Chapter 1 Review Questions & Answers

The study of body structures is called ____________.

Anatomy

Which is the smallest particle with a unique chemical identity? a. Molecule b. Atom c. Organ d. Tissue

Atom

Which of the following is an example of a physiological negative feedback mechanism? a. Contractions during delivery b. Blood clotting cascade c. Body Temperature

Body temperature Explanation: Negative feedback is a mechanism that keeps a variable close to it's set-point. Body temperature is regulated by negative feedback mechanisms.

What is the smallest unit of an organism that can carry out all the functions of life?

Cell

Evolutionary trends between species are often studied in which discipline?

Comparative Anatomy: the study of multiple species in order to examine similarities and differences and analyze evolutionary trends

What type of equilibrium occurs when there is a set average point and conditions fluctuate around that point?

Dynamic Equilibrium Side Note: Static equilibrium is when there is no fluctuation in the system. The body maintains dynamic equilibrium, constantly adjusting the system, with in a specific range.

The internal state of the body is best described as a(n) _____ equilibrium, where there is a set average point and conditions fluctuate around that point.

Dynamic equilibrium

Responsiveness is also known as _______. a. metabolism b. growth c. excitability d. stimuli

Excitability

What is the ability of nerve and muscle cells to produce quick reactions called?

Excitability is the ability of a cell to respond to a stimulus, especially the ability of nerve and muscle cells to produce membrane voltage changes in response to stimuli.

The practice of diagnosing illness by opening a body is known as what type of surgery? a. exploratory b. open c. investigative d. revealed

Exploratory surgery

Information that can be independently verified by an trained person is called which of the following? a. Statistical test b. Theory c. Hypothesis d. Fact

Fact

The scientific method is based on an informed conjecture (an opinion or conclusion formed on the basis of incomplete information.) that is capable of being tested and potentially proven false by experimentation or data collection. True or False

False Explanation: The scientific methods is a way of disciplined reasoning that includes observation, hypothesizing, experimentation, and conclusions. This statement pertains to a hypothesis.

The study of ultrastructure focuses on examining individual cells, but not the fine details of cells. True or False

False Explanation: Ultrastructure focuses on fine details of cells or other structures.

What types of anatomy focuses on body structures that can be observed without magnification?

Gross Anatomy: structures that can be seen with the naked eye

An increase in size of an organism is called _______.

Growth

What is an increase in the size of a cell or organism called?

Growth

The study of normal tissues, or groups of cells and their surrounding extracellular materials, is called _______.

Histology

A physician assistant devises a treatment plan based on the patient's age, lab results, economic status, perceptions, and emotions. What type of treatment is this? a. Reductionism b. Holism

Holism Side Note: Think about Holistic Care!

Which theory states that there are emergent properties of the whole organism that cannot be understood by its individual parts? a. Holism b. Inductionism c. Reductionism d. Deductionism

Holism: theory that there are "emergent properties" of the whole organism that can't be predicted from the properties of its separate parts - human beings are more than the sum of their parts.

What is the body's tendency to maintain relatively stable internal conditions in spite of greater changes in its external environment called? a. Static equilibrium b. Excitability c. Homeostasis

Homeostasis

To be considered a scientific fact, information must be what?

Independently verified BY ANY TRAINED PERSON

Which part of a feedback mechanism processes information, relates it to other information, and makes a decision of action?

Integrating center

A generalization about the predictable ways in which matter and energy behave is called a ________ of nature.

Law of nature

What is a verbal or mathematical description of a predictable natural phenomenon called?

Law of nature

A molecule of large size and high molecular weight, such as a protein, as called a(n) _______.

Macromolecule

Which is an example of an organelle? a. Epithelia b. Skin c. Stomach d. Mitochondria

Mitochondria

A structure that is made up of two or more atoms is called a(n) _______.

Molecule

Which is an example of exploratory surgery?

Opening the body to help diagnose a problem

The pancreas is an example of a(n) ________. a. organ system b. organ c. tissue d. organism

Organ

The urinary system is an example of a(n) _______. a. tissue b. organ system c. organ d. organism

Organ System

A group of organs working together for a coordinated function is an organ ________.

Organ system

What is a microscopic structure in a cell that carries out individual functions called?

Organelle

A single complete individual capable of response to stimuli, reproduction, growth and development, and maintenance of homeostasis is termed a living _________.

Organism

Which of the following describes a single complete individual? a. Organism b. Organ c. Organ System d. Organelle e. Atom

Organism

Fill in the correct term for the following sequence: Macromolecules, organelles, cells, tissues, _____, organ systems, organism.

Organs

A review that is the method of evaluating results by other experts in that field is called a(n) _______ review.

Peer Review

What is the method is having results evaluated by other experts in the field called?

Peer review

What is the act of tapping the body to feel for abnormal resistance or listen for sounds called?

Percussion

What is the act of tapping the body to feel for abnormal resistance or listen for sounds called?

Percussion: refers to tapping on a body surface then listening to the echo to diagnose health

Medical mistakes, such as prescribing the wrong dose of medication, can result from failure to consider which of the following? a. Placebo effect b. Negative feedback mechanisms c. Physiology variation d. Natural selection

Physiological Variation Explanation: These variables include different sex, age, weight, diet, degree or physical activity, genetic, and environment. Failure to consider these variations leads to medical mistakes.

Differences in sex, age, weight, diet, degree of physical activity, environment, among other things are important what? a. Selective variations b. Metaphysical variations c. Anatomical variations d. Physiological variations

Physiological variations

The name for a structure that is specialized to detect a stimulus is a(n) _______.

Receptor

What is a cell or organ that is specialized to detect a stimulus called? a. Integrator b. Effector c. Receptor

Receptor

Which of the following is a process by which an educated guess is capable of being tested and may be proven false by experimentation? a. Scientific hypothesis b. Socratic method c. Scientific method

Scientific Method

Which is the following describes how anatomical terms are frequently constructed? Consider the examples "foramen magnum" and "stratum lucidum."

The noun is located before the adjective.

What is gross anatomy?

The study of body structures that can be observed without magnification.

An explanatory statement or set of statements derived from facts, laws, and confirmed hypotheses is called a(n) _______.

Theory

What is an explanatory statement, or set of statements, that concisely summarizes the state of knowledge of a phenomenon and provides direction for further study called?

Theory

Select all that apply: Which of the following are examples of a positive feedback mechanism? a. Formation of a blood clot b. Maintenance of normal body temperature c. Contractions during childbirth d. Maintenance of normal blood pressure

a & c Explanation: Positive feedback is a self-amplifying cycle in which a physiological change leads to an even greater change in the same direction (contractions at childbirth; platelet build-up during blood clotting).

Which can be revealed through percussion during a medical exam? a. Pocket of fluid b. scar tissue c. cancer cells d. pockets of air

a. pockets of fluid b. scar tissue c. pockets of air SIDE NOTE: How does percussion reveal scar tissue? Answer: In percussion, the examiner taps on the body, feels for abnormal resistance, and listens of the emitted sounds for signs of abnormalities such as POCKETS OF FLUID, AIR, or SCAR TISSUE.

In anatomical terminology, the adjective comes _______ the noun.

after

Students are studying the shape, size, and parts of the heart. They are studying the _________of the heart.

anatomy

A physician who is listening to your heart beat is utilizing which diagnostic procedure?

auscultation

The name of a middle-ear bone is Blank______, while the name of a bony protuberance at the ankle is Blank______. a. malleolus; malleus b. malleus; malleolus

b

An organ is best described as which of the following? a. The smallest unit of an organism that can carry out all the functions of life b. A structure composed of at least two different tissues, with recognizable boundaries, and with a discrete function c. Two or more organs, that work together for a common function d. A group of cells working together for a common function e. A single complete individual

b. A structure composed of at least two different tissues, with recognizable boundaries, and with a discrete function.

dynamic equilibrium is ______.

balanced change

Which receptor detects pressure changes?

baroreceptor

The receptors located in the heart, aortic arch, and carotid sinuses that trigger autonomic reflexes in response to fluctuations in blood pressure are known as ________.

baroreceptors

An effector _______.

carries out corrective behavior

The smallest unit of an organism that carries out all the basic functions of life is called a(n) ________.

cell

The study of many species to looks for similarities and differences is called __________ anatomy.

comparative

What is the plural form of cortex?

cortices

Dissection and anatomy both mean ______.

cutting apart Explanation: The very words anatomy and dissection both mean "cutting apart."

The study of individual cells is called ________.

cytology

The term for the process of carefully separating tissues to reveal anatomical relationships is __________.

dissection

Without the use of energy, matter tends to flow ______. a. up gradients b. down gradients

down gradients

A difference in chemical concentration, electrical charge, physical pressure, temperature, or other variable between one point and another is a physiological _________.

gradient

Without the expenditure of energy, the net movement of matter in a physiological gradient will always be from a region of Blank______ concentration to a region of Blank______ concentration.

higher; lower

Ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in spite of changes in the external environment is known as _______.

homeostasis

Part of a hip bone is an ______, while the final portion of the small intestine is the ______.

ilium, ileum

What is the act of looking at the body called?

inspection

Which is an example of auscultation?

listening to heart sounds (auscultation: Uses the sense of hearing to listen to body sounds)

Proteins and DNA are which of the following? a. Monomers b. Minerals c. Macromolecules d. Cofactors

macromolecules Explanation: The largest molecules are called macromolecules

Most exploratory surgery has been replaced with ___________.

medical imaging techniques

Histology is also called ________. a. microscopic anatomy b. pathology c. radiology d. gross anatomy

microscopic anatomy

Organelles are composed of ________.

molecules

Blood pressure is controlled by a _______ feedback mechanism.

negative

Taking a pulse by feeling the radial artery is an example of which of the following?

palpation: refers to examination of the body by feeling the surface.

The subdiscipline of physiology that is concerned with the mechanisms of disease is ______.

pathophysiology

The plural form of phalanx is _______.

phalanges

Students are studying how the heart pumps blood through the body, which is its major function. They are studying the ______ of the heart.

physiology

The study of function is called __________.

physiology

Contractions during childbirth is an example of a ________ feedback mechanism.

positive

An integrating center______

processes information

A branch of medicine that utilizes medical imaging technologies to explore the interior of the body is called _______________.

radiology

An aggregation of cells and extracellular materials, which perform a discrete function, is known as a(n) _________.

tissue

Match each term with its correct definition. 1. Neurophysiology 2. Endocrinology 3. Pathophysiology 4. Comparative physiology - Study of disease mechanisms - Physiology of hormones - Physiology of the nervous system - Study of how biological processes vary in different animal species

1. Neurophysiology: physiology of the nervous system 2. Endocrinology: physiology of hormones 3. Pathophysiology: study of disease mechanisms 4. Comparative physiology: study of how biological processes vary in different animal species