Chapter 10
The idea that setting ambitious, but attainable goals can motivate workers and improve performance if the goals are accepted and accompanied by feedback and facilitated by organizational conditions is at the heart of which motivation theory?
Drucker's goal-setting theory
Vroom's motivation theory states that the amount of effort that employees exert on a specific task is based on their of the outcome.
expectation or expectations
The second set of Hawthorne Experiments continued to result in productivity regardless of changing physical conditions.
increased, higher, more, or greater
Millennials leading those older than themselves should solicit , but not permission.
input, advice, or feedback
Globalization has created a need for managers to understand cultural differences in order to employees around the world.
motivate, manage, or reward
According to Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, after you have eaten, you are no longer to find food.
motivated
Herzberg studied the relationship between:
motivation and job-related factors
According to Herzberg, interest in the work itself is a(n)
motivator
Which of the following factors are part of the job environment, but do not motivate workers?
pay job security friendly supervisors
Extrinsic rewards include:
pay raises promotions recognition and praise
The idea that every job could be broken down into a series of elementary motions and analyzed to make it more efficient was the Gilbreths':
principle of motion economy
Taylor's goal was to increase worker efficiency and in order to benefit both the firm and workers.
productivity
The unexpected results in the first set of Hawthorne Experiments that led to the second set of experiments was:
productivity continued to increase regardless of changing conditions
Scientific management viewed people as machines that needed to be:
programmed
According to Herzberg's study, motivators that gave employees satisfaction and motivated them:
related mostly to job content
During the first set of Hawthorne Experiments,
researchers realized there had to be another factor affecting productivity productivity continued to increase regardless of changing conditions researchers thought they had failed due to the unexpected results
Job enrichment theory is based on the higher level motivators of which theorists?
Frederick Herzberg Abraham Maslow
Feeling personal satisfaction because you perform well is which type of reward?
Intrinsic reward
Which of the following are costs directly associated with recruiting and training a new employee to replace one who is dissatisfied and leaves?
Loss of intellectual capital Dollars for hours spent training Decreased productivity
Which of the following is about a manager's attitudes and assumptions about workers?
McGregor's Theory X McGregor's Theory Y
Which of the following is an example of time-motion study?
Measuring the time and amount produced by different methods and tools when shoveling coal
Select assumptions made by a Theory Y manager about people.
People like to work. People seek responsibility.
What kind of study analyzes which tasks must be performed to complete a job and the time needed to do each task?
Time-motion
What is the purpose of Management by Objectives?
To motivate all levels of the organization through goal setting and implementation To reward the accomplishment of organization goals To monitor the results of implementing goals
True or false: Frederick Taylor's studies were the foundation of Henry Gantt's chart development.
True
The belief that your work makes a difference and gives you satisfaction is an example of:
an intrinsic reward
Employee empowerment cannot be successful without clear and open throughout an organization
communication
The key to successful employee empowerment is free-flowing and information throughout the organization.
communication
Gen Xers, Millennials, and Gen Z expect change to be the main in their lives.
constant
Management by objectives requires discussion, review, and of objectives among managers, supervisors and employees.
evaluation
Gen X managers are very able to provide employees with because they want more of it themselves.
feedback
Which is not an element of scientific management?
human factors
do not move people to action when present in the workplace.
hygiene factors
Management by objectives means that managers:
include employees in setting goals so the employees are self motivated
Millennials place a high value on - balance and expect their employers to adapt to them.
Blank 1: work Blank 2: life
Management by objectives is most effective in stable situations that allow managers to make - plans with few changes.
Blank 1: long Blank 2: range or term
Scientific management viewed people as to be programmed.
Blank 1: machines, robots, or machinery
The principle of motion economy was developed by:
Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
The study that asked workers to rank a list of job-related factors in order of what motivated them most was a new direction taken by:
Frederick Herzberg
The steps taken by managers and employees in Management by Objectives are , review, and evaluation of objectives.
discussion
Choose the most accurate list of steps involved in an organization's management by objectives system:
discussion, review, and evaluation of objectives
While not motivators, the absence of certain factors from the job environment will cause
dissatisfaction or discontent
Frederick Taylor wrote:
The Principles of Scientific Management
It is expensive to employees who are disengaged.
Blank 1: retain or keep
Which of the following are characteristics of job enrichment?
Task significance Task identity Skill variety
Job involves moving workers from one task to the next to make work more interesting and motivating.
rotation
True or false: Employees who are disengaged do not cost the company anything.
false
Frederick Taylor was nicknamed the ______ of scientific management:
father
The Hawthorne studies were originally designed to study the relationship between:
lighting and productivity
An assumption about people by a Theory Y manager would be that workers work.
like or enjoy
theory states that employees look for fairness in the workplace as compared to others before deciding to perform.
Equity
True or false: Frederick Gilbreth was the "Father of Scientific Management".
False
Achieving increased productivity to benefit the worker and the firm was the goal of:
Frederick Taylor
Taylor's Scientific Method became the dominant strategy for improving productivity in the early 1900s. Other researchers who worked with him, included:
Henry L. Gantt Frank and Lillian Gilbreth
To which part of the theories is job enrichment most closely related?
Herzberg's higher-level motivators
Which type of management became the dominant strategy for improving productivity in the early 1900s?
Scientific
Which item was listed by workers as creating enthusiasm for job content?
Sense of achievement
Gen Xers seek economic security by doing which of the following?
They focus on career security and change jobs to find it
Gen X managers understand that:
results are more important than hours spent in the workplace there is more to life than work flexibility and consensus building work well
To use self-managed teams to improve productivity, management must reinvent work by:
developing workers' skills allowing autonomy respecting workers
Combining a series of tasks into one challenging and interesting assignment is job .
enlargement
- theory, the basis for Management by Objectives developed by Peter Drucker in the 1960s, proposes that setting ambitious, but attainable goals can motivate workers and improve performance.
goal-setting
Characteristics of the Millennial Generation include:
having cell phones always having the Internet in their world having been raised by indulgent parents
When implementing management by objectives it is a manager's responsibility to involve everyone, commit employees to the goals, monitor progress, and accomplishments.
reward, recognize, or praise
Herzberg found that workers were not motivated by factors related to the
Blank 1: job, work, or hygiene Blank 2: environment or factors
Employee involvement and group membership were two of the reasons employees gave as the reason for increased during the Hawthorne studies.
Blank 1: productivity, performance, motivation, output, or production
According to Herzberg's study, which of the following were listed by workers as among the top 5 factors that create motivation instead of being dissatisfiers on the job?
Earned recognition for a job Sense of achievement
Taylor's method of studying workers to find the most efficient ways of doing things and then teaching people those techniques is called .
Blank 1: scientific Blank 2: management
What were the goals of Taylor's scientific management?
Increase worker productivity Benefit the worker Benefit the firm
Equity theory states that employees:
- compare their inputs and outputs to those of others in similar positions - try to maintain equity between what they put into a job and what they get out of it - perceptions of fairness affect motivation
When using MBO, a manager must
-develop commitment to goals -formulate goals cooperatively with employees
According to Ouchi's Theory Z, Type management is achievement oriented.
A
According to Ouchi's research about the effect of national culture on organizations, Type management relies on individual decision making and achievement.
Blank 1: A
theory states that an individual will not put forth effort without first evaluating their ability to perform the task and the value they place on the reward.
Blank 1: Expectancy or Vroom's
The tendency of people to behave differently when they know they are being studied is the:
Hawthorne Effect
In the 1960s, Peter Drucker designed a method of management that includes employees in goal setting, known as which of the following?
Management by objectives
Henry L. Gantt was a follower of which management theorist?
Taylor
The Hawthorne studies were inspired by the research done by:
Taylor
According to a survey of recent college graduates, opportunities for are important in attracting and retaining employees.
advancement, promotion, or growth
Gen Xers prefer to seek economic security by changing jobs to create security.
career
A type of used by managers to plot the work of employees in detail was developed by Henry Gantt, who followed Taylor's principles.
chart or graph
Frederick Taylor was called the of scientific management.
father
Management by objectives works best:
in stable situations
The group of workers most hurt by the recession is the
millennials
Job enrichment focuses on enhancing the elements most closely related to Herzberg's ______ or higher level needs as defined in his theory.
motivators
Motivation:
moves people to action
An assumption about people made by a Theory Y manager is that people:
naturally like to work
Maslow's theory states that once needs are met they:
no longer motivate
More people leave their jobs for:
opportunities to advance their careers
The tendency for people to act differently when they know they are being studied is:
the Hawthorne effect
Studies of the tasks performed in a job and the needed for each is time-motion study.
time
Which of these are basic elements of Taylor's Scientific Method?
time rules of work method
Characteristics of Millennials in the workplace are being:
tolerant multitaskers adaptable
According to McGregor, Theory X managers view employees as:
wishing to avoid responsibility
Gen X managers recognize the need to balance and life needs.
work or career
A culture that focuses on building personal relationships and before focusing on tasks is a high-context culture
trust
Gen X managers generally:
value results rather than hours at work are good at allowing workers to have autonomy to get the job done give employees good feedback
An extrinsic reward is:
given to you by someone else
McGregor's Theory X and Theory Y identified assumptions managers have about workers. Select the statements below that represent a Theory X manager's beliefs.
Workers prefer to avoid responsibility Workers are motivated by fear and punishment
A type of chart used to track and plan worker activity developed by a researcher who followed Taylor's principles is called:
a Gantt chart
Job enlargement is when
a series of tasks are combined to create an interesting and challenging job
Studying workers as they shovel different types of materials with different types of shovels in order to determine the most efficient tool and method to use is an example of:
a time-motion study
Millennials managing those from older generations should remember to:
be confident be open-minded solicit feedback regularly
Findings during the Hawthorne Studies that still affect management today include:
consulting employees during the decision making process and using their ideas
Taylor's method was to:
determine the one "best" way teach people the one best way to do their jobs study the most efficient way to do a task
The goal of time motion studies is to increase
efficiency
"The Principles of Scientific Management" was written by
Blank 1: Frederick Blank 2: Taylor
McGregor's theory states that managers motivate workers based on the manager's about workers' attitudes toward work.
Blank 1: assumptions or assumption
Self-managed teams improve productivity because the members appreciate having the to control their own work.
Blank 1: autonomy, authority, or freedom
Rewarding employees for learning to be flexible while rewarding younger workers like Millennials for changing processes is an effective way to apply motivation strategy to workers of differing generations.
Blank 1: baby Blank 2: boomer
Job factors that cause employees to be dissatisfied when absent, but do not lead to motivation are called .
Blank 1: hygiene or maintenance Blank 2: factors
Peter Drucker designed the Management by Objectives during which period of time?
1960s
The idea that all jobs can be broken down into elemental steps that can be made more efficient is the principle of
scientific management
Managers must recognize that motivating individuals today requires:
that generations have different cultures understanding of different cultures within a country familiarity with a variety of cultures from around the world
The reason many millennials are still unemployed or underemployed is
the last recession hurt younger workers more than others
In his study, Herzberg asked ______ to rank those areas of the job that create enthusiasm.
worker
The use of time motion studies to increase efficiency was important because:
the findings were used to set standards and goals
The generational group of managers that expect to give and get more feedback on their work are:
Gen X
The effects on organizations of unmotivated and unhappy workers include:
high recruitment and training costs poor relationships with customers
While workers in the United States are more task oriented and require information to do their jobs, workers from Korea are more motivated by strong relationships and developing trust to do the same job. That is because Korea is a ______ context culture and the U.S. is a ______ context culture.
high, low
The personal satisfaction you feel when you perform well and complete goals is an example of a(n) reward.
Blank 1: intrinsic
Moving a worker from one job to another to increase variety and motivation is .
Blank 1: job Blank 2: rotation