of thorax, depresses central tendon of diaphragm

inductive method (for research)

determinism/inductive method/deductive method experiemtn first, explain later

deductive method (for research)

determinism/inductive method/deductive method explain first, verify later

detreminism

determinism/inductive method/deductive method means events do not happen randomly or haphazardly; they are caused by other events

complexity approach

developmental approach/complexity approach aka least konwledge appraoch; targets sounds that are nonstimulable, always incorrect, and later developing

developmental approach

developmental approach/complexity approach treatment based on selection of early developing targets that follow a developmental sequence and are assumed to be easier for children to produce

Malocclusions

deviations in the positioning of individual teeth and the shape and relationship of the upper and lower dental arches

language impairment

difficulty with eye contact, mutual gaze, joint reference, greater use of gestures and vocalizations than words and phrases, delays in onset of first work and 2 word combinations, reduced babbling, fewer consonants in babbling, and less complex babbling are all warning signs that a child may later be diagnosed with a what?

ASD

disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts, as manifested by: deficits in social emotional reciprocity, nonverbal communicative behaviors used for social interaction, and developing, maintaining, and understanding relationships

Cerebral Palsy (CP)

disorder of early childhood in which teh immature nervous system is affected; results in muscular incoordination and associated problems; itis NOT a disease; its' a group of symptoms associated with brain injury in still developing children; NOT a progressive disease; dysarthria is common; sometiems ID or hearing loss; AAC devices are needed sometimes; abotu 10,000 babies will be born with ths each year;

primary progressive apraxia of speech (PPAS)

disorder that has AOS as the only or the dominant symptom is called what; slow onset; can be caused by degenerative neural diseases as Alzheimer's, MS, and primary progressive aphasia; damage in premotor and supplemetary motor ares

Asperger's syndrome

disorder with IQ of 70 or above

ASD

disorder with IQ of 70 or below

velocity

displacemetn is measured in?

fasciculi

distant areas in the brain are connected by longer connecting fibers called ______

vocalis

distinctive feature that include all vowels and are produced without a marked constriction in the vocal tract

sonorants

distinctive feature that includes all vowels and are produced by an airstream that passes unobstructed through the oral or nasal avity

voiced consonantal anterior coronal continuant high low back nasal strident vocalic

distinctive features

Efferent (out-EF)

do afferent/efferent fibers run through the superior cerebellar peduncle?

reduced

during inhalation, the lungs expand and pressure is reduced/increased?

3-4 octave

during puberty, girls voices may lower by ___ - ____ semitones and boys voices may lower by as much as an __________

Bernoulli effect

effect caused by the increased speed of air passing between the vocal folds; pressure between the vocal folds decreases which causes the vocal folds to be sucked together

velum (soft palate)

elevates and retracts for production of all sounds in English besides the nasals; separates oral cavity from the nasal cavity by making contact with the posterior pharyngeal wall

serratus posterior superior

elevates rib cage; thoracic inspiratory muscle (innervation: C7, T1-T4)

external intercostal

elevates rib cage; thoracic inspiratory muscle (innervation: T2-T11)

levator costarum brevis

elevates rib cage; thoracic inspiratory muscle (innervation: T2-T12)

levator costarum longis

elevates rib cage; thoracic inspiratory muscle (innervation: T2-T12)

above

elevators (suprahyoid muscles) lie above/below hyoid bone?

communication temptations

elicitation tasks that increase the likelihood that a child will verbalize to meet her needs

spinal cord

elongated structure within the spinal canal of the vertebral columns

classically conditioned negative emotion

environmental cause of stuttering that includes part word repetitions and sound prolongations are based on negative emotion, all other forms of dysfuency are operant behaviors that can be changed by changing theri consequences

cerebral dominance theory

etiology definitions of stuttering: based on classically conditioned negative emotion/cerebral dominance theory PWS are lesslikely thatn their fluent peers to have developed unilateral cerebral dominance, often ambidextous

classically conditioned negative emotion

etiology definitions of stuttering: based on classically conditioned negative emotion/cerebral dominance theory stuttering is diagnosed only on the basis of part word repetitions and speech sound prolongations due to emotions

cause and effect

experimental research establishes ______ and _____ relationships

experimental

experimental/control group gets treatment?

Newton'sLaws of motion

explains motion and its characteristics; sound involves motion; the law of inertia states tht all bodies remain at rest or in a state of uniform motion unless anothe force acts in opposition; a body in motion tends to remian in motion and body at rest tends to stay at rest

stuttering

familial factors, gender, and ethnocultural variables affect the incidence and prevalence of what disorder?

inferior and middle cerebellar peduncles

fibers that mediate almost all sensorimotor information to the cerebellum

Efferent fibers of superior cerebellar peduncle

fibers that transmit information from the cerebellum to the brainstem, and then are transmitted to the thalamus, motor cortex, and spinal cord

medulla oblongata

fires impulses to the respiratory muscles

velum (soft palate)

flexible muscular structure a the juncture of the oropharynx and the nasopharynx; located in posterior area of oral cavity and hangs from the hard palate

diaphragm

floor of the chest cavity; thick, dome-shaped muscles that separates the abdomen from the thorax; plays a major role in breathing

Verbal behavior

form of social behavior maintained by the actions of a verbal community

langauge-behavioral view

form of social behavior that is shaped and maintained by a verbal community

premaxilla

front portion of the maxillary bone; houses the 4 upper front teeth known as the inisors

regulates motor movement for speech including the coordination of laryngeal muscles and in respiration.

function of cerebellum

Gender: more boys than girls Intelligence: not causilly related, only associated with SSDs when it is significantly below normal Sibling/birth order: firstborn and only children have better articulation skills and greater teh age difference between siblings, the better articulation of younger child SES: non relation (low SES may not have acces to health shit though) Lang. Dev. and Acad. Perform: younger children with severe SSDs are more likely to demonstrate language problems than children with mild moderate language delays; kids with SSDs may be at risk for problems with reading and spelling in the elementary school year grades Auditory Discrimination skills: inconsistant results so not a strong relationship

general factors that coexist and correlated with SSDs (and some that don't)

Common Core State Standards

goal of this is to create college ready, globally competitive citizens in the 21st century; they address English language arts and math

Milieu Teaching Incidental Teaching Mand-model Time-delay

group of language techniques that have been experimentally evaluated and shown to be effective in teaching a variety of language skills to children; teaches functional communication skills through the use of typical, everyday verbal interactions that arise naturally; uses effective behavioral procedures in naturalistic settings; include 3 specific techniques; what is this and what are the 3 techniques?

age related changes in the larynx presbyphonia

hardenign of laryngeal carilages, degeneration and atrophy of intrinsic laryngeal muscles, degeneration of glands in teh laryngeal mucosa, degenerative changes in the lamina propia, deterioration of the cricoarytenoid joint, and degenerative changes in teh conus elasticus these changes lead to ____________, an age related voice disorder characterized by perceptual changes in quality, range, loudness, and pitch in the older speaker's voice

corticospinal tract

has nerve fibers that descend from the motor cortex of each hemisphere through the internal capsule; the fibers continue to ours vertically through the midbrain and the pons; at the level of the medulla, about 80-85% of the fibers cross

AAC

helping the child: express wants and needs transfer information promote social closeness participate in social etiquette routines (greetings) communicate with oneself (writing down reminders) are the major purposes of _______

medelsohn

helps elevate larynx and thus widen the cricopharyngeal opening; laryngeal elevation; palpate the laryngelal elevation when swallowing saliva and taught to hold the laryngeal elevation during swallowing for progressively longer durations

effortful

helps increase posterior motion of tongue and increase pharyngeal pressure; pt asked to squeeze as hard as possible while swallwoing; may be more effective when combined with infrahyoid motor electrical stimulation

eustachian tube

helps maintain equal air pressure within and outside the middle ear

80,000

high school student should know about _________ words

tongue elevated above neutral schwa position k, g, ng, sh, shz, y, sh, dj

high sounds

mandible

houses lower teeth and forms the floor of the mouth; formed by the fusion of two bones in the midpoint of the chin but is considered to be one bone in adults

how many axons does each cell have?

3; epithelium (outer cover), lamina propria (middle layer), and vocalis muscle (body)

how many layers do the vocal folds have? and what are they?

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

iconic

iconic/noniconic symbol that looks like the object or picture they represent on AAC device

noniconic

iconic/noniconic symbols of AAC device that are arbitrary, abstract, and geometric; do not resemble the object they represent

primary auditory cortex

important area in temporal lobe that receives sound stimuli from the acoustic nerve (VIII) bilaterally

Broca's area (Paul Broca)

important motor speech center in frontal lobe; controls motor movements involved in speech production; called the motor speech area; important for production of well-articulated, fluent speech

orofacial myofunctional disorders OMD tongue

in children, this disorder often causes deviant swallows-teh tongue tip pushes against the front teeth, it may protrude betweent eh upper and lower teeth adn thsu come in contact with the lower lip; tongue may exert some force against front teeth-can contribut to an anterior open bite The ________ posture of the tongue affects the position of the jaws and teeth more than the tongue function during swallowing

air conduction

in mixed hearing loss, is air conduction/bone conduction affected more?

beginning children: both adults: content words varies

in stuttering, repetitions are more common at the beginning/middle/end of sentences or phrases Onset: children: dysfluent of function words )pronouns, conjunctions, articles/content words, or both adults: dysfluent of function words )pronouns, conjunctions, articles/content words, or both dysfuency in onset remains at the same rate or varies?

F1=tongue height F2=tongue advancement

in terms of vowel formant frequencies F1= F2=

words and sentences

in the left hemisphere of brain, the auditory association area analyzes speech sounds so that the person recognizes what?

environmental noises and music

in the right hemisphere of brain, the auditory association area analyzes nonverbal sound stimuli such as?

Response-cost Direct stuttering reduction method

in this strategy, every instance of stuttering, the clinician takes away a token, which is awarded for every fluent production; includes progresses from words to conversational speech; fades tokens when fluency is sustained at 98% or higher across 3/4 sessions. what method does this belong to?

incidence

incidence/prevalance the _________ of a disorder/diseasese is its rate of occurrence in a specified group of people; studied by a longitudinal method; a predictive statement; number derived from how often the disease occurred over a period of time

prevalance

incidence/prevalance ________ of disorder/disease is determined by counting the actual number of individuals who currently have it; a head count at a given point in time; cross-sectional methods of study are used to determine this; number of people who have a given disorder; most studies of stuttering are these

relational analysis

independent analysis/relational analysis For SSD: once child has 50 words in vocabulary, this is used; more commonly used in clinical settings; child's speech is compared to the adult model of his/her speech community

idnependent analysis

independent analysis/relational analysis for SSD; child's speech patterns are described without reference to teh adult model of teh langguage of the chid's community; can include all vocalizations, or only thsoe that are recognized as words; provides information about the phonology of young children who make many errors in sound productions and who may or may not have an extensive repertoire of phonemes; used with very young children or speakers with limited phonological repertoires

dependent dependent

independent/dependent variable the outcome; variable affected by the manipulation of the indopendent varialbe in treatment, all disorders are dependent/independent

independent

independent/dependent variable variable that is manipulated by teh experimenter; causes changes in the dependdent variable

videokymography

endoscopy

indirect laryngoscopy (mirror laryngoscopy)/direct laryngoscopy/flexible fiber optic laryngoscopy/endoscopy/acoustic analysis/videostroboscopy/electroglottography (EGG)/electromyography (EMG)/videokymygraphy/aerodynamic measurements/pitch measurements 2 kinds, flexible an drigid; rigid is introduced oral and flexible is intorduced nasally; light at tip of either scope that is fiber optic and comes from an external light source; the structures are illuminated by the light and viewed by the specialist at the other end of the endoscope through a window lens; it can also be attached to a video camera (called video _________); a stroboscopic (flashing) light source can be used as well; specialist can view the velopharyngeal mechanism with the flexible one including velopharyngeal valving; can be lowered further to view the laryngeal mechanism; can be used to study laryngeal anatomy and physiology, including the mucosal wave, in detal; aka nasopharyngoscop

videostroboscopy

indirect laryngoscopy (mirror laryngoscopy)/direct laryngoscopy/flexible fiber optic laryngoscopy/endoscopy/acoustic analysis/videostroboscopy/electroglottography (EGG)/electromyography (EMG)/videokymygraphy/aerodynamic measurements/pitch measurements can be helpful in differentiating between functional and organic voice problems; can also be used to detect laryngeal neoplasms (tumors); flexible fiber optic laryngoscope or rigid endoscope is used, or both; a strobe light is pulsing light that permits the optical illusion of slow motion viewing of the vocal folds during a variety of tasks; allows you to see rapid images of cycle to cycle vibration (vibratory pattern of phonation); specialist places a microphone on the patient's neck along the thyroid cartilage to record the voice signal; then he introduces the scope, switches the light on and asks pt to phonate; image on screen is projected through camera lens, endoscope, or pixels on the monitor; yields information about periodicity or regularity of vocal fold vibrations, vocal fold amplitude, glottal closure, presence and adequacy of the mucosal wave, and the possible presence of lesions or neoplasms

electroglottography (EGG)

acoustic analysis

direct laryngoscopy

pitch measurements Visi-Pitch

indirect laryngoscopy (mirror laryngoscopy)

aerodynamic measurements tidal volume vital capacity total lung capacity

indirect laryngoscopy (mirror laryngoscopy)/direct laryngoscopy/flexible fiber optic laryngoscopy/endoscopy/acoustic analysis/videostroboscopy/electroglottography (EGG)/electromyography (EMG)/videokymygraphy/aerodynamic measurements/pitch measurements the airflows, air volumes, and average air pressures produce das part ofthe peripheral mechanics of the respiratory, laryngeal, and supralaryngeal airways; used to evaluate dysphonia, monitor voice changes and treatment progress, and differentiate between laryngeal and respiratory problems (lung volumes); include tidal volume, vital capacity, and total lung capacity; wet spirometers, dry spirometers, manometric devices, plethysmographs are used to obtain measurements amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal breathign cycle volume of air that the patietn can exhale after a maximal inhalation total volume of air in the lungs

flexible fiber optic laryngoscopy

cleft palate conductive

infants with ________ often have eustachian tube dysfunction, making them vulnerable to ____________ hearing loss

otitis media 20-35 pressure equalizing (PE) tubes

infection of middle ear ONLY; common cause of conductive hearing loss; associated w/ upper respiratory infections and eustachian tube dysfunction ; aka middle ear effusion This usually creates a conductive hearing loss of ___ - _____ _______ are often placed into tympanic membrane to restore hearing

depress

infrahyoid muscles elevate/depress larynx?

TBI

injury that results in cerebral damage caused by external physical force; caused by vehicular and sports related accidents, falls, physical abuse, assaults, domestic violence, and gunshot wounds; cognitive and language difficulties are common

IRE format Initiate respond evaluate

instructional discourse used in classrooms containing "hidden curriculum"; it's decontextualized and involves connected utterances used in a sustained exchange

basic behavioral techniques modeling shaping manual guidance immediate response-contingent feedback

instructions, modeling, prompting, shaping, manual guidance, fading, immediate response-contingent feedback are what type of language techniques used in treatment? which one is effective to teach a skill that is nonexistent? which one breaks down a complex response into smaller components (Mommy-mmm; maaaa, mom)? which one is physical assistance? positive reinforcement/correct feedback is given promptly

otoscope

instrument used for examining the ear by pulling the pinna up and back bc the canal is shaped like an S

myelin sheath

insulating material that surrounds axons

intensity of sound in measured in

Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT) Parkinson's

intensive voice treatment program to increase respiratory and phonatory efforts which is specifically provided for 4 weeks, 4 sessions a week, for 60 min. per session. often used for what neurological disease?

test-retest

interjudge (interobserver) reliability/ intrajudge (intraobserver) reliability)/ alternate form reliability/ test-retest reliability/ split-half reliability consistency of measures when the same test is administered to the same person twice

intrajudge

interjudge (interobserver) reliability/ intrajudge (intraobserver) reliability)/ alternate form reliability/ test-retest reliability/ split-half reliability consistency with which the same observer measures the same phenomenon on repeated occasions

interjudge

interjudge (interobserver) reliability/ intrajudge (intraobserver) reliability)/ alternate form reliability/ test-retest reliability/ split-half reliability refers to how similarly a subject's performance is independently rated or measured by two or more observers

alternate for reliability aka parallel form reliability

interjudge (interobserver) reliability/ intrajudge (intraobserver) reliability)/ alternate form reliability/ test-retest reliability/ split-half reliability refers to the consistency of measures when two forms of the same test are administered to the same person; aka what?

split-half

interjudge (interobserver) reliability/ intrajudge (intraobserver) reliability)/ alternate form reliability/ test-retest reliability/split-half reliability refers to a measure of the internal consistency of a test; responses of the items on the first half of the test are correlated with responses given to the items on the second half of the test.

ch, dj, t, d, k, g, p, b

interrupted sounds

response effeciency

involves response effort, quality, rate, and immediacy of reinforcement; child's willingness to use AAC technology is affected by this

NO!

is TBI congenital and/or caused by a neurological disease?

NO! because even when bones of the ossicular chain are not conducting sound, the bones of the skull do. YES! bc of the above fact.

is conductive hearing loss ever profound? can people w/ conductive hearing loss hear their own speech well?

YES, neither the damaged hair cells or the acoustic nerve is repairable mild-profound higher

is sensorineural hearing loss permanent? range of this type of hearing loss (ex. mild, modert. ex.) higher/lower frequencies are more profoundly affected?

articulatory errors-so child must be taught the speech motor control for the correct sound; phonological errors the child can produce it but messes it up

is the child motorically unable to produce the phonemes correctly in articulatory errors or phonological errors?

corticalbulbar tract

is the corticospinal/corticobulbar tract critical to speech?

temporal auditory processing disorder

issues in overall processing capacity, speed of processing, remembering and following long and complex directions, repeating sentences verbatim; repeating lists of real and nonsense words; tasks involving hearing, remembering, and giving back information (especially when given rapidly) have what disorder?

reading and writing

language problems in elementary school are often brought to the surface by problems in what areas that cause academic problems and failures?

focused stimulation

language technique in which clincian repeatedly models target word

recasting

language technique in which the child's own sentence is repeated in modified form, but the clinician changes the modality or voice of the sentence rather than simply adding grammatical or semantic markers (The baby is hungry->Is the baby hungry?) (The dog chases the cat->The cat is chased by the dog

Expanding Extension

language technique in which the clinician changes a child's telegraphic or incomplete utterance into a more grammatically complete utterance (Doggy bark->Yes, the doggy is barking) having child repeat this helps language technique in which the clinician comments on the child's utterances and adds new and relevant information (Play ball-> Yes, you are playing with a big, red, plastic ball that bounces); helps increase expressive language skills

parallel talk

language technique in which you talk about what the child is doing while he's doing it "you are putting the lady in the truck"/ "that cow you have is brown and white"

maxillae (aka paired maxillary bones)

largest bones in the face that form the entire upper jaw.

P.L. 99-457, Preschool Amendments to the Education of the Handicapped Act, 1986

law that has provided incentives at the state and federal levels for speech language pathologist to identiy and treat infans and toddlers with established risk of langauge disorders or who experience conditions that put them at risk for developing langaue disordres

fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD)

leading cause of intellectual disabilities int eh Western world

RHD

left neglect is very common in this disorder

Wernicke's aphasia

lesion in the posterior portion of the superior temporal gyrus can cause what disorder?

diencephalon

lies above the midbrain and between the brainstem and the cerebral hemispherees

Bel

logarithmic unit of measure of sound intensity; Decibel (dB) measuers 1/10 of this

body (corpus)

long and narrow; cartilages of ribs 2 through 7 attach to this

communicative potency

looks at how functional words are within an individual child's communication environment

fundamental frequency

lowest frequency of a periodic wave; it is the first harmonic

amplitude

magnitude and direction of displacement; strength/intensity of a sound signal;

aorta; lungs

main artery of the heart; carries blood from the left ventricle to all parts of the body except the _________

thalamus

main function is regulating sensory information that flows into the brain and relays sensory impulses to various portions of the cerebral cortex; also recieves information about motor impoulses from the cerebellum and the basal ganglia and relays this information to motor areas of the cerebral cortex; largest structure in the diencephalon

temporal; temporomandibular joint

mandible is attached to what bone of the skull? What is this attachment called?

behavior therapy for conversion aphonia

masking (Lombard effect-playing noise); relaxation techniques, encouraging anything (coughing, grunting); cough into vowel; inhalation phonation; yaw sigh approach; and then production from vowels to conversation. These can be used in treatment for what?

7.50-8.95 14.27-17.74

maximum phonation time MPT 14.27, 8.95, 17.74, 7.50 MPT of 3-4 year olds is ____ - ______ MPT of 5-12 year olds is ____ - _____

language sample

measure of communication skills vital to a diagnosis of language impairment in children ; recording language under conditions that are typical and involve conversation; use toys, books, stories, involves family members at times, etc.

sound

mechanical vibrations of an elastic object is the source of?

speech generating

mechanical, speech generating device display pictures that represent what the child wants to say; speech is generated when picture is pressed

mechanical

mechanical, speech generating device high technology andvsophisticated electronics; often run by software and they generate printed messages or speech

CSG system

metric system of measuring length in cm, time in seconds, and mass in grams; can be contrasted with the MKS system

Rhotic /3r/ (shirt) /er/ (latER)

mid-central vowels that are made with /r/ coloring

the revised participation model advocated by Beukelman and Mirenda

model that requires clinicians to: identify the communication needs of an individual through a participation inventory assess barriers to communication imposed by others (unhelpful policies/practices) assess access barriers (limitations of client) assess client's motor, language, literacy, and other capabiliteis

resonance

modification of sound by other sources; ex. modification of laryngeal tone

hypernasality Nasometer fricatives, affricates, plosives cleft palate deaf, submucous cleft velopharyngeal inadequacy/insufficiency (VPI)

most common resonance disorder What instrument can assess this? this mostly affects what 3 classes of phonemes? major cause of this other groups it's common in another cause of this that means that the velopharyngeal mechanism is inadequate to achieve closure-nasal caviteis are not sealed off appropriately fromt eh oral cavity; causes of this can be neurological, structural, or learned; major causes of this are decreased muscle mass of the velum, adenoidectomy or tonsillectomy, and paresis or paralysis of the velum

neurons

most important cells in the brain

VII facial

most of the facial muscles are innervated by either the buccal branches or the mandibular marginal branch of which cranial nerve?

linguistic

motor approaches and linguistic approaches for SSD treatment best for highly unintelligible children with multiple errors

motor

motor approaches/linguistic approaches for SSD treatment best for children with only several sounds in error

stylopharyngeus

motor fibers of CN IX innervate what muscle?

ones for facial expression and speech; all the ones under lips and cheeks plus: o Orbicularis oculi o Stapedius o Stylohyoid o Frontalis o Procerus o Nasalis o Auricular muscles o Posterior belly of the digastric muscle

motor fibers of CN VII innervate what muscles?

temporalis, lateral and medial pterygoids, masseter, tensor veli palatini, tensor tymapni, mylohyoid, anterior belly of digastric

motor fibers of cranial nerve V innervate what jaw muscles?

Upper motor neurons

motor fibers within the CNS; the descending motor fibers that course through the CNS

Lower motor neurons

motor neurons in the spinal and cranial nerves; they include nerve fibers that exit the neuraxis (spinal cord or brain) and communicate with the peripheral (cranial and spinal) nerves for innervation of muscles

sound waves

movemetns of particles in a medium containing expansions and contractions of molecules

Augmentative and Alternative Communication AAC

multimodal intervention approach that uses forms of communication such as picture communication boards, manual sign language, and computerized or electronic devices that produce speech; aka speech generating devices; supplement deficient oral communication; can be low or high tech; use iconic and noniconic symbols; kids with severe physical impairments, autism, and severe ID are often candidates for this

abdominal muscles

muscles of expiration are thoracic or abdominal?

thoracic muscles

muscles of inspiration are thoracic or abdominal?

otosclerosis

myringoplasty/otosclerosis/Carhart's notch/otospongiosis/stapedectomy/ossicular discontinuity (ALL issues/procedures dealing with outer/middle ear) common cause of conductive hearing loss; more common in women than men; more common in Whites; a new spongy growth starts on the footplate of the stapes and the stapes becomes rigid.

ossicular discontinuity

myringoplasty/otosclerosis/Carhart's notch/otospongiosis/stapedectomy/ossicular discontinuity (ALL issues/procedures dealing with outer/middle ear) disarticulation of the ossicular chain

otospongiosis; stapedectomy

myringoplasty/otosclerosis/Carhart's notch/otospongiosis/stapedectomy/ossicular discontinuity (ALL issues/procedures dealing with outer/middle ear) disease that causes the stapes to become too soft to vibrate the procedure of _________ is performed to fix this

Carhart's notch

myringoplasty/otosclerosis/Carhart's notch/otospongiosis/stapedectomy/ossicular discontinuity (ALL issues/procedures dealing with outer/middle ear) frequently found in pt's with otosclerosis; pattern of bone conduction thresholds characterized by reduced bone conduction sensitivity predominantly at 2000 Hz

myringoplasty

myringoplasty/otosclerosis/Carhart's notch/otospongiosis/stapedectomy/ossicular discontinuity (ALL issues/procedures dealing with outer/middle ear) surgical procedure that repairs a perferated tympanic membrane

diacritics (diacritical marks)

name for special symbols used in narrow phonetic transcription to express a difference in sounds

cauda equina

name for the lower most nerves (horse's tail)

conus medullaris

name for where the spinal cord ends at the L1 vertebra level

contralateral motor control

name given for each cerebral hemisphere controlling the opposite side of the body

dipthongs (5) aI my a horseshoe U cow backward ci toil eI vacation a horseshoe U loan

name given for lowly gliding movement form one vowel to teh adjacent vowel what are they?

syllabification

name given for the skill of identifying the number of syllables in words

fissures

name given to deeper valleys on the cortex

fissures

name given to the boundaries between the broad divisions of the cerebrum

glottis

name given to the small opening that forms when the vocal folds are abducted

sulcus

name given to to a shallow valley on the cortex

look on word document pg 5-6

name the muscles of inspiration; name muscles of expiration (and their innervation)

trapezius

neck muscle that controls the head and elongates the neck, and thus influences respiration indirectly

sternocleidomastoid

neck muscle that elevates the sternum and thus the rib cage indirectly

Apraxia of Speech (AOS)

neurogenci speech sound disorder due to sensorimotor problems in positioning and sequentially moving muslces for volitional/purposeful production of speech, slower rate of speech, distorted speech, sound substitutions and additions, syllable segmentation articulatory groping, false starts and restarts, prosodic impairments, and longer utterances causing more errors than shorter utterance; damage to speech motor programming areas; caused by single left hemispheric stroke, rarely multiple strokes; also left trauma, surgical trauma,, tumors, seizure disorders; impaired oral sensation in some pt's

ataxia

neurological disorder that causes lack of muscle control or coordination of voluntary movements

Dysarthria

neurologically based motor-speech disorder characterized by normal strength, speed, range, steadiness, tone, and accuracy of movement involved in speech production; may be evident in respiration, phonation, articulation, prosody, and resonance; impaired muscular control of the speech mechanism and PNS/CNS are common to all forms; can be associated with degenerative diseases such as ALS, and Parkinson's (also Wilson's, Huntington's, MS, myastheia gravis, primary progressive aphasia, Pick's disease, Alzheimer's, progressive pseudobulbar palsy); muscular weakness and paralysis present; other disorders that cause this: AIDS, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, and CNS tuberculosis

Efferent (motor) neurons; carry motor info

neurons that carry impulses away from the brain

Afferent (sensory) neurons; carry sensory info

neurons that carry impulses toward the brain

The Consensus Auditory Perceptual Evaluation of Voice (CAPE-V)

nominal rating scale to evaluate various vocal parameters; clinicians descriptions can also be added; evaluates auditory perceptual judgements of voice quality

SLI

normal variation (being at the lower end of the normal continuum of language skills and underlying deficits (both verbal and nonverbal in cognitive processing/execut. function.) are 2 major explanations of what language disorder/impairment?

3000-6000

nose induced hearing loss is usually between __ -____ Hz

line of regard

noticing what the baby is looking at and looking at that as well; differs from joint attention-you never notified the baby of the object

rhyme

nucleus and coda are collectively known as

harmonics/overtones

occur over the fundamental frequency; in a periodic complex sound, tones that occur over the fundamental frequency and can be characterized as whole number multiples of teh fundamental frequency are called

adjacency effect

occurrence of new stuttering on words that surround previously stuttered words

brainstem

oldest part of brain; connects spinal cord with the brain via the diencephalon; controls basic body functions such as breathing, swallowing, heart rate, blood pressure, consciousness, and whether one is awake or sleepy

frequency

one of the 2 characteristics of vibratory motion; rate of vibratory motion that is measures in terms of the number of cycles completed per second in terms of Hz (hertz)

underextension

only an oreo is a cookie; only the family poodle is a dog; in semantics

Ankyloglossia (tongue tie)

organic disorder when the frenum is attached too close to the tip of the tongue; don't clip or cut the frenum anymore, now know that kids can have normal articulation with this in place

corticobulbar tract

originates in the motor cortex; fibers of this tract course down through the internal capsule and run along with the corticospinal tract fibers; fibers of this pyramidal tract control all the voluntary movements of the speech muscles (except respiratory muscles)

alveolar process

outer edges of the maxillary bone; houses the molar, bicuspid, and cuspid teeth

eye blink

limited manual sign system

pantomime, transparent message, eye blink encoding, American Indian Hand Talk (AMER-IND), American Sign Language (ASL), Limited manual sign systems, left-hand manual alphabet composed of several different systems with a limited number of gestures and signs; often used by patients in medical settings to communicate self care and other basic needs, and to say yes and no

transparant message

pantomime, transparent message, eye blink encoding, American Indian Hand Talk (AMER-IND), American Sign Language (ASL), Limited manual sign systems, left-hand manual alphabet likely to be understood with no additional cues by an observer without special training; easy to decipher what the symbol means

ASL

pantomime, transparent message, eye blink encoding, American Indian Hand Talk (AMER-IND), American Sign Language (ASL), Limited manual sign systems, left-hand manual alphabet manual signs for the 26 letters of th alphabet, as well as signs for words and phrases; recognized as a separate language; used alone and with oral speech

AMER-IND

pantomime, transparent message, eye blink encoding, American Indian Hand Talk (AMER-IND), American Sign Language (ASL), Limited manual sign systems, left-hand manual alphabet sign language system that is not phonetic thats designed by North American Indians; gestures and movements are used as pictorial representations of concepts and ideas

pantomime

pantomime, transparent messages, eye blink encoding, American Indian Hand Talk (AMER-IND), American Sign Language (ASL), Limited manual sign systems, left-hand manual alphabet mostly uses gestures and dynamic movements that involve the entire body or parts of the body; child uses transparent messages, facial expressions and dramatizations of meanigs

Medulla

part of brainstem that contains ALL the fibers that originate in the cerebellum and cerebrum and move downward to form the spinal cord; includes several centers that control vital, automatic bodily functions, such as breathing, digestion, heart rate, and blood pressure

Midbrain

part of brainstem that controls postural reflexes, visual reflexes, eye movements, and coordination of vestibular generated eye and head movements

production

part of speech sounds that is generally concerned with articulatory physiology

perception

part of speech sounds that is generally concerned with the relationship between the acoustic signal of speech and how it is understood by listeners

alveolar arch

part of the mandible that houses the teeth; the 2 of these are hinged to the skull with a set of muscles and tendons

pharynx

part of upper airway; located superiorly and posteriorly to the larynx; size and shape of this is modified by the position of the tongue and the vertical positioning of the larynx

muscles of the shoulder and upper arm; move the rib cage to increase or decrease its dimensions.

pectoralis major, pefctorlis minor, serratus anterior, and levator scapulae are muscles of what, and do what?

volume amplitude more intensity=greater loudness more amplitude=greater loudness amplitude perturbation (shimmer)

perceptual correlate of intensity or loudness; determined by the intensity of the sound signal amount of movement (back and forth) refers to the cycle to cycle variation of vocal intensity

outer, middle, or inner ear

peripheral hearing problems result form problems in the ______, _____, and ______ ear

laryngopharynx and oropharynx

pharyngeal cavities that add resonance to the sounds produced by the larynx that are not nasals

nasopharynx

pharyngeal cavity that adds resonance to the nasals

compression (condensation)

phase of sound in which the vibratory movementsof an object increase the density of air molecules becasue the molecules are compressed or condensed; opposite of rarefaction

reflection

phenomenon of sound waves traveling back after hitting an obstacle, with no change in teh speed of propagation

phonetics

phentics/physiological phonetics/acoustic phonetics/phonology/phonemes/allophone/phonemic/phonetic/phone/Phonetics/acoustic phonetics/auditory phonetics/articulatory(physiological phonetics branch of speech science; the study of speech sounds and their production and perception in terms of their articulatory and physical characteristics

/sh/

phoneme that defines teh boundary between anterior and nonanterior sounds

slashes //

phonemic is put in slashes/brackets?

/ /

phonemic transcriptions have phonemes between / marks or [?

brackets [ ] phoneMic=// phoneTic=[ ]

phonetic transcription is put in slashes/brackets

[ ]

phonetic transcriptions have phonemes between / marks or [?

phone

phonetics/physiological phonetics/acoustic phonetics/phonolgy/phonemes/allophone/phonemic/phonetic/phone/phonetic/acoustic phonetics/auditory phonetics/arituclatory (physiological) phonetics/ applied (clinical) phonetics/experimental phonetics/descritptive phonetics/articulation/international phonetic alphabet (IPA)/Broad phonetic transcription/narrow phonetic transcription/ any sound that can be produced by the vocal tract; usually a single speech sound

acoustic phonetics

phonetics/physiological phonetics/acoustic phonetics/phonolgy/phonemes/allophone/phonemic/phonetic/phone/phonetic/acoustic phonetics/auditory phonetics/arituclatory (physiological) phonetics/ applied (clinical) phonetics/experimental phonetics/descritptive phonetics/articulation/international phonetic alphabet (IPA)/Broad phonetic transcription/narrow phonetic transcription/ category of phonetics that examines the relationship between articulation and the acoustic signal of speech; studies the acoustic properties of sound waves

experimental phonetics

phonetics/physiological phonetics/acoustic phonetics/phonolgy/phonemes/allophone/phonemic/phonetic/phone/phonetic/acoustic phonetics/auditory phonetics/arituclatory (physiological) phonetics/ applied (clinical) phonetics/experimental phonetics/descritptive phonetics/articulation/international phonetic alphabet (IPA)/Broad phonetic transcription/narrow phonetic transcription/ category of phonetics that involves the use of objective laboratory and experimental techniques to scientifically analyze speech sounds

auditory phonetics

phonetics/physiological phonetics/acoustic phonetics/phonolgy/phonemes/allophone/phonemic/phonetic/phone/phonetic/acoustic phonetics/auditory phonetics/arituclatory (physiological) phonetics/ applied (clinical) phonetics/experimental phonetics/descritptive phonetics/articulation/international phonetic alphabet (IPA)/Broad phonetic transcription/narrow phonetic transcription/ category of phonetics that is the study of hearing, perception, and the brain's processing of speech

articulatory/physiological phonetics

phonetics/physiological phonetics/acoustic phonetics/phonolgy/phonemes/allophone/phonemic/phonetic/phone/phonetic/acoustic phonetics/auditory phonetics/arituclatory (physiological) phonetics/ applied (clinical) phonetics/experimental phonetics/descritptive phonetics/articulation/international phonetic alphabet (IPA)/Broad phonetic transcription/narrow phonetic transcription/ category of phonetics that is the study of speech sound production; emphasis is on how the physiological movements of the articulators produce individual sounds

applied (clinical) phonetics

phonetics/physiological phonetics/acoustic phonetics/phonolgy/phonemes/allophone/phonemic/phonetic/phone/phonetic/acoustic phonetics/auditory phonetics/arituclatory (physiological) phonetics/ applied (clinical) phonetics/experimental phonetics/descritptive phonetics/articulation/international phonetic alphabet (IPA)/Broad phonetic transcription/narrow phonetic transcription/ category of phonetics that is the study of the practical application of research in articulatory, perceptual, acoustic, and experimental phonetics; phonetic analysis of speech disorders is an example of this type of phonetics

descriptive phonetics

phonetics/physiological phonetics/acoustic phonetics/phonolgy/phonemes/allophone/phonemic/phonetic/phone/phonetic/acoustic phonetics/auditory phonetics/arituclatory (physiological) phonetics/ applied (clinical) phonetics/experimental phonetics/descritptive phonetics/articulation/international phonetic alphabet (IPA)/Broad phonetic transcription/narrow phonetic transcription/ category of phonetics that refers to the study and explanation of the unique sound properties of various dialects and language

language

phonetics/physiological phonetics/acoustic phonetics/phonolgy/phonemes/allophone/phonemic/phonetic/phone/phonetic/acoustic phonetics/auditory phonetics/arituclatory (physiological) phonetics/ applied (clinical) phonetics/experimental phonetics/descritptive phonetics/articulation/international phonetic alphabet (IPA)/Broad phonetic transcription/narrow phonetic transcription/ code or system of symbols used to express concepts formed through exposure and experience

International Phonetic alphabet (IPA)

phonetics/physiological phonetics/acoustic phonetics/phonolgy/phonemes/allophone/phonemic/phonetic/phone/phonetic/acoustic phonetics/auditory phonetics/arituclatory (physiological) phonetics/ applied (clinical) phonetics/experimental phonetics/descritptive phonetics/articulation/international phonetic alphabet (IPA)/Broad phonetic transcription/narrow phonetic transcription/ international sound system developed in 1888 that uses orthographic symbols; each symbol represents a single speech sound; uses phonemic transcriptions (/ /)

articulation

phonology

phonetics/physiological phonetics/acoustic phonetics/phonolgy/phonemes/allophone/phonemic/phonetic/phone/phonetic/acoustic phonetics/auditory phonetics/arituclatory (physiological) phonetics/ applied (clinical) phonetics/experimental phonetics/descritptive phonetics/articulation/international phonetic alphabet (IPA)/Broad phonetic transcription/narrow phonetic transcription/ scientific study of the sound systems and patterns used to create the sounds and words of a langauge

phonemes

Phonetics

phonetics/physiological phonetics/acoustic phonetics/phonolgy/phonemes/allophone/phonemic/phonetic/phone/phonetic/acoustic phonetics/auditory phonetics/arituclatory (physiological) phonetics/ applied (clinical) phonetics/experimental phonetics/descritptive phonetics/articulation/international phonetic alphabet (IPA)/Broad phonetic transcription/narrow phonetic transcription/ study of speech sounds in terms of their physical, physiological, and acoustic properties

narrow phonetic transcription

phonetics/physiological phonetics/acoustic phonetics/phonolgy/phonemes/allophone/phonemic/phonetic/phone/phonetic/acoustic phonetics/auditory phonetics/arituclatory (physiological) phonetics/ applied (clinical) phonetics/experimental phonetics/descritptive phonetics/articulation/international phonetic alphabet (IPA)/Broad phonetic transcription/narrow phonetic transcription/ this type of transcription is used to record more detail about how a speaker produces sound; diacritical marks (diacritics) are used in this type of transcription; very important when you want to assess cleft palate, severe phonological disorders, hearing loss

acoustic phonetics

phonetics/physiological phonetics/acoustic phonetics/phonolgy/phonemes/allophone/phonemic/phonetic/phone/phonetic/acoustic phonetics/auditory phonetics/arituclatory (physiological) phonetics/ applied (clinical) phonetics/experimental phonetics/descritptive phonetics/articulation/international phonetic alphabet (IPA)/Broad phonetic transcription/narrow phonetic transcription/ type of phonetics that focus on acoustic properties of sound waves that result when sounds are produced

physiological phonetics

Broad phonetic transcription

phonetics/physiological phonetics/acoustic phonetics/phonolgy/phonemes/allophone/phonemic/phonetic/phone/phonetic/acoustic phonetics/auditory phonetics/arituclatory (physiological) phonetics/ applied (clinical) phonetics/experimental phonetics/descritptive phonetics/articulation/international phonetic alphabet (IPA)/Broad phonetic transcription/narrow phonetic transcription/ type of transcription in which allophones are indicated by placing them in brackets [s]; (sounds in brackets are actual productions of speakers)

allophone (/r/ in green and red)

phonetics/physiological phonetics/acoustic phonetics/phonolgy/phonemes/allophone/phonemic/phonetic/phone/phonetic/acoustic phonetics/auditory phonetics/arituclatory (physiological) phonetics/ applied (clinical) phonetics/experimental phonetics/descritptive phonetics/articulation/international phonetic alphabet (IPA)/Broad phonetic transcription/narrow phonetic transcription/ variations of phonemes; do not change word meanings; pronunciation of the same phoneme that differs

phonetic

phonetics/physiological phonetics/acoustic phonetics/phonolgy/phonemes/allophone/phonemic/phonetic/phone/phonetic/acoustic phonetics/auditory phonetics/arituclatory (physiological) phonetics/ applied (clinical) phonetics/experimental phonetics/descritptive phonetics/articulation/international phonetic alphabet (IPA)/Broad phonetic transcription/narrow phonetic transcription/ word that refers to concrete productions of specific sounds; enclosed in square brackets [ ]; indicates specific sound productions of given speakers

phonemic

phonetics/physiological phonetics/acoustic phonetics/phonolgy/phonemes/allophone/phonemic/phonetic/phone/phonetic/acoustic phonetics/auditory phonetics/arituclatory (physiological) phonetics/ applied (clinical) phonetics/experimental phonetics/descritptive phonetics/articulation/international phonetic alphabet (IPA)/Broad phonetic transcription/narrow phonetic transcription/ word that refers to the abstract system of sounds; enclosed in / (/s/) _______ representation of a sound

articulatory errors

phonological/articulatory errors? substitutions, omissions/deletions, labialization, nasalization, pharyngeal fricative, devoicing, frontal lisp, latearl lisp, stridency deletion, unaspirated, initial medial final errors, and pre, inter, and postvocalic errors

premack-type symbols

picsyms, pic symbols, blissymbols, sig symbols, rebuses, premack-type symbols, Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) carrier symbols; abstract plastic shapes; each shape is associated with a word ro phrase, and children can arrange the plastic shapes as one would printed words

picsyms

picsyms, pic symbols, blissymbols, sig symbols, rebuses, premack-type symbols, Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) graphic symbols that represent nouns, verbs, and prepositions

sig symbols

picsyms, pic symbols, blissymbols, sig symbols, rebuses, premack-type symbols, Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) ideographic or pictographic symbols based on ASL and often used in conjunction with ASL

PECS

picsyms, pic symbols, blissymbols, sig symbols, rebuses, premack-type symbols, Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) low tech method of communication that is known to be effective; clinician teaches child to exchange specific pictures to communicate with a partner; this eventually promotes spontaneous verbal expressions

rebuses

picsyms, pic symbols, blissymbols, sig symbols, rebuses, premack-type symbols, Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) pictures that represent events or objects along with words, grammatical morphemes, or both

blissymbols

picsyms, pic symbols, blissymbols, sig symbols, rebuses, premack-type symbols, Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) semi-iconic and abstract symbols that can be taught to speakers of any linguistic and cultural background

pic symbols

picsyms, pic symbols, blissymbols, sig symbols, rebuses, premack-type symbols, Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) white drawings on a a black background (aka pictogram)

hypothalamus

portion of diencephalon responsible for for controlling emotions; helps integrate the actions of the ANS

palatine process

portion of maxillary bone that forms most of the hard palate; consists of 2 pieces of bone that grow and fuse at the midline during the fetal stage

middle cerebral artery

posterior cerebral arteries/external carotid artery/internal carotid artery/middle cerebral artery/anterior cerebral artery/subclavian supplies entire lateral surface of cortex including major regions of frontal lobe;supplies PMS (precentral gyrus), PSC, PAC, Broca's, Wernicke's, supramargyngal gyrus, angular gyrus (stroke, aphasia, reading, writing, sensations (pain, touch, tempt); hemiplegia)

anterior cerebral artery

posterior cerebral arteries/external carotid artery/internal carotid artery/middle cerebral artery/anterior cerebral artery/subclavian supplies middle portion of parietal and frontal lobes; supplies corpus callosum and basal ganglia (cog. deficits, impaired judgement, concentration, reasoning; paralysis of legs and feet.

external carotid artery

posterior cerebral arteries/external carotid artery/internal carotid artery/middle cerebral artery/anterior cerebral artery/subclavian supplies mouth, nose, forehead face

subclavian

posterior cerebral arteries/external carotid artery/internal carotid artery/middle cerebral artery/anterior cerebral artery/subclavian supply upper extremities

posterior cerebral arteries

posterior cerebral arteries/external carotid artery/internal carotid artery/middle cerebral artery/anterior cerebral artery/subclavian supply upper extremities; supply lateral and lower portions of temporal lobes and lateral and middle portions of the occipital lobes

serratus posterior inferior

posterior thoracic muscle that pull the rib cage down and thus aid in exhalation

postlingual deafness kids have hearing imparment that occurred after age ______

recruitment otoxic drugs and noise

potential lsymptom of sensorineural hearing loss; refers to a disproportionate increase in teh perceieved loudness of sound when it is presented with linear increases in intensity; makes a person hypersensitive to intense sounds and must be considered during hearing aid fitting 2 causes of sensorineural hearing loss

preschool

preschool/kindergarten/1st grade/2nd grade/3rd grade/grades 4-6/ middle school and high school: expected to have adequate exposure to prereading and prewriting skills and activites (coloring, being read to)

grades 4-6

preschool/kindergarten/1st grade/2nd grade/3rd grade/grades 4-6/ middle school and high school: students go from learning to read and write to reading and writing to learn; emphasis shifts to using reading and writing as tools for learning more about content areas such as science and social studies; students often write reports;

kindergarten

preschool/kindergarten/1st grade/2nd grade/3rd grade/grades 4-6/ middle school and high school: students should have solid listening and speaking skills; teachers work on strengthening student's oral language skills; address basic reading and writing;

1st grade

preschool/kindergarten/1st grade/2nd grade/3rd grade/grades 4-6/ middle school and high school: teachers concentrate on reading and writing, but also still work on oral language skills; student's are expected to do math problems involving addition and subtraction, some introduce 2 digit numbers at this time as well; this is a critical time as student's who have trouble in this grade usually have difficulty in later grades

2nd grade

preschool/kindergarten/1st grade/2nd grade/3rd grade/grades 4-6/ middle school and high school: teachers emphasize increased skill in reading and writing; independent reading is encouraged; students learn to spell; students are expected to comprehend more abstract language and to develop independent word recognition skills

middle school/high school

preschool/kindergarten/1st grade/2nd grade/3rd grade/grades 4-6/ middle school and high school: teachers lecture; written language becomes extremely important

3rd grade

preschool/kindergarten/1st grade/2nd grade/3rd grade/grades 4-6/ middle school and high school: this is the transition grade; students are expected to read longer, more complex stories and write longer, more complex paragraphs; students are asked to proofread and correct written work, and spell more complicated words; keyboarding skills begin to be taught

multigroup pretest posttest design

pretest posttest control group design/multigroup pretest posttest design

pretest posttest control group design

pretest posttest control group design/multigroup pretest posttest design

pretest posttest control group design

pretest posttest control group design/multigroup pretest posttest design 2 groups, experimental and control; looks at and evaluates effects of a single treatment; randomly selected participants and randomly assigned to groups; each particpant does pretest and posttest

multigroup pretest posttest design

pretest posttest control group design/multigroup pretest posttest design use this to evaluate the relative effects of 2 or more treatments (usually different); question of relative effects asks which treatment is more effectiv; each additinal treatment to be evaluated adds another group to the design; cancan also add a control group if reseracher wants to

X vagus

primary cranial nerve involved in laryngeal innervation

support the larynx and fix it's position (movement) elevate and depress larynx.

primary function of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles is to?

reticular activating system (RAS)

primary mechanism of attention and consciousness; controls sleep-wake cycles; maintains sleep, drowsiness, alertness, and excitement; part of the CNS within the midbrain, brainstem, and upper portion of the spinal cord that responds to incoming information by affecting the state of a person's alertness and consiousness

buccinator

primary muscle of cheeks

orbicularis oris

primary muscle of the lips

oral cavity

primary resonating structure for all English sounds, except the nasals.

parietal lobe

primary somatic sensory area of cerebrum (brain); integrates somesthetic sensations such as pressure, pain, temperature, and touch

metathesis

production of sounds in a word in reversed order; aka spoonerism pik/kip, likstip/lipstick, pisgetti/spaghetti

source-filter theory; aka acoustic theory of vowel production

provides description of how the oral cavity is capable of producing speech sounds; depicts the vocal tract as a series of inked tubes (oral cavity, pharynx, and nasal cavity); states that energy from the vibrating vocal folds (source) is modified by the resonance characteristics of the vocal tract (the filter)

respiration

provides the air supply needed to set the vocal folds into vibration for speech and is the basic energy source for speech

head, neck, and limbs

pyramidal system supply the muscles of the ?

verbal numerical a relationship between the variables

qualitative data are verbal/numerical data? quantitative data are verbal/numerical data? alternative hypothesis holds that there is what?

motor sensory; below

recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies all sensory/motor innervation to the interarytenoid, posterior cricoarytenoid, thyroartyenoid, and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles? the recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies all sensory/motor information above/below the vocal folds?

interference (aka transfer)

refers to an error in a student's 2nd language (L2) that is directly produced by the influence of the first language (L1)

loci of stuttering

refers to the locations in a speech (or oral reading) sequence where stuttering are typically observed; it is possible to predict this by knowing the certain classes of sounds, words in certain positions in a sentence, and certain kinds of words that are being stuttered

cerebellum

regulates motor movement; critical in the control of speech moment; key to the coordination of the laryngeal muscles for adequate phonation; also key to the effective functioning of other speech systems, such as respiration.

"no"

rejection in semantic sentences; "no milk"

pitch that is too high

relaxation, yawn-sigh, open mouth approach, digital manipulation, and nonspeech vocalizations such as coughing and glottal fry can be helpful in treating what?

4-17 weeks /u, i,a,I/ 2 month /ba, ga/ 2-3 month /ra, la/ 1-4 month /va and sa, sa and sha, pa and ba/ 6-8 month /s,z/

research on infant perception has shown: _________ old infants can discriminate between _________ old infants can discriminate between _________ old infants can discriminate between /ra, la/ _________ old infants can discriminate between /va and sa, sa and sha, pa and ba/ _________ old infants can discriminate between /s,z/

Cul-de-sac "bottom of the sack"

resonance produced by backward retraction of tongue; tongue is carrie dtoo far posteriorly in the oral cavity; voice sounds muffled or hollow; deaf people have this sometime and some with neurological disorders; those with hypertophied (enlarged) tonsils and adenoids may demonstrate this

nasal cavity; relaxed and lowered leaving air flowing through nasal and oral cavity

resonates laryngeal tone for 3 sounds (m,n, ng); does the velum separate the this cavity and the oral cavity, or does it leave air flowing through both while staying relaxed and lowered?

phonological awareness skills phoneme isolation sound blending

rhyming, syllable awareness, phoneme isolation, and sound blending are types of what? identifying whether the sound is at the beginning, middle, or end of a word putting together 2 or more sounds together that are spelled out (d-o-g is what animal?)

established risk

risk factors of language disorders that are mostly biological or disease related (cleft palate, autism, infections, toxic exposure, other disorders and syndromes, Fetal alcohol syndrome

at risk

risk factors of language disorders that include environmental factors, genetic background, and some disease-related conditions (prenatal and natal complications, low birthweight, anoxia, irritabilyt, withdrawel, otitis media, family hstory of shit, chronic or severe illness of caregiver, history of abuse, lack of health insureance

o, u, horseshoe U, backwards c Overcoat ohh bOOt oooh pUt fOUght

rounded vowels; produced with the lips protruded/rounded

Autoclitics

secondary verbal behaviors that comment upon, or clarify the causes of such primary verbal behaviors as tacts and mands; include grammatical features and some comments that explain WHY something is being said

compound sentence

sentence that contains 2 or more independent clauses joined by a comma and a conjunction (and, but) or by a semicolon (independent clause has a subject and predicate and can stand alone) The policeman help up the sign (indep. clause) and (conjunction) the cars stopped (independent clause

complex sentence

sentence that contains one independent clause and one or more dependent (subordinate clause) (dependent clause has a subject and predicate but can't stand alone) I will drive my car to Reno (independent clause) if i have enough gas (dependent clause)

active sentence

sentence that the subject performs the actions of the verb "Mark petted the cat"

passive sentence

sentence that the subject receives the action of the verb "The cat was petted by Mark"

interrogatives

sentences that ask questions

declaratives

sentences that make statements "The sunset was gorgeous"

imperatives

sentences that state commands "Shut the door"

exclamatory sentences

sentences which express strong feeling "I never said that!"

syllabics

serve as the nucleus for a syllable r, l, m, n , ng

pedunculated

sessile polyps/pedunculated polyps attached to the vocal folds by a stalk

sessile

sessile polyps/pedunculated polyps have a broad base on the vocal fold

arytenoid cartilages corniculate cartilages cuneiform carilages

shaped like pyramids; on top of cricoid cartilages; vocal processes are on these small and cone shaped and sit on teh apex of the arytenoiids; play minor roel in vocalization tiny, cone shaped carilage pieces under the mucous membrain that covers the aryepiglotic folds; very minor frole in phonation

dendrites They grab the impulse and pull it in!

short fibers that extend from a cell body (soma); they receive neural impulses generated from the axons of other cells, and they transmit those impulses to the cell body

phonological processes aka phonological patterns substitutions, assimilations, syllable structure

simplifications children make from difficult adult models of articulation What are the 3 categories of these?

xiphoid process

small cartilaginous structure at bottom of sternum

uvula

small, cone-shaped structure at the tip of the velum

ASD

social skills training, behavioral managemet techniques combined with behavioral langauge training, ACC devices. These are treatments for what disorder

2 and 3 year olds

solitary play is seen in what aged children?

allow airstreamt to pass relativley uninterrupted thoguth the nsal or oral cavity; no stopage or constriction m, n, ng, l, r, w, j

sonorant sounds

pitch and loudness

sound is percieved in terms of what 2 thigns?

compressional

sound is what type of wave?

pascals (pa)

sound pressure is measured in

periodic waves

sound wave that repeat themselves at regular intervals and are predictable

synaptic cleft

space between a terminal button and the receptive site

2: 60-70% 3: 75-80% 4: 90-100%

speech intelligibility (perceptual rating of understandability of adult not familiar with the child) Intelligibility Expectations: 2 years: 3 years: 4 years:

Dysarthria phonation, resonation, respiration, resonance, and articulation reduced intelligibility

speech-motor disorder caused by PNS or CNS damage; in children this can be caused by cerebral palsy, head injury degenerative disease, tumor, stroke; all speech production systems are affected (what are they); usually associated with monotonous pitch, deviant voice quality, variable speech rate, and hypernasality; in children, devoicing of voiced sounds occur, as well as bilabial, velar, stops, glides, nasals, and are easier than fricatives, affricates, and liquids treatment is very repetitive and structures; involves increasing muscle tone and strength, increasing ROM, and treating other stuff that effect intelligibility (respiration); emphasis on systematic cdrill, modeling, phonetic placement, and emphassi on saccurayc of sound prodution; compensatory strategies (including prosthetic devices) are used as well as AAC what is the key feature of thsi disorder?

cigarette smoke, marijuana, and alcohol hydrocephalus, bell's palsy, mouth cysts

sperm can be damaged by what substances?; men who do this shit father children are more likely to have babies iwth what issues?

foramen magnum

spinal cord enters the crania cavity through what structure?

sternocleidomastoids trapezius (assist in head and shoulder movements)

spinal root of CN XI supplies what?

watts

square root of sound pressrue is measured in

perlocutionary behavior: (signals lacking communicative intent-reflexively smiling) illocutionary behavior: signaling to carry out some organized action (intentional communication) 9-10 months locutionary stage: begins using words; 12 months infant establishes joint reference

stages/behavior of pragmatic development in infants (0-1 year) in order; and ages of the last 2

setting statements initiating events internal response theme of the story goals of the characters attempts direct consequences conclusion

story grammar components in order

Pause and talk (time-out) Direct stuttering reduction method

strategy in stuttering treatment in which the PWS is taught to pause after each dysfluency and then resume talking; clinician says stop or gives other signals as soon as a dysfluency is observed; avoiding eye contact wit the client for about 5 seconds; reestablishing eye contact after teh time out duration and letting cleint contiue; maintaining eye contact, smiling and employing other social reinforcers; what method does this belong to?

produced by forcing air stream thorugh a small, constricted opening ch, dj, sh, shz, s/, z, f, v

strident sounds

Sylvian fissure (aka lateral cerebral fissure (sulcus))

structure that starts at the inferior portion of teh frontal lobe at the base of the brain and moves laterally and upward (diagonally); in-between frontal and temporal lobe

basal ganglia

structures deep within brain, near thalamus and lateral ventricles; primarily composed of gray matter; highly complex system of neural pathways that have connections with many subcortical and cortical areas; receive input primarily from the frontal lobe and relay information back to the higher centers of the brain via the thalamus

executive functioning (cognitive processes) and language skills

students with Language impairments (LI) (aka SLI) can improve their working memory, attention, and processing speed though tasks targeting which 2 areas?

psychoacoustics

study of how humans respond to sound as a physical phenomenon; branch of both psychology and acoustics

linguistics

study of language, its structrue, and the rules that goven its structure; morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics, and phonology

syntax ('to put together")

study of sentence structure; describes the rules for order/arrangement of words in a sentence

morphology

study of word structure; describes the rules of changing meaning in word structures

fluency aka disorder of rhythm

stuttering is a disorder of _____________

syllable structure

substitutions, assimilations, syllable structure affect the structure of entire syllables, not just certain sounds

assimilations

substitutions, assimilations, syllable structure sounds are changed by the influence of neighboring sounds

prevocalic, intervocalic, postvocalic errors

substitutions, omissions/deletions, labialization, nasalization, pharyngeal fricative, devoicing, frontal lisp, lateral lisp, stridency deletion, unaspirated, initial medial final errors, and pre, inter, and postvocalic errors errors occur with reference to consonant position in syllables (dabduhlion/dandelion-postvocalic) gog/dog-prevocalic error

pharyngeal fricative

substitutions, omissions/deletions, labialization, nasalization, pharyngeal fricative, devoicing, frontal lisp, lateral lisp, stridency deletion, unaspirated, initial medial final errors, and pre, inter, and postvocalic errors fricatives such as /h/ are produced in the pharyngeal area

labialization

stridency deletion

substitutions, omissions/deletions, labialization, nasalization, pharyngeal fricative, devoicing, frontal lisp, lateral lisp, stridency deletion, unaspirated, initial medial final errors, and pre, inter, and postvocalic errors strident sounds are omitted (ma/mash, top/stop; sometimes described as a phonological process

substituions

substitutions/assimilations/syllable structure group of phonological processes in which one class of sounds is put in place for another

syllable structure

substitutions/assimilations/syllable structure unstressed/weak deletion, final consonant, epenthesis, consonant cluster simplification or reduction, dimminutization, metathesis

substitutions

substitutions/assimilations/syllable structure vocalization, gliding, velar fronting, stopping, depalatization, affrication, deaffriation, backing, glottal replacement (glottal stop)

recurrent laryngeal nerve

supplies all motor innervation to the interarytenoid (transverse and oblique arytenoids), posterior cricoarytenoid, thyroartytenoid, and lateral cricoarytenoid muscles; supplies all sensory information BELOW the vocal folds

supraglottic

supraglottic swallow/super-supraglottic swallow/effortful swallow/mendelsohn maneuver helps close airway at level of vocal folds to prevent aspiration; asked to hold the food in mouth, take deep breath and hold it soon after initiating a slight exhalation, swallow while holding the breath, and cough soon after the swallow

super-supraglottic

supraglottic swallow/super-supraglottic swallow/effortful swallow/mendelsohn maneuver hleps close airway before and during swallow; also promotes false vocal fold closure; inhale and hold breath tightly by bearing down (tilts arytenoids) and swallow while holding the breath and bearing down

elevate

suprahyoid muscles elevate/depress larynx?

vowels; consonants open: my, hey, ski closed: cook, lip, hiss

syllables may be open or closed; open syllables end in ______ closed syllables end in ________. give examples of each

right hemisphere brain damage (RHD)

symptoms typically include attentional (perceptual) and affective symptoms: communication deficits found in 50-78% of cases; treatmetn often addresses attention, impoulsiv ebehavior, pragmatic communication, and visual neglect

cerebral ventricles

system of cavities deep within the brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid

deciduous teeth usually around 6-9 months 20 (10 in each arch) (of each 10) 4 incisors, 2 canines, 4 molars

temporary teeth that appear in a baby; when do they usually appear; how many of these teeth do babies normally have? And what do they consist of?

l, s, f, k, t, p, sh, ch, dj, th, voiced th

tense sounds

e, I, upsidown v, 3r, o, u lAte Infect cUp shIRt ohhh ooooh

tense vowels; produced with the muscle contraction/tension at teh root of hte tonuge

aural atresia microtia

term for when external ear canal is completely closed often associated with _______ which is when the pinna is very small and deformed

Heschl's gyri

term used in reference to the transverse convolutions that make up the auditory association cortex and primary auditory cortex

rhotic

term used to describe /r/ and its allophonic variations

costal cartilages

the 12 pairs of ribs connect laterally from the vertebrae via their individual what?

mass (density) and elasticity

the 2 main properties of a medium that affect the transmission of sounds are?

thalamus hypothalamus third ventricle

the 2 main structures of the diencephalon are what? what structure is also found in the diencephalon that is filled with cerebrospinal fluid?

thoracic muscles of inspiration and abdominal muscles of expiration

the 2 primary categories of respiration

superior laryngeal artery cricothyroid artery inferior laryngeal artery

the 3 primary "feeding" arteries of larynx are what?

joint reference

the ability to focus attention on an event or object as directed by another person (pointing out objects that both the caregiver and baby look at

speech, language, and hearing

the areas of the brain surrounding the Sylvian fissure are especially critical to what?

Cerebrum (aka cerebral cortex)

the biggest and most important CNS structure for language, speech, and hearing; often referred to as "gray matter because it has gray cells on top; made up of four lobes

bronchioles

the bronchi subdivide into these in the lungs

brainstem; 3-12; brainstem

the corticobulbar tract fibers terminate in the ________ at the motor nuclei of cranial nerves __________. they cross at the level of the _________ where they terminate.

lower motor neurons and upper motor neurons

the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts of the pyramidal system are further subdivided into _______ and __________.

mucosal wave action

the cover and transition over the vocalis muscle slide and produce a wave; this wave travels across the superior surface of the vocal folds about 2/3 of the way to the lateral edge of the fold; without this, there is no vibration and thus no phonation; critical to vocal fold vibration

uvula levator veli palatini muscles of velum

the cranial fibers of CN XI innervate what?

anterior horn; spinal nerves

the crossed fibers of the corticospinal tract synapse in the ________ of the spinal cord and communicate with the _________ at different levels

approximants

the degree of articulatory cotact is approximate, not as firm or closed as it is for fricatives, affricates, and stops w, y, r, l

nasopharynx

the eustachian tube connects the middle ear with the _________

natural frequency

the frequency with which a source of sound normally vibrates

vocal pitch

the infrahyoid laryngeal muscles (depressors) of larynx have a strong impact on what?

pharyngeal plexus

the innervation "X, XI" refers specifically to the what?

dorsum

the large area of the tongue that lied in contact with both the hard and soft palates

resonation

the modification of laryngeal tone by selective dampening or enhancement of specific frequencies

The transverse and oblique arytenoids

the new term "interarytenoids" refers to what 2 internal laryngeal muscles? OLD SCHOOL

20-20,000 lower frequencies (below 1,000Hz)

the normal ear of a young adult can respond to ____ - ________ Hz Which frequencies are the human ear more sensitive to ?

voice quality

the perceptual correlate of complexity; refers to the physical complexity of the laryngeal tone, which is modified by the resonating cavities; determination of this is subjective

pyramidal system

the primary motor cortex (motor strip) controls muscle movements through a neural pathway called the

cerebral cortex

the projection fibers of both the corticospinal and the corticobulbar tracts originate in the ?

intensity

the quality of sound that creates the sensation of loudness; amount of energy transmitted per second; loudness is a sensory concept

morphological awareness

the recognition, understanding, and use of word parts that carry significance

syllable

the smallest phonetic unit

superior laryngeal artery cricothyroid artery

the superior thyroid artery is part of the external carotid artery. Which 2 of the 3 are usually branches of the superior thyroid artery: superior laryngeal artery cricothyroid artery inferior laryngeal artery?

tip

the thinnest and most flexible part of the tongue and plays an important role in articulation

ribs

the thoracic vertebrae provide points of attachment for what structure?

at the level of the 6th cervical vertebra

the trachea extends from the larynx at what level?

broad phonemic transcripti

the use of IPA symbols to transcribe phonemes by enclosing thm within slash marks (/f/)

root

the very back and bottom portion of the tongue

Occlusion

the way two dental arches come together when a person bites down

cerebral dominance theory of stuttering a. True b. True c. True d. true e. true reduced

theory that belieives that PWS may not have a dominant hemisphere to process language? T/F? a. electroencephalographic studies suggest that brain wave, especially alpha waves, may be abnormal in some people who stutter b. cineradiographic studies of facial and oral structures suggest that even when speech is fluent, movemetns involved in speech are slower than normal in people who stutter c. some theories say central auditory problems are to blame for stuttering d. auditory feedback problesm are suggested e. most believe that abnormal neuroanatomy aand physiology may be associated with developmental stuttering some think cerbral blood flow is increased/reduced in PWS?

myoelastic-aerodynamic theory;

theory that states that the vocal folds vibrate because of the forces and pressure of air and the elasticity of the vocal folds; air flow out o the lungs is stopped by nearly closed vocal folds, which builds up subglotttal air pressure, and eventually blows the vocal folds apart and the vocal folds are set into vibration

diagnosogenic theroy

theory that states that when parents punish a child's normal nonfuencies, the child develops anticipatory, apprehensive, and hypertonic avoicdance reactions that are indeed stutterings; it's now known though that parental punishment of normal nonfuency is not the origin of avoidance behaviors

discrete trial procedure/training

these are useful in the initial stages of language treatment when skills need to be shaped and established; involve placing a picture in front of the child and ask them a related question (what do you see?); clinician immediately models the correct response for the child (say two cups) and waits for a few seconds for the child to imitate; then reinforces the child for correct imitation/gives corrective feedback; records response; clinician waits for few seconds and initiates next rial

intrahemispheric fibers

these connecting fibers allow areas within each hemisphere to communicate with each other

interhemispheric fibers

these connecting fibers permit communication between the hemispheres and are composed mostly of myelinated axonal fibers (white matter)

projection fibers

these fibers create connections between the cortex and subcortical structures like the cerebellum, basal ganglia, brainstem, and spinal cord

internal intercostal muscles

these group of muscles are for exhalation; between the ribs; 11 pairs of these pull the ribs downward to decrease the diameter of the thoracic cavity for exhalation

external intercostal muscles

these group of muscles are for inhalation; 11 pairs of these raise the ribs up and out to increase the diameter of the thoracic cavity for inhalation

oral-motor coordination skills

these skills are frequently evaluated through tests of diadochokinetic rate

rarefaction

thinning of air molecules when the virating object returs to equilibrium; opposite of condensation

cerebrospinal fluid

this circulates throughout the nervous system and nourishes the neural tissues, removes waste products, cushions the brain, and regulates intracranial pressure

orofacial myofunctional disorders OMD

this disorder often is related to errors in the production of /s,z,sh,shz,ch, dj, t,d,l,n/

Common Core State Standards English Language Arts Common Core State Standards

this is adopted by most states; emphasizes development of oral and literate language skills in school age students in kindergarten-12th grade; aims to create globally competitive citizens in the 21st century; to prepare students for college; create critical readers who read deeply; and help students become responsible citizens who use evidence for deliberation What do teachers use for creating expectations for language achievement in children?

temporal

this lobe deals with auditory processing

respiration

this process includes the lungs, bronchi, trachea, spinal column, sternum, and rib cage

voice onset time

time between the release of the stop consonant and the beginning of the vowel

cross-sectional longitudinal

to assess when mastery of sounds occurs, researchers have generally used _________ and _________ methods.

working memory

training kids with LI to repeat increasingly long strings of nonsense syllables can help improve their what?

1st year first 3 years

transition from prelinguistic to the linguistic stage of phonological development begins around when? During the first how many years of life does a child's vocal tract anatomy and function change (lip closure improves, larynx moves farther down vocal tract, tongue muscle tone increases, tongue movements become dissociated from jaw movements-improved ability to articulate)?

Pons

transmits information relative to movement from the cerebral hemispheres to the cerebellum; bridges the two halves of the cerebellum

abductor

treatment for Abductor spasmodic dysphonia/Adductor spasmodic dysphonia? Botox, speech therapy involving relaxation techniques and continuous voicing, and pharmacological intervention

Adductor NO! it is counterproductive and can cause spasticity to recur

treatment for Abductor spasmodic dysphonia/Adductor spasmodic dysphonia? CO2 laser surgery (paralyzed fold is thinned), RLN resection (paralyzes the fold to reduce hyperadduction, Botox, Augmentative and alternative devices (personal digital assistant (PDA), and voice therapy (inhalation phonation, increased pitch, relaxation, head turning, counseling, yawn sigh , easy onset with /h/ Are pushing techniques good for patients who have RLN resection?

ADHD

treatment for kids with this disorder should focus on auditory processing skills, pragmatics, and expressive language organization

bronchi

tubes that extend from the lungs upward to the trachea; composed of cartilaginous rings bound together by fibroelastic tissue

middle

tympanic membrane and ossicular chain (malleus, incus, stapes,) are part of what portion of the ear?

associative play

type of play in which kids are more interested in each other than in the toys they are using

cooperative play 4 years old

type of play in which organization enters children's play (adopt goals and act as a group) what age does this occur?

parallel play

type of play in which the kid mimics otehr kid's play but does not activley engage with them

conversion/hysterical aphonia

type of psychogenic voice disorder in which there is no evidence of a structural pathology; loss of voice often happens after a violent crime

Blom-Singer tracheoesophageal puncture (TEP)

type of surgical modification and implanted device forlaryngectomy in which the tracheoesophageal wall is punctured; shunt or tunnel is opened to connect the 2 structures; small plastic or silicone tube is designed to prevent the passage of fluid and food into the trachea

external devices (electrolarynx) esophageal speech surgical modifications or implanted divides in laryngeal area

types of alaryngeal speech (laryngectomees produces vocalizations in 3 ways)

functional articulation disorder NO! physical anomalies that affect the function or structure of the speech mechanism (physical damage to CNS/PNS)

typically developing children's difficulty in producign certain speech sounds is often called a _________ even though SSD is more correct (idiopathic) is it organic? organic disorders are those that arise frome what?

anticipatory struggle hypothesis

under stuttering as approach-avoidance; Bloodstein; suggested that stuttering may have many origins most of them related to various kinds of severe communicative pressure that leas to repeated communicative failures

distinctive feature

unique characteristic that distinguishes one phoneme from another

manubrium

uppermost segment of the sternum; provides attachment for the clavicle and the first rib

Percentage of consonants correct (PCC) less than 85%=mild 65-85%=mild to moderate 50-65%=moderate to severe less than 50%=severe

used to calculate severity of child's speech problem by calculating: total number of correct consonants produced x100 total number of consonants produced What is the scale for it?

bad; only samples each sound once usually-doesn't allow enough chances

using a standardized test as a measure of pretreatment skills and posttreatment gains for SSD is good/bad to show gains? Why?

allamorphs

variations of morphemes; do not alter the original meaning of the morpheme Example: the plural marker can sound 3 different ways in boxes (ez) leaves (z) and cats (s)

force

vector quantity that tends to produce an acceleration of a body in the direction of its application

demands and capacites model

view that states that stuttering can result when a child faces demands for communication that he/she cannot meet because of limited capacities

affrication

vocalization, gliding, velar fronting, stopping, depalatization, affrication, deaffriation, backing, glottal replacement (glottal stop), reduplication, regressive assimilation, progressive assimilation, voicing assimilation, unstressed/weak syllable deletion, final consonant, epenthesis, consonant cluster simplification or reduction, dimminutization, metathesis affricate is produced in place of a fricative or stop chun/sun, chu/shoe,

progressive assimilation

vocalization, gliding, velar fronting, stopping, depalatization, affrication, deaffriation, backing, glottal replacement (glottal stop), reduplication, regressive assimilation, progressive assimilation, voicing assimilation, unstressed/weak syllable deletion, final consonant, epenthesis, consonant cluster simplification or reduction, dimminutization, metathesis aka consonant harmony as well; an earlier occuring sound influences a later occuring sound kick/kiss, bup/but

regressive assimilation

vocalization, gliding, velar fronting, stopping, depalatization, affrication, deaffriation, backing, glottal replacement (glottal stop), reduplication, regressive assimilation, progressive assimilation, voicing assimilation, unstressed/weak syllable deletion, final consonant, epenthesis, consonant cluster simplification or reduction, dimminutization, metathesis aka consonant harmony; occurs due to the influence of a later occuring sound on an earlier occuring sound (guck/duck, bip/zip

velar fronting

voicing assimilation

deafrication

vocalization, gliding, velar fronting, stopping, depalatization, affrication, deaffriation, backing, glottal replacement (glottal stop), reduplication, regressive assimilation, progressive assimilation, voicing assimilation, unstressed/weak syllable deletion, final consonant, epenthesis, consonant cluster simplification or reduction, dimminutization, metathesis fricative replaces an affricate sipchip, seez/cheese,

stopping

vocalization, gliding, velar fronting, stopping, depalatization, affrication, deaffriation, backing, glottal replacement (glottal stop), reduplication, regressive assimilation, progressive assimilation, voicing assimilation, unstressed/weak syllable deletion, final consonant, epenthesis, consonant cluster simplification or reduction, dimminutization, metathesis fricative/affricate is replaced by a stop too/shoe, dis/this, node/nose

gliding

vocalization, gliding, velar fronting, stopping, depalatization, affrication, deaffriation, backing, glottal replacement (glottal stop), reduplication, regressive assimilation, progressive assimilation, voicing assimilation, unstressed/weak syllable deletion, final consonant, epenthesis, consonant cluster simplification or reduction, dimminutization, metathesis liquid consonant is produced as a glide w/l, yu(j)/l, w/r, pw/pr

backing

vocalization, gliding, velar fronting, stopping, depalatization, affrication, deaffriation, backing, glottal replacement (glottal stop), reduplication, regressive assimilation, progressive assimilation, voicing assimilation, unstressed/weak syllable deletion, final consonant, epenthesis, consonant cluster simplification or reduction, dimminutization, metathesis posterirly placed consonant is produced instead of an anteriorly placed consonant (velars for alveolars example) buk/but, gan/dan

glottal stop

vocalization, gliding, velar fronting, stopping, depalatization, affrication, deaffriation, backing, glottal replacement (glottal stop), reduplication, regressive assimilation, progressive assimilation, voicing assimilation, unstressed/weak syllable deletion, final consonant, epenthesis, consonant cluster simplification or reduction, dimminutization, metathesis put in place of other consonants tu?/tooth, ba?el/bottle

epenthesis

vocalization, gliding, velar fronting, stopping, depalatization, affrication, deaffriation, backing, glottal replacement (glottal stop), reduplication, regressive assimilation, progressive assimilation, voicing assimilation, unstressed/weak syllable deletion, final consonant, epenthesis, consonant cluster simplification or reduction, dimminutization, metathesis schwa vowel is inserted between teh consonants in an initial cluster or aftera final voiced stop balack/black gooduh/good

depalatization

vocalization, gliding, velar fronting, stopping, depalatization, affrication, deaffriation, backing, glottal replacement (glottal stop), reduplication, regressive assimilation, progressive assimilation, voicing assimilation, unstressed/weak syllable deletion, final consonant, epenthesis, consonant cluster simplification or reduction, dimminutization, metathesis substitutes alveolar affricate for a palatal affricate wats/watch, dzoke/joke, or an alveolar fricative for a palatal fricative wis/wish, sip/ship

vocalization

vocalization, gliding, velar fronting, stopping, depalatization, affrication, deaffriation, backing, glottal replacement (glottal stop), reduplication, regressive assimilation, progressive assimilation, voicing assimilation, unstressed/weak syllable deletion, final consonant, epenthesis, consonant cluster simplification or reduction, dimminutization, metathesis vowel in place of consonant (usually liquid) bado/bottle noodoo/noodle

psychogenic (functional)

voice disorders that occur when the voice is abnormal in the presence of normal laryngeal structures

sinusoidal wave

wave that has horizaontal and vertical symmetry; has one peak and one valley; has a single frequncy; and is teh result of simple harmonic motion

aperiodic waves

waves that do not repeat themselves at regular intervals; vibratory patterns are random and difficult to predict from one time interval to the next

1-2

what age do kids use nominals (ball, mommy, drink, run); semantic relations (1 and 2 word-ball up, more cookie); uses overextensions; emerging negation (all gone); listens to simple stories and likes them repeated; refers to self with pronoun and name (me johnny); begins using verbs and adjectives; presuppositions emerge(shared meaning for listener and speaker)

9-18 months of age

what age range is associated with Halliday's seven functions of communicative intent?

tensor tympani (V) and stapedius (VII) acoustic

what are 2 small muscles in the middle ear that dampen vibrations of the tympanic membrane and ossicular chain? when these contract its call the ________ reflex

sternocleidomastoid; trapezius

what are the 2 key neck muscles of respiration?

cartilages of ribs 2 through 7

what cartilages of the ribs attach to the body (corpus)?

l,m,n nucleus vertical line at bottom right of phoneme love' em leave' em button, more 'n' more bottle, middle

what consonants have a syllabic nature? what part of the syllable do they form? what mark indicates this? examples

cerebrospinal fluid

what fills the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and the pia mater?

F 1,2,3

what formants are the vowels?

precentral gyrus

what is the primary motor cortex located on?

alveolar ducts

what structure do the bronchioles communicate with? These open into tiny air sacs in the lungs

superior temporal gyrus

what structure does the primary auditory cortex lie on?

r and w

whcih sounds are round?

silent period

when child who is learning a 2nd language is doing lots of listening, and less talking

early childhood

when does the onset of stuttering typically take place?

vocabulary there's a positive relationship between behavior regulation and vocabulary gain

when students with LI were supported in increasing attention to task and behavior regulation, their _______________ skills improved?

the soma (cell body)

where is the nucleus in a neuron?

vocalis muscle

which of the 3 layers of the vocal folds provided stability and mass

lumbar; makes them suitable for weight-bearing funcitons

which vertebrae are large and why?

puberphonia (mutational falsetto) YES!

young man speaking with a high pitch, although the larynx has grown normally and puberty is completed; can occur due to psychosocial factors, endocrine disorders, or neurologic diseases; atrophy of vocalis muscle can occur if left untreated; benefit from digital manipulation of the thyroid cartilage; can this be a psychogenic disorder?

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