chapter 10
A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the following variables: temperature (low or high); illumination level (low or high); and time of testing (day or night). For a completely repeated measures design, how many participants would the researcher require in order to have 10 participants per condition?
10
In a 4 × 3 factorial design, for a completely independent groups design with 10 participants per group, how many participants are needed?
120
A researcher attempts to study the effects of alcohol on task performance. One factor is alcohol—alcohol treatment versus placebo control—and the other factor is task difficulty—easy versus difficult. If the researcher uses a completely repeated measures design with 15 participants per condition, how many participants will he need for the study?
15
A researcher examined judgments of responsibility for an automobile accident by manipulating the type of injuries received (none, mild, or severe) and the time of the accident (7 a.m., 12 p.m., 6 p.m., or 3 a.m.). How many main effects are possible in this study?
2
In a study examining the effect of room illumination (low, medium, high) and room temperature (cold, warm, hot) on test performance, how many main effects are possible?
2
A marketing company wants to determine which cola beverage is most preferred by consumers. A group of participants tastes Cola A and then rates the taste. The group then tastes Cola B and rates the taste for this cola. A second group of participants follows the same procedure. However, they first taste Cola B and then Cola A. This is an example of a(n) _____ type of design.
2 × 2 mixed factorial
An investigator wants to test the effectiveness of visualization on sports performance. She randomly assigns participants to two groups. Participants in the visualization group imagine themselves swinging a golf club perfectly for 20 minutes prior to a session on the driving range. Participants in the control group read Golf magazine for 20 minutes prior to a session on the driving range. All participants do this procedure each day for five days. The dependent measure, the average flight distance of the ball, is calculated for each participant after each session. This is an example of a _____ design.
2 × 5 mixed factorial
A 4 × 5 factorial design would have _____ conditions.
20
In a 4 × 3 factorial design, for a completely repeated measures design, how many participants are needed in order to have 20 participants per condition?
20
Identify the design of a study that manipulates the temperature in a room (warm or cold); difficulty of material (easy, difficult); and the amount of material (low, moderate, high).
2x2x3
A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating room temperature (cold, warm, or hot); noise level (quiet or loud); and room color (pink, blue, or black). Identify the possible number of main effects.
3
A study involves a 3 × 4 × 2 factorial design. How many independent variables are being studied?
3
How many main effects are possible in a study with a 2 × 3 × 2 factorial design?
3
A researcher is interested in variables that may affect an individual's driving ability. He has people drive a course in wet, dry, or icy conditions. In addition, he has them drive a vehicle with or without power steering, and with an automatic or a manual transmission. In this design, there are _____ possible main effects and _____ possible interactions.
3;4
A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the age of an applicant (young, middle, old); gender (male, female); and the type of job applied for (blue collar, white collar). Identify the type of design this experiment represents.
3x2x2
A researcher is interested in variables that may affect an individual's driving ability. He has people drive a course in wet, dry, or icy conditions. In addition, he has them drive a vehicle with or without power steering, and with an automatic or a manual transmission. This design is an example of a _____ factorial.
3x2x2
A researcher designs an experiment by manipulating the weight of an individual (normal, over); age (young, middle, old); and gender (male, female). How many interactions are possible?
4
A 2 × 2 × 2 design results in _____ experimental conditions.
8
How many conditions and possible interactions are there in a study with a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design?
8 conditions and 4 possible interactions
Which of the following is a reason why a researcher may design an experiment with more than two levels of an independent variable?
A design with only two levels of an independent variable cannot provide much information about the exact form of the relationship between the independent and dependent variables.
A researcher attempts to study the effect of fear arousal on attitude change. One group experiences no fear while the other group experiences a very high level of fear. Results show no difference in the amount of attitude change in the two groups. Which of the following should have been used in the research?
A third group with a moderate level of fear
Which of the following is true of factorial designs?
All levels of each independent variable are combined with all levels of the other independent variable.
Dunn et al. (2005) conducted an experiment of the relationship between exercise and depression. Participants were randomly assigned to either a low or a high intensity workout regime. Some were assigned to work out 3 days a week, while other participants worked out 5 days a week. Identify the independent variable(s) in this study.
Amount of exercise and frequency of exercise
A study that uses both manipulated and measured variables in a factorial design is called a(n) _____ design.
IV × PV
If a researcher has male and female participants drive a course under dry or wet road conditions, what kind of research design does he or she have?
IV × PV design
A 2 × 2 factorial design was used to study the effects of participant gender and style of persuasion on attitude change using 40 individuals. This is an example of a(n) _____ design.
IVxPV
A researcher has second-grade boys and girls view aggressive or non-aggressive cartoons. After viewing the cartoons, the children are observed playing in a room that contains a variety of toys. The number of aggressive acts displayed by the children is measured. This research design is an example of a(n) _____ design.
IVxPV
A researcher studies the effect of interpersonal distance (near, far) and personality type (introvert, extrovert) on feelings of anxiety. The researcher has used a(n) _____ design.
IVxPV factorial
Which of the following best describes a mixed factorial design?
It uses both—completely independent groups and completely repeated measures.
Which of the following is the general format for describing factorial designs?
Number of levels of first IV × Number of levels of second IV
In order to study the effects of personality characteristics on intelligence, a researcher assigned participants into two groups: introverts and extroverts. The researcher then conducted an IQ test and calculated the mean scores of the two groups. Moreover, each of the participants was given a puzzle, and the time taken to solve the puzzle was noted down. In this research, which of the following are the attribute variables?
Personality characteristics—introverts and extroverts
Which of the following is least likely to be true of a 2 × 2 factorial design?
There is always a significant interaction between the independent variables.
A researcher finds that for male applicants, the likelihood of being hired for a job increases as their work experience increases. However, for female applicants, the likelihood of being hired is not influenced by the amount of work experience. In this scenario, which of the following is true?
There is an interaction between gender and work experience.
Which of the following is true of interactions?
When there is a statistically significant interaction, researchers need to carefully examine the means to understand why the interaction occurred.
Participants were asked to read two poems that were written by a male or female author. They were told that one of the authors was a student majoring in English and the other an English professor. The participants rated the poem written by the professor as being of higher quality than the poem written by the student. This indicates:
a main effect of authorship.
An IV × PV design allows:
a researcher to investigate how different types of individuals respond to the same manipulated variable.
Dr. Parker finds that judgments of responsibility for an automobile accident is greater for male drivers if the outcome is severe than mild. However, for female drivers, ratings are the same irrespective of the outcome. These findings suggest:
an interaction between gender and outcome.
A researcher finds that for female applicants, the likelihood of being hired for a job increases as their work experience increases. However, for male applicants, the likelihood of being hired decreases as their work experience increases. This finding suggests:
an interaction between gender and work experience.
In a factorial design, a main effect is the _____.
effect of one independent variable averaged over the levels of the other independent variables
In order to ascertain the main effect of an independent variable, a researcher must use a(n) _____ design.
factorial
Internet research by Strassberg and Holty (2003) compared responses to women's Internet personal ads. The researchers presented participants with an ad focusing on different characteristics such as 1) slim and attractive, 2) sensual and passionate, 3) painting and hiking, or 4) financially independent and ambitious. This is an example of a _____ design.
factorial
The main reason for using a 2 × 2 factorial design instead of two separate experiments (with one IV per experiment) is to:
find an interaction between the independent variables.
In a study with a 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design, it can be inferred that there are:
four variables, each with two levels.
A researcher conducts an experiment in which half of the number of participants read a story designed to reduce prejudice (story group), whereas the other half read material unrelated to prejudice (control group). After reading the material, half of the participants describe a minority group while alone, and the other half describes a minority group in the presence of their peers. The dependent variable is the number of positive statements made about the minority group. The mean number of positive statements in the four conditions was: Picture Although the final conclusions would be based on statistical significance tests, these results indicate a(n) _____.
increase in prejudice among participants in the story group
A researcher conducts an experiment in which half of the number of participants read a story designed to reduce prejudice (story group), whereas the other half read material unrelated to prejudice (control group). After reading the material, half of the participants describe a minority group while alone, and the other half describes a minority group in the presence of their peers. The dependent variable is the number of positive statements made about the minority group. The mean number of positive statements in the four conditions was: Although the final conclusions would be based on statistical significance tests, these results indicate a(n) _____.
increase in prejudice among participants in the story group
In a factorial design, a main effect is the effect each _____ variable has by itself.
independent
The Smith and Ellsworth (1987) study on eyewitness testimony illustrates a factorial design with different individuals in each of the conditions. This design is best classified as a _____ design.
independent groups
Individuals with work experience and those without work experience are given identical resumes of a male or female applicant and asked to indicate the likelihood that they would hire the individual. The PV in this design is:
individuals with or without wok experience.
Which of the following is NOT true of a study with only one independent variable?
interactions can be studied
A researcher states that "anxiety decreases performance irrespective of the participants' motivation levels." This means that there is a(n)_____.
main effect of anxiety
A factorial design involves:
manipulating two or more independent variables in a single experiment.
A simple main effect analysis examines:
mean differences at each level of the independent variable.
A researcher designs a study where participants are randomly assigned to one of the two conditions. Each participant is then measured under two different circumstances. This is an example of a(n) _____ design.
mixed factorial
Raymond has designed a study to examine sexual arousal to erotic or non-erotic movies in male and female college students. A simple main effect of the type of movie would analyze whether arousal level is different for:
movies when the viewer is a male and when the viewer is a female.
An IV × PV design has:
one manipulated and one nonmanipulated variable.
Mary found an interaction between a defendant's gender (male or female) and their appearance (attractive or unattractive) on judgments of criminal behavior. She analyzes the difference between judgments for unattractive defendants who are male or female. She then performs the same analysis for attractive males and females. Mary has examined the:
simple main effect of appearance
While analyzing the interaction between age and gender, Reba finds a difference between the likelihood of being hired in young and old applicants when they are females. However, she finds no such difference among young and old applicants that are males. Based on the findings, Reba has examined the:
simple main effect of gender.
An interaction occurs whenever:
the effect of one independent variable changes across levels of a second independent variable.
Which of the following is true of a 2 × 3 factorial design?
there are 6 conditions
Factorial designs are often employed because:
they give a greater approximation of real-world conditions.
In order to find a curvilinear relationship, the researcher needs to use:
three or more levels of the independent variable.
The simplest factorial design is that which has:
two independent variables with two levels each.
In a two-way analysis of variance, a researcher tests for the significance of:
two main effects and an interaction.
An educational researcher examines the effect of speaker credibility on attitude change in university and community college students. The PV in this design is the:
type of student
A researcher employs an IV × PV design to examine attitudes toward cheating. She presents freshmen from a private university with a written account describing a male or female student who was accused of cheating on an exam. The same procedure is repeated for a sample of freshmen from a public university. After reading the account, the students were asked to assign an appropriate punishment. The PV in this design would be the:
university attended (private or public).
