Chapter 1

selection factor

A source of bias that may occur in research findings when participants are allowed to choose for themselves a certain treatment in a scientific study is called a _____

that organisms learn to behave in certain ways because their behavior has a positive outcome

B. F. Skinner proposed:

biological

Brandon is a psychologist who is studying the relationship between heredity and mood disorders. He strongly believes that behavior and mental processes have a connection with the brain, hormones, heredity, and evolution. Brandon's beliefs are most consistent with the _____ perspective

health psychologist

Caroline is a psychologist who studies how stress induces ailments such as heart problems and headaches. Some of her clients are smokers, and she is helping them quit smoking. She also suggests lifestyle changes to her clients to help them reduce and cope with stress. Caroline can best be described as a(n) _____

cognitive

Psychologists with a(n) _____ perspective primarily venture into the realm of mental processes such as sensation and perception, memory, intelligence, language, thought, and problem solving to understand human nature

suggest that people can modify and create their environments

Social-cognitive theorists:

functionalists

Structuralists tended to ask, "What are the pieces that make up thinking and experience?" In contrast,__________tended to ask, "How do behavior and mental processes help people adapt to the requirements of their lives?"

informed consent

Sujay is conducting a research on a group of factory machinists as part of a study on workplace stress and heart disease. Before conducting his study, he explains the objective of the study to the subjects and tells them what they would need to do. He gives them the opportunity to choose if they want to participate or not. In other words, Sujay is seeking__________

biological

The _____ perspective works on the assumption that thoughts, fantasies, and dreams—and the inborn or instinctive behavior patterns of various species—are made possible by the nervous system and especially by the brain

environmental psychologist

The construction of a factory near Valley Mont Elementary School adversely affected the concentration of the students in the school. In order to help the students cope with this problem, the principal of the school invited a(n) _____ who was experienced in dealing with humans and their interactions with their surroundings

dependent variables

The measured results, or outcomes, in an experiment are called__________

Interviewers may influence participants to give responses that suit their expectations

Which of the following is a drawback of case studies?

Behaviorists define psychology as the scientific study of behavior, not of behavior and mental processes

Which of the following is true of behaviorism?

It views people as free to choose and as being responsible for choosing their own behavior

Which of the following is true of the humanistic-existential perspective?

Clinical psychologists help clients resolve problems and change self-defeating behavior

Which of the following statements is true about the different types of psychologists?

He argued that the stream of consciousness was fluid and continuous

Which of the following statements is true of William James's contribution to psychology?

The experimental method allows psychologists to control the experiences of participants and draw conclusions about cause and effect

Which of the following statements is true of the experimental method of research?

Counseling psychologists

__________are different from clinical psychologists in that their clients typically have adjustment problems, such as trouble making academic or vocational decisions or making friends in college, but not serious psychological disorders

Gestalt psychologists

__________showed that people tend to perceive separate pieces of information as integrated wholes depending on the contexts in which they occur

Humanism

__________stresses people's capacities for self-fulfillment and the central roles of consciousness, self-awareness, and decision making