Chapter 10: Sexual Orientation
Before the modern LGBTQ movement, which of the following was common in the US? (Select all that apply.)
- Electric shock treatments to "change" LGBTQ people's orientation was common. - Gay couples could be arrested for dancing or holding hands. - Police harassment of LGBTQ people was routine.
Kinsey Scale
- Measures hetero vs. homosexuality; significant portions of the population fell somewhere between them - began a radical reconceptualization of sexual orientation from black and white to a spectrum.
Which of the following are ways that the stigma around LGBTQ sexual orientations affects individuals within these communities?
- decreased sexual health - denial of association with LGBTQ communities - decreased physical health
Which of the following are among the factors that influence how people learn social prejudice? (Select all that apply.)
- family - religion beliefs and social beliefs - Society
In one research study, students were asked to chart their future. Straight students could do so up to age 55. Openly gay and lesbian students could chart their futures to what age?
33
In a 2017 Pew Foundation poll, what percentage of the American public supports same-gender marriage rights?
62%
Given the results of twin studies, approximately what percentage of sexual orientation do researchers believe is from social sources?
70%
In the US and across cultures, research shows that most individuals begin to become aware of sexual attractions and interests by age
9-10
Families of ___________ are formed when LGBTQ people who are rejected by their biological families compose their own groups of intimate partners or spouses, close friends, and other loved ones who are so close to each other that they celebrate holidays and birthdays together.
Choice
Which of the following is true of compulsory heterosexuality?
Compulsory heterosexuality was originally viewed by feminists as a way that society controls women and their bodies.
Being on the __________ is a phrase in African American communities that refers to a man who hides his sexual orientation.
Down Low
How did the LGBTQ population come to be centralized in big cities?
During WWII, gay men and lesbian women met others during war mobilization and realized they were not alone.
_____ describes the process in which the fetal environment can change the expression of genes, and this environmental influence can be inherited across generations.
Epigenetics
Which of the following is true about the percentage of LGBTQ individuals in big cities? (Select all that apply.)
Even among the largest cities, there are differences in the percentage of the population that identifies as LGBTQ.
True or false: Recent research has actually resulted in a diminished spectrum of sexual orientation than previously indicated.
False- Actually, research has revealed an even greater spectrum, including emerging sexual orientations such as pansexuality and omnisexuality.
True or false: Epigenetics has finally provided the answers to explain a person's sexual orientation in regard to the human genome.
False- The research is promising, but it has not yet provided answers.
To what degree has research identified a relationship between imprinting and sexual orientation?
Few studies have verified this relationship.
In cultures that use __________ differences to contextualize same-sex sexual relationships, it is typical to see biological males taking on the gender role of women.
Gender
Which of the following is true regarding the foundations of sexual orientation?
Genetic, prenatal, postnatal, and interactive biopsychosocial factors interact to form the basis of sexual orientation.
The __________ scale elaborates on the Kinsey scale by also examining how sexual orientation changes over time.
Klein
The horrific murder of _____ led to hate crimes becoming a recognized category of crime.
Matthew Shepard
Which of the following statements about sexual desire, sexual behavior, and sexual identity is true?
Men are more likely to integrate desire, behavior, and identity than women are.
Behaviors and statements that convey derogatory messages to a sexual minority group, which may be unintentional or unconscious but are nevertheless detrimental to the sexual minority group, are termed
Microaggressions
What Supreme Court ruling confirmed the legality of same-gender marriage rights in the US?
Obergefell v. Hodges
What best explains why some individuals may experience a shift in their attractions or behaviors long after they have socially adapted to living the heterosexual norm, such as someone in late adulthood who comes out as a member of the gay community?
Over time, new opportunities for sexual expression may emerge to allow for expansion of individual sexuality.
How is a child's sexual orientation related to their parents' sexual orientation?
Parents' sexual orientation is not related to children's sexual orientation.
How do most people react to compulsory heterosexuality?
People who do not identify with heterosexuality may feel that they are coerced into living a secret life.
In which of the following areas of the US are hate crimes more often perpetrated?
Rural or conservative areas
The biopsychosocial theoretical approach on the origins of sexual orientations suggests which of the following?
Sexual orientation is a biological process that expresses itself and is influenced by psychology and sociology.
Which of the following is true of sexual orientation?
Sexual orientation is dependent on context and purpose.
Generally, in the US and other advanced industrialized countries, all nonheterosexual orientations are _____ to some degree.
Stigmatized
What advice does the organization Parents, Families, and Friends of Lesbians and Gays (PFLAG) offer to those considering expressing their sexual orientation?
They should take their time.
True or false: The terms asexuality, celibacy, and abstinence are all interchangeable.
This is false. Asexuality should not be confused with celibacy or abstinence.
In the past, heterosexuals and LGBTQ individuals were suspicious of people who stated that they had dual attractions to more than one gender, because they saw this as lying or fence-sitting.
This is true. In the past, heterosexuals and LGBTQ individuals were suspicious of people who stated that they had dual attractions to more than one gender, because they saw this as lying or fence-sitting.
The World Health Organization adopted the term "men who have sex with men (MSM)" out of necessity because the bisexual men could not identify with being gay or bisexual and indeed sometimes were extremely hostile or even violent to nonheterosexual men and women.
True
True or false: Growing up in a household headed by LGBTQ parents does not impact a child's sexual orientation.
True- No evidence supports the idea that parental sexual orientation influences that of their children.
imprinting
When newborns establish ingrained patterns by watching an adult
Generally, recent studies have found evidence of a trend that may allow for more sexual fluidity in
Women
Nineteenth-century medical sexologists believed bisexuality to be
a form of mental and physical disease similar to being gay.
The 2007 National School Climate Survey of 6,209 LGBT youth found that
a majority had been bullied, harassed or assaulted because of their gender identity expression.
Current sexologists believe bisexuality to be
a normal and healthy expression of human sexuality.
Ancient Greece defined same sex, sexual relationships in terms of __________ differences.
age
In cultures that use ______ differences to contextualize same sex sexual relationships, it is typical to see older men closely mentoring young men.
age
Researchers argue that compulsory heterosexuality may be socially and sexually oppressive to
all people.
One theory regarding the origins of sexual orientation suggests that prenatal __________ hormones circulating in the mother's body may correlate with the tendency for one of her offspring to be LGB.
androgen
_____ people do not feel any noteworthy sexual attraction to other people, but some might have romantic relationships.
asexual
Hate crimes
attacks based on a person's race, religion, or other characteristics
Heterosexual
attracted to the opposite sex
The interactive biopsychosocial approach to understanding sexual orientation suggests that _________, psychological, and social factors come together to form an individual's sexual orientation.
biology
Questioning
can suggest that someone wants to explore their sexual attractions and feelings for the same gender without abandoning the social identity as being heterosexual or bisexual.
Minority stress
chronic health effects of homophobia, such as high blood pressure and depression
Men who have sex with men (MSM) is a
cultural tag.
The harshest penalty in the world for expressing non-heterosexual behaviors is
death
internalized homophobia
defined as negative stereotypes or beliefs about LGBTQIA+ people that a person may absorb from societal hostility toward LGBTQIA+ people.
Homonegativity
defined as subtle negative social perceptions and behaviors against LGBTQIA+ people or those suspected of same-gender sexuality.
Sexual _____ describes a form of sexual expression that is more situation-dependent and perhaps more open to the characteristics of the individual rather than focusing so much on a person's anatomy.
fluidity
"Boston marriages" or "Wellesley marriages" were terms used to describe
friendships among women who lived and slept together.
The Polynesian role of Fafafina is an example of one way that a culture might define same sex sexual relationships in terms of ______ differences.
gender
Researchers have determined that sexual orientation is born out of ___________, prenatal, postnatal, and interactive biosocial factors.
genetic
Today, support for LGBTQIA+ rights is
growing
_____ is the term used to describe actions repeated frequently enough to be cast into a pattern so that they seem natural.
habitualization
Today, younger MSM have started to use what term to describe their sexuality?
hetero-flexible.
Globally, MSM identify as
heterosexual
Irrational fear and hatred that is particularly directed at people who identify as LGBTQIA+ is called
homophobia
The Klein scale includes three distinct time periods: the present (most recent 12 months), the past (more than 12 months ago), and the _____, which represents the future.
ideal
Studies have shown that 30% of _________ twins share a gay or bisexual orientation with their twin, whereas only 8% of _________ twins share a gay or bisexual orientation.
identical; Fraternal
Researchers have found that birth order can affect sexual orientation, suggesting that each older brother _____ a younger brother's odds of developing a same-gender orientation by 28-48%.
increases
In what era did LGBTQ advocates, along with doctors and researchers, begin to work to reform the mental health view that same-gender sexuality was a disease?
late 1950s and early 1960s
By what age have most people become socially sexualized into their community's norms, which are usual heterosexual?
late childhood to early adolescence
When victims of homophobia and homonegativity develop feelings of distress, poor self-esteem, and alienation from society, their health and well-being may suffer greatly. When this occurs, the condition is known as
minority stress.
Which of the following factors have NOT contributed to the culture of being on the down low?
movies and television
Sexual Prejudice
negative attitudes and hostile actions directed at those with a different sexual orientation
How do Spanish-speaking cultures typically perceive male bisexuality?
negatively, primarily because of machismo culture
Many young people are referring to themselves as __________ rather than gay, lesbian, bisexual, or straight.
queer
pan sexual
refers to a person who is attracted sexually, emotionally, romantically, or spiritually to others regardless of their biological sex, gender, or orientation.
sexual geography
refers to idea that people with different sexual orientations live in particular cities and even distinct neighborhoods or social spaces that are "safe" and gay-friendlier.
In the Netherlands in the modern period, the variety of ______-defined same-sex practices seemed to explode.
role
In some complex societies, such as in ancient Japan and Korea, during the period of Shakespeare, ___________ relationships were allowed for men who performed as actors in plays or on stage.
same-gender
e capacity for some individuals to have context-dependent changes in their erotic response, in Lisa Diamond's research is termed .
stig
The social unacceptability of being an LGBTQ person leads individuals to experience ______ regarding their orientation.
stigma
What historical notion does Lisa Diamond's study of women's sexual fluidity challenge?
that people's sexual orientation develops in adolescence, at which point it becomes stable
With which of the following movements is the Stonewall Tavern riot associated?
the modern LGBTQ movement
Complusory heterosexuality
the notion that everyone should be heterosexual and have relationships with the opposite sex
Young (women/men) are more likely to experience opposite-sex attraction first followed by same-sex attraction, whereas young (women/men) are more likely to experience same-sex attraction, then opposite-sex attraction, and then return to same-sex attraction.
women; Men