Chapter 10

First-Generation Language (1GL)

Is the actual machine language of a CPU, the sewuence of bits (1's and 0's) that the CPU understands.

Control Structure

Is the general term used for keywords in a programming language that allow the programmer to control (redirect) the flow of the program based on a decision.

Objective C

Is the language most often used to program applications to run under MAC OS X.

Pascal

Is the only modern language that was specifically designed as teaching language, but it is no longer taught frequently at the college level.

Compilation

Is the process by which code is converted into machne language-the language the CPU can understand.

Programming

Is the process of translating a task into a series of commands a computer will use to perform that task.

Data

Is the raw input that uses have at the start of the job. It will be fed into the program.

Information

Is the result, or output, that the users require at the end of the job. The program produces this information.

Problem Statement

Is the starting point of programming work. It is a clear description of what tasks the computer program muct accomplish and how the program wil execute these tasks and respond to unusual situations.

Code Editing

Is the step in which a rogrammer physically types the code into the computer.

Method

The set of steps that will take you from your input to an output. The computer program would check if you worked more then eight hours.

C++

The successor languange to C developed by Bjarne Stroustup, C++ uses all of the same symbols and keywords, better security, and more support for the reuse of existing code through object-oriented design.

Third-Generation Language (3GL)

Uses symbols and commands to help programmers tell the computer what to do.

Syntax

Is an agreed-upon set of rules defining how language muct be structured.

For

Keyword in visual basic used witht the next keyword to implement a loop.

General Availability (GA)

After the RTM (release to manufacture) is issued, the product is ready to be purchaed by the public.

Locical Error

A mistake in the design and planning of the algorithm itself rather than in the use of syntax in the coding.

Problem Development Life Cycle (PDLC)

A number of stages, from conception to inal deployment, which a programming project follows.

Intital Value

A beginning point in a loop.

Test Condition

A check in software programming to see whether a loop is completed.

Derived Class

A class created based on a previously existing class (i.e., a Base Class). Derived classes inhers all of the member variables ans methods of the base class from which they are derived.

Class

A collection of descriptive varables and active functions that together define a set of common properties. Actual examples of the class are known as objects.

Binary Decision

A decision point that can be answered in one of only two ways: yes (True) or No (False).

Documentation

A description of the development and technical details of a computer program, including how the code works and how the user interacts with the program.

Intergrated Development Enviroment (IDE)

A developmental tool that helps programmers write, compile, and test their programs.

Extensible Markup Language

A language that enables designes to define their own tags, making it much easier to transfer data between websites and web servers.

Java

A platform programming language that Sun Microsystems introduced in the eairly 1990's. It quickly become popular because its object-oriented model enables Java programmers to benefit from its set of existing classes.

Visual Basic (VB)

A powerful programming language used to build a wide range of windows applications.

C#

A programming language released by Microsoft to compete with Java.

JavaScript

A scripting language often used to add interactivity to web pages. JavaScript is not as fully freaured as Java, but its Syntax, keywords, data types, and operators are a subset of Java's.

Statement

A sentence in programming code.

Machine Language

A set of instructions excuted directly by the central processing unit (CPU).

Hypertext Markup Language (HTML)

A set of rules for marking up blocks of text so that a web broser knows how to display them. It uses a series of tags that defins the display of text on a web page.

Algorithm

A set of specific, sequential steps that describe in natural language exactly what a computer program must do to complete its task.

Java Applet

A small Java-based program.

Adobe Flash

A software product for developing web-based multimedia.

Fourth-Generation Language (4GL)

A sophisicated level of programming language such as a report generation or database quary language.

Editor

A special tool that helps programmers as they enter the code, highlighting keywords and alerting them to typos.

Extensible Hypertext Markup Language (XHTML)

A standard established by the world wide web consortium (W3C), that combines elements from both Extemsible Markup Language (XML) and Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML). XHTML has much more strigent rules that HTML does regarding tagging.

VBScript

A subscript of visual basic, to intoduce dynamic decision making into web pages.

Debugger

A tool that helps programmers step through a program as it runs to locate errors.

Object

A variable in a progran that is an example if a class. Each object in a specific class is constructed from similar data and methods.

Assembly Language

Allows programmers to write their programs using a set of short, english-like commands that speak directly to the CPU and give the programmer direct control of hardware resources.

Second-Generation Language (2GL)

Also known as an assembly language. Socond-Generation Languages deal directly with system hardware but provide acronyms that are wasier for human programmers to work with.

Loop

An algorithm that performs a repeating set of actions. A logical yes/no expression is evaluated. As long as the expression evalvates to True (Yes), the algorithm will perform the same set of actions and contine to loop around. When the answer to the questions is False (No), the algorithm breaks free of the looping structure and moves into the next step.

Rapid Application Development (RAD)

An alternative to the waterfall approach of systems development.

Runtime Error

An error in the problem logic that is only caught when the program executes.

Scope Creep

An ever-changing set of requests from the clients for additional features as they wait longer to see a working prototype.

Reusability

An important aspect of object-oriented design. Because object-oriented design generates a family of classes for each project, programmers can easily reuse existing classes from other products, enabling them to produce new code quickly.

System Develpoment Life Cycle (SDLC)

An organized process (or set of steps) for developing an information process system.

Operator

Any of the coding symbols that represent the fundamental actions of a computer language.

Keywords

Are a set of words that have predefined meanings for a particular language.

Fifth-Generation Language (5GL)

Are considered the most "natural" of languages. In a 5GL, a problem is presented as a series of facts or sonstraints instead of a specific algorithm.

Syntax Error

Are violation of the strict, precise set of rules that defines the language.

Flowchart

Are visual diagrams of a process including the decisions that need to be made along the way.

Beta Version

Before its final commerical release, software is often provided free or at a reduced cost to certin test sites or to intrested users.

Source Code

Comprises the instructions programmers have written in the higher-level language, and translate the source code directly into machine language-the binary patterns that will execute commands on the CPU.

AJAX (Asynchronous JavaScript and XML)

Continues evolution of HTML5 allow the creation of web applications that can update information on a page without requiring the user to do a page refresh or leave the page.

Data Type

Desicribe the kind of data that is being stored at the memory location.

Variable

Each input and each output item taht the program manipulates, needs to be announced early in the program so that memory space can be set aside.

Visual Programming

Helps programmers produce a final application much more quickly.

Top-Down Design

Is a systematic approach in which a problem is broken into series of high-level tasks.

Pseudocode

Is a text-based approach to documenting an algorithum.

Error Handling

In programming, the instructions that a program runs if the input data is incorrect or another error is encountered.

If Else

In the programming language C++, the binary decision asking whether you worded enough hours to qualify for overtime pay would use this.

Next

In the visual basic programming language, the keyword used to implement a loop.

Information System

Includes data, people, procudures, hardware, and software.

Program Specification

Is a clear statement of the goals and objectives of the project.

Structured Query Language (SQL)

Is a database programming language that is an example of a fourth-generation language (4GL).

Programming Language

Is a kind of "Code" for the set of instructions the CPU knows how to perform.

Web Service

Is a program that a website uses to make information available to other websites.

Compiler

Is a program that understands both the syntax of the programming language and the exact structure of the CPU and its machine language.

Scripting language

Is a simple programming language that is limited to performing a set of specialized tasks.

C

It provides higher-level programming language features (such as of statements and for loops), but still allows programmers to manipulate the system memory and central processing unit (CPU) registers directly.

Testing Plan

Lists specific input numbers the program would typically expect the user to enter.

Interitance

Means that a new class can automatically pick up all of the data and methods of an existing class, and they extend and customize those to fit its own specific needs.

Dynamic Decision Making

Means that the page can decide how to desplay itself based on the choices the reader makes.

Prototype

Or small model, of their program at the begining of a large project.

Decision Point

Places where the program must choose from an array of different actions based on the value of its current inputs.

Comment (or Remark)

Programmers often insert this into program code to explain the purpose of a section of code, to indicate the date they wrote the program, or to include other important information, about the code so that fellow programmers can more easily understand, and update it should the orginal programmer no longer be available.

Active Server Pagaes (ASP)

Programmers use this to build websites with interactive capabilities.

Service Pack

Software updates to problems in a program after its commerical release to the public, users can download these software modules to repair errors odentified in the program code.

Variable Declaration

Tells the OS that the program needs to allocate storage space in RAM.

Executable Program

The binary sequence that insrtucts the CPU to run their code.

Portability

The capability to move a compleated solution easily from one type of computer to another.

Release to Manufactures (RTM)

The manufacture will make changes before releasing the product to other manufactures, for installation on new machines.

Base Class

The orginal object class from which other classes derive.

Debugging

The process of running the program over and over to find errors and to make sure the program behaves in the way it should.

PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor

To adapt the HTML or XHTML page to the user's selections. The user supplies information that is tramslated into a request by the main computer at the company that owns the website, often using a database query language such as SQL.

Data-Flow Diagram

Trace all data in an information system from the point at which data enters the system to its final resting place.

Interpreter

Translates the source code into an intermediate form, line by line.

Coding

Translating an algorithm into a programming language.

Action Script

Which is similar to javascript in its keywords, operators, and classes.

Object-Oriented Analysis

With this programmers first identify all of the catergories of inputs that are part of the problem the problem is trying to solve.