Chapter 10
nitrogenous base
A nitrogenous base is simply a nitrogen containing molecule that has the same chemical properties as a base. They are particularly important since they make up the building blocks of DNA and RNA: adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine and uracil.
transfer rna
A transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA and archaically referred to as sRNA, for soluble RNA) is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length, that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins.
messenger rna
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a large family of RNA molecules that convey genetic information from DNA to the ribosome, where they specify the amino acid sequence of the protein products of gene expression.
virulent
extremely severe or harmful in its effects.
semi-con servative replication
relating to or denoting replication of a nucleic acid in which one complete strand of each double helix is directly derived from the parent molecule.
mutation
the action or process of mutating.
translation
the process of translating words or text from one language into another.
helicase
Helicases are enzymes that bind and may even remodel nucleic acid or nucleic acid protein complexes. There are DNA and RNA helicases. DNA helicases are essential during DNA replication because they separate double-stranded DNA into single strands allowing each strand to be copied.
ribonucle acid
Image result for ribonucleic aciden.wikipedia.org Ribonucleic acid, or RNA is one of the three major biological macromolecules that are essential for all known forms of life (along with DNA and proteins). A central tenet of molecular biology states that the flow of genetic information in a cell is from DNA through RNA to proteins: "DNA makes RNA makes protein".
ribosmal rna
In molecular biology, ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) is the RNA component of the ribosome, and is essential for protein synthesis in all living organisms.
protein synthesis
Proteins are large biomolecules, or macromolecules, consisting of one or more long chains of amino acid residues.
rna polymerase
RNA polymerase, also known as DNA-dependent RNA polymerase, is an enzyme that produces primary transcript RNA. In cells, RNAP is necessary for constructing RNA chains using DNA genes as templates, a process called transcription.
DNA polymerase
The DNA polymerases are enzymes that create DNA molecules by assembling nucleotides, the building blocks of DNA. These enzymes are essential to DNA replication and usually work in pairs to create two identical DNA strands from a single original DNA molecule.
dna replication
The double helix is unwound and each strand acts as a template for the next strand. Bases are matched to synthesize the new partner strands. DNA replication is the process of producing two identical replicas from one original DNA molecule.
replication fork
The point at which the two strands of DNA are separated to allow replication of each strand.
transcription
Transcription is the first step of gene expression, in which a particular segment of DNA is copied into RNA (mRNA) by the enzyme RNA polymerase. Both RNA and DNA are nucleic acids, which use base pairs of nucleotides as a complementary language.
purine
a colorless crystalline compound with basic properties, forming uric acid on oxidation.
pyrimdine
a colorless crystalline compound with basic properties.
nucleotide
a compound consisting of a nucleoside linked to a phosphate group. Nucleotides form the basic structural unit of nucleic acids such as DNA.
promoter
a person or thing that promotes something, in particular.
deoxyribose
a sugar derived from ribose by replacing a hydroxyl group with hydrogen.
ribose
a sugar of the pentose class that occurs widely in nature as a constituent of nucleosides and several vitamins and enzymes.
transformation
a thorough or dramatic change in form or appearance.
bacteriophage
a virus that parasitizes a bacterium by infecting it and reproducing inside it.