Chapter 1- reading assignment
In the chemical equation: 2Na + Cl2 → 2 NaCl, identify the reactant(s). -Sodium chloride -Chlorine -Sodium
-Chlorine -Sodium
Which of the following programming codes can be found in viruses? -DNA alone -RNA alone -Proteins -DNA and RNA in the same virus
-DNA alone -RNA alone
Which of the following diseases have emerged due to human encroaching into new territory and wild habitats? -Cholera -Ebola fever -Lyme disease -Influenza -Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
-Ebola fever -Lyme disease -Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
Which of the following are examples of inorganic compounds? -C6H12O6 -KCl -CH4 -CH3OH -CO2 -Mg3(PO4)2 -H2O2
-KCl -Mg3(PO4)2 -CO2 -H2O2
The mass number of an element is the sum of the number of which two of the following? -Protons -Neutrons -Orbitals -Electrons
-Protons -Neutrons
Functional groups can play a role in which of the following types of reactions? -Transfer -Dissolution -Decomposition -Synthesis
-Transfer -Decomposition -Synthesis
the World Health Organnization (WHO) estimates that there are about how many infections of all types across the world every year? -100 million -1 billion -10 billion -1 million
10 billion
There are --------- different naturally occurring amino acids from which proteins are constructed.
20
prokaryotic organisms have been around for about how long -3.5 billion years -1.5 billion years -3.5 million years -1.5 million years
3.5 billion years
The manipulation of energy by cells requires that they have which of the following? -A supply of atoms that can spontaneously emit radiation -A supply of atoms that can lose electrons -A supply of atoms that can gain electrons -A supply of atoms that can both gain and lose elections
A supply of atoms that can both gain and lose elections
Various combinations of which of the following account for the nearly infinite variety of proteins? -Amino acids -Monosaccharides -Nucleic acids -Fatty acids
Amino Acids
Parasite/Pathogen
An organism that feeds on a living host and derives most of its sustenanc e from that host
In a reaction that forms an ionic bond, one atom must have an unfilled outer shell that can accept electrons, while the other atom must have which of the following? -An unfilled outer shell that can donate electrons -A filled outer shell that can donate electrons -A filled outer shell that can accept electrons
An unfilled outer shell that can donate electrons
How are macromolecules made? -By the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller structures -By assembling smaller molecules into larger structures
By assembling smaller molecules into larger structures
Which class of biochemicals resembles combinations of carbon and water? -Nucleic acids -Phospholipids -Proteins -Carbohydrates -Lipids
Carbohydrates
Which of the following is a substance that alters the rate of a reaction without being consumed or permanently changed by the reaction? -Reactant -Catalyst -Hapten
Catalyst
----------is the molecule that carries the special code for an organism's heredity.
DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
An energy shell is where which of the following occurs? -Electrons are found in single units. -Protons are found in pairs. -Neutrons are found in single units. -Electrons are found in pairs.
Electrons are found in pairs.
---------- diseases are those which are newly identified and becoming more prominent -Communicable -Infectious -Emerging
Emerging
Which of the following bacteria is spread by water and food contaminated with cattle feces? -Escherichia coli 0157:57 -Staphylococcus aureus -Zika virus -Proteus vulgaris
Escherichia coli 0157:57
True or false: Protons found in a hydrogen atom are different in structure from protons found in an oxygen atom.
False b/c all protons are identical
True or false: The mass number of an element is based on the total number of electrons and protons found in each atom.
False b/c the mass number is equal to the number of protons and neutrons
The subunits of carbohydrate polymers are held together by which type of bond? -Phosphodiester bond -Glycosidic bond -Hydrogen bond -Ionic bond -Peptide bond
Glycosidic bond
---------- disease, caused by microorganism, are among the most common causes of death in much of the world's population
Infectious
Which of the following is the aqueous dissociation of an electrolyte into ions, or the breaking of ionic bonds between two atoms? -Agglutination -Neutralization -Precipitation -Ionization
Ionization
The cell wall of gram negative bacteria contains which of the following? -Chitin -Lipopolysaccharide -Cellulose -Cytoskeleton
Lipopolysaccharide
Which of the following structures differ in hydrogen and oxygen atoms? -Number of subatomic particles -Structure of protons -Structure of neutrons -Structure of electrons
Number of subatomic particles
Cholesterol is a steroid that has which additional functional group? -OH -NH2 -COOH -CH3
OH
Which of the following structural components is not found in both triglycerides and phospholipids? -Glycerol -Phosphate groups -Fatty acid tails
Phosphate groups
Which of the following form the bilayer in cell membranes? -Phospholipids -Triglycerides -Nucleic acids -Proteins -Polysaccharides -Cholesterol
Phospholipids
genetic engineering
Process of making changes in the DNA code of living organisms
A disease that has ben known for hundred of years and that is increasing in occurrence is known as which type of disease? -Emerging -Communicable -Reemerging
Reemerging
Molecular formulas do not show which of the following? -Atomic symbol for each element -Relationships of the atoms -Number of atoms of each element
Relationships of the atoms
MRSA is a drug-resistant strain of which of the following bacteria? -Streptococcus pyogenes -Staphylococcus aureus -Staphylococcus schleiferi -Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus aureus
Biotechnology
The manipulation of living organisms or their components to produce useful products.
Eukaryotic cells
a cell that differs from a prokaryotic cell chiefly by having a nuclear membrane (a well-defined nucleus), membrane-bounded subcellular organelles, and mitotic cell division
Organelle
a small component of eukaryotic cells that is bounded by a membrane and specialized in function
Zoonosis
an infection indigenous to animals but naturally transmissible to humans
Major groups of microorganisms
bacteria, algae, protozoa, helminths, fungi, viruses
Which macromolecules consist primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio? -Lipids -Carbohydrates -Proteins -Nucleic acids
carbohydrates
A(n) ------ is substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction.
catalyst or enzyme
A(n) --------- is a molecule that contains two or more different elements.
compound
A(n) ---------- bond is the result of two atoms sharing electrons to complete their outer orbitals.
covalent
A covalent bond is a chemical attraction that involves the sharing of which of the following particles between two atoms? -Electrons -Protons -Neutrons
electrons
Cells store and release energy through the transfer of --------- from one molecule to another.
electrons
A(n) -------- disease, such as SARS or viral encephalitis, is a newly identified infectious disease that is becoming prominent
emerging
Chemical -------- express chemical exchanges between atoms or molecules.
equation/s
Which of the following groups are accessory molecules that help define the chemical class of organic molecules? -Allosteric -Functional -Coenzyme -Auxiliary
functional
dimensions of macroscopic organisms
given in terms of meters (m) and centimeters (cm)
which term define the organism in/on which smaller organism (or viruses) live, feed, and reproduce? -virus -parasite -pathogen -host
host
When NaCl crystals are added to water, the Na+ and Cl- are released into solution. Each ion becomes ------- , which means that it is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules.
hydrated
The polarity of the water molecule causes it to form ------- bonds with other water molecules.
hydrogen
Water can dissociate into positively charged --------- ions and negatively charged ------- ions.
hydrogen hydroxide
What is the term for molecules, such as salt or sugar, that attract water to their surface? -Amphipathic -Hydrophilic -Ionic -Hydrophobic
hydrophilic
Chemicals that do not contain both carbon and hydrogen are classified as ---------- chemicals.
inorganic
-----------is the dissociation of a compound into separate charged particles called ions.
ionization
Microbiology
is a specialized area of biology that deal with living things ordinarily too small to be seen without magnification; the study of microorganisms or microbes
A(n) -------- is a type of molecule that is not soluble in polar solvents, such as water, but will dissolve in nonpolar solvents.
lipid
Which of the following macromolecules is not formed by polymerization? -Nucleic acids -Proteins -Carbohydrates -Lipids
lipids
Gram-negative bacteria contain a cell wall component composed of lipids and polysaccharide called --------, that is responsible for symptoms such as fever and shock.
lipopolysaccaride
The organization of---------- begins with individual building blocks called atoms.
matter
Which of the following is anything that has mass and occupies space? -Light -Energy -Sound -Matter
matter
Dimensions of microscopic organisms
micrometers (um), nanometers (nm), millimeters (mm)
the unit of measurement for most bacterial cells is ------- and most viruses is---------
micrometers and nanometers
C6H12O6 is the --------- formula for glucose.
molecular
A(n)--------- is a distinct chemical substance that results from the combination of two or more atoms.
molecule
An electron -------- is a specific volume of 3-dimensional space in which an electron is likely to be found.
orbital
Electrons can be found in pathways surrounding the center of the atom; these pathways are known as which of the following? -Orbitals -Nuclei -Shells
orbitals
in general, disease-causing organisms are referred to as which of the following? -Animacules -Bacteria -Microorganism -Pathogens
pathogens
Which of the following human diseases has been almost been eradicated? -Cholera -smallpox -polio -malaria
polio
When water dissociates, what charge does the hydrogen ion have? -Negative -No charge -Positive
positive
Which structure in a polypeptide gives rise to the unlimited diversity in protein form and function? -Secondary -Primary -Quaternary -Tertiary
primary
Substances that are generated during the course of a chemical reaction are called
products
The substances that result from the reaction of chemicals together are known as which of the following? -Products -Enzymes -Reactants
products
Which is smaller: the eukaryote or the prokaryote
prokaryote and it lacks a nucleus and organelles
which types of cell does not contain organelles, such as mitochondria or a nucleus -plant -eukaryotic -human -prokaryotic
prokaryotic
The atomic number of an element represents the number of which subatomic particles in the nucleus? -Electrons -Protons and electrons -Protons -Neutrons and electrons -Neutrons -Protons and neutrons
protons
Tuberculosis, influenza and malaria are older diseases that have been known for a long time, but they are now increasing in occurrence; diseases with this pattern of occurrence are specifically referred to as-------- disease.
reemerging
Electrons occupy energy ------- which proceed from the lower-energy electrons nearest the nucleus to the higher-energy electrons.
shell or levels
An element's reactivity is based on the number of electrons in its outermost --------- as compared with the total number of electrons possible.
shell, orbital, or electron shell
prokaryotic cell
small cell lacking special structures such as a nucleus and organelles. All prokaryotes are microorganisms
Viral particles are usually--------(larger/smaller) than prokaryotic cells
smaller
Which of the following human diseases has been eradicated? -smallpox -polio -rubella -malaria -measles
smallpox
A solution is a mixture of one or more substances called -------uniformly dissolved in a -------
solutes solvent
Which is a mixture of one or more substances called solutes uniformly dispersed in a dissolving medium? -Solvent -Molecule -Solution -Compound
solution
Which of the following are complex ringed compounds commonly found in cell membranes and animal hormones? -Triglycerides -Phospholipids -Steroids -Nucleotides -Polypeptides
steroids
Lipids encompass which four of the following groups of compounds? -Proteins -Waxes -Triglycerides -Phospholipids -Alcohols -Steroids
steroids wax phospholipids triglycerides
Bacteriology
study of bacteria, single-celled prokaryotic organisms
Virology
study of viruses; noncellular particles that parasitize cells
Glycosidic bonds would be present in which of the following sugars? -Galactose -Sucrose -Glucose -Lactose -Maltose -Fructose
sucrose lactose maltose
Some strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis are resistant to so many antibiotics that it has become known as a(n) "-----------"
superbugs
ubiquitous
the state of being everywhere at the same time; omnipresent. Said of microbes that are know to live in the vast majority of the habitats on earth
In double stranded DNA, adenine would be hydrogen bonded to
thymine or t
Ionic bonds form between atoms with complementary
valences or charges
what microbe is not cellular (acellular) and is composed of nucleic acid surrounded by a protein coat
virus
Identify the most common solvent in natural systems. -Alcohol -Base -Water -Acid
water
An element's chemical properties and reactivity are based on which of the following? -The number of neutrons in the innermost orbital -The number of protons in the outermost orbital -The number of electrons in the outermost orbital -The number of protons in the innermost orbital -The number of electrons in the innermost orbital
The number of electrons in the outermost orbital
Which of the following does not change in an element? -The number of protons -The number of neutrons -The number of electrons -The atomic mass
The number of protons
Bioremediation
The use of living organisms to detoxify and restore polluted and degraded ecosystems
the common cold and AIDS are caused by which type of microorganism? -Fungi -Bacteria -Protozoa -Viruses
Viruses