Chapter 10: The Heart

describe the 3 stages of inflammation and tissue healing

1. acute - Swelling Heat Asymmetry Redness Pain 2. subacute - SHARP declines and circulation increase 3. maturation - granulation tissue dissolves and is replaced with collagen fibers

what assists the venous return?

1. skeletal Muscle contraction 2. valves in veins 3. breathing

name and state the functions of the valves at the entrance and exit of each ventricle

AV (atrioventricular valves) of R (TRICUSPID VALVE) and L (MITRAL VALVE). 2 valves between the ventricles and the pulmonary artery - Pulmonary valve (between RV and the pulmonary artery) and Aortic valve (between the LV and aorta) *they all ensure blood is flowing in the right direction*

describe the pathway of blood through the heart

CAN YOU DRAW IT?! -- blood from the RA flows through R. AV valve to the RV, pumped through pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery, blood is oxygenated in the lungs, to the LA via the pulmonary veins, flows through L. AV valve into the LV, pumped through the aortic valve into the aorta and out to the rest of the body via the superior and inferior vena cava... enters RA! (repeat)

describe the cardiac cycle

DIASTOLIC (relaxation phase) ventricles are filling and chambers and relaxed, SYSTOLE (contraction phase) all blood is pumped out and AV valve snap shut, SEMILUNARS open then shut (dub)

name and state the functions of the 4 chambers of the heart

R side pumps blood to the lungs (pulminary circuit) and L side pumps blood to the body (systemic circuit). The atrium (ON TOP) receives blood from the venous system and the ventricle (BOTTOM) forcefully pumps blood out of the heart and into the arteries

name and locate the components of the heart's conduction system

SA is the main pacemaker of the heart that starts the action potential... cardiac muscle fibers pass action potentials in such a way that large sections of the myocardium are able to contract as a single unit, in a controlled and specific rhythem

list the factors that affect exchange across the capillary wall

all PASSIVE forces... diffusion, blood pressure, and osmotic pressure

name and identify the function and structure of the 5 types of blood vessels

artery (carries blood away from the heart), arterioles (small arteries that carry blood to the capillaries), capillaries (thin walled vessels that allow exchange of materials, venles (small veins that receive blood from the capillaries, veins (carry blood toward the heart ***VEINS HAVE ONE WAY VALVES***

describe coronary circulation

coronary arteries and veins circulate blood to and from the myocardium, R and L coronary arteries arise from the base of the aorta and branch out across the myocardium, coronary veins return blood to the R atrium through the CORONARY SINUS

describe the three layers of the heart wall

epicardium is there to reduce friction, myocardium is a thick cardiac muscle, and endocardium is smooth thin simple squamous layer on the inner most part of the heart chambers

what is blood pressure?

how much force is exerted against the artery walls. it is systolic (high pressure) over diastolic (relaxed, low pressure)

describe the structure and the function of the hepatic portal system

is when the blood from the digestive system goes to the liver first which has a second set of capillaries that extract nutrients and toxins from the blood and then the cleansed blood goes through the hepatic vein to the inferior vena cava

describe the factors that regulate blood flow

it depends on the size of the arteries which can vasodialate and vasoconstrict, there are also sfinkers in capillaries!

describe and list the functions of the pericardium

pericardial cavity (space between peri and heart wall is this), serous pericardium (produces fluid which reduces friction), and outermost layer is the fibrous pericardium (holds heart in place, covers and protects)

compare the location and function of the pulmonary and systemic circuits

pulmonary carries blood from RV and the deoxygenated blood, whilst the systemic carries blood from the LV and the richly oxygenated blood

explain the effects of the autonomic nervous system on the heart rate

sympathetic nervous system stimulate the SA and AV nodes to increase heart rate, parasympathetic nervous system stimulate the SA and AV nodes to decrease the heart rate

list the vessels leading to and from the heart

the superior and inferior vena cava (deoxygenated blood (from body) to the RA) and pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood from the lungs to the LA) --- ***major arteries (away from heart) are the aorta (from LV out) and pulmonary artery (RV to lungs)***