Chapter 11 + 12
Prussia's development as a powerful nation-state during the eighteenth century took place under the leadership of __________.
Frederick the Great
Nicolaus Copernicus's research on planetary motion was later built on by __________.
Johannes Kepler
Letrados, the Recopilación, and the Council of the Indies were associated with the __________ in the Spanish Empire
Legal system
The initial Spanish conquest of the Americas was a two-pronged system that began in the West Indies and was directed toward __________.
Mexico and South America
One factor leading to a rapidly growing population in Western Europe during the late seventeenth century resulted from the spread of __________ that came from the Americas.
Potatoes
One major factor that promoted greater commercialization in Western Europe during the sixteenth century was __________.
Price inflation
The sociedad de castas best reflects New Spain's __________.
Racially mixed stratified society
Direct rule in New Spain and Peru was under the control of __________.
Two viceroys
Marriage and family patterns in Renaissance Europe were characterized by __________.
a controlled birth rate
Absolute monarchy in France became less effective during the eighteenth century because the __________.
aristocracy refused to surrender their traditional tax exemptions
The phase of Spanish and Portuguese conquest and colonization in the Americas between 1570 and 1700 can best be described as a time when __________.
colonial institutions and societies consolidated and matured into their definite form
The Marquis of Pombal's reforms in Brazil were not immediately effective because __________.
demand for Brazilian products remained low on the world market
The period from 1492 to about 1570 can be described paradoxically as one of simultaneous __________ in the Iberian colonies of the New World.
human destruction and creation
By the eighteenth century, the Spanish colonial system had become __________.
outmoded and faced threats in the West Indies from other European imperial rivals
Under parliamentary monarchies, kings share power with __________.
representatives selected by the nobility and upper urban classes
Approximately __________ percent of the population in Spanish America lived and worked on the land.
80
The native population in Central Mexico decreased by more than __________ percent, dropping from 25 million in 1519 to less than 2 million by 1580.
90
One characteristic of an absolute monarchy, as exemplified in Prussia's gain of new territory during the eighteenth century, was __________.
A professional army
Why did Inca Guaman Poma de Ayala believe that the memorial he composed outlining the history of Peru under the Inca and the current atrocities happening to them under Spanish rule would be received favorably by King Phillip III of Spain?
Ayala was a Peruvian Indian who was educated in Andean culture and who was literate in Spanish as well as Quechua.
Which of the following best describes intellectual life in Brazil when it was a Portuguese colony?
Brazil had no universities so all higher education was completed in Portugal
One successful result of the liberal regulations in trade that accompanied the Bourbon reforms in the New World was the rapid growth and economic boom experienced by the city of __________ in South America.
Buenos Aires
In return for clarifying spheres of influence and establishing the rights of possession in the New World under the Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal, the Spanish agreed to __________.
Christianize their new possessions and the people living there
During the Commercial Revolution, most European peasants __________.
Continued to engage in subsistence
Reforms such as improved tax collection and a more effective centralized government in Spain's and Portugal's New World colonies eventually led to __________.
Creole dissatisfaction that set the stage for future independence movements
How did England and Holland differ politically from other European countries such as France and Spain?
England and Holland were parliamentary monarchies
Denis Diderot, Adam Smith, and Mary Wollstonecraft were all products of the __________.
Enlightenment
What do the following lyrics from a peasant song composed during the Commercial Revolution imply about life in Europe at that time? "The whole country must be overturned, for we peasants are now to be the lords, it is we who will sit in the shade."
Europe was engulfed in social tension as proletarians called for new ideas about equality.
The increase in consumer sales of processed products, such as refined sugar and coffee or tea, in Western Europe demonstrated that __________.
European colonies were playing a greater role in the lives of ordinary Europeans
Which of the following was one of many Catholic practices that Martin Luther challenged during the Protestant Reformation?
Following the church sacraments gave the faithful a way to gain religious salvation.
How were Galileo Galilei's findings about the laws of gravity and planetary motion received by the nonscientific community in Western Europe?
Galileo was condemned by the catholic church for his research
The English parliament won basic sovereignty over its monarch through the __________.
Glorious revolution
How did the concept of Deism that developed during the Scientific Revolution reshape religious thinking?
God's role was redefined as being merely to set nature's laws in motion rather than to perpetually regulate them
What can be said of the sugar industry in Brazil and other parts of the New World where sugar was produced?
Great expense and hard labor were necessary to make profits in the trade and sale of sugar.
The first Spanish colony established in the Americas was at __________ in 1493.
Hispaniola
Sor Juana Inés de la Cruz was most involved in the __________ traditions of Spanish America.
Intellectual and religious
What factors most contributed to the development of the Renaissance in Italy during the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries?
Italy's urban, commercial economy and competitive city-state politics
The German monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation in 1517 by nailing 95 theses to the door of the Wittenberg church was __________.
Martin Luther
_________ was most responsible for altering the medieval concept of a social hierarchy in the New World.
Miscegenation
What can be said of the Renaissance's impact outside of Italy?
Monarchs were still confined by the political powers of feudal lords.
The French king Francis I's implementation of classical-style palaces and his military alliance with the Ottoman sultan against the Holy Roman emperor demonstrated the Northern Renaissance's influence on the __________.
Nation - state growth of political powers
The theory that the planets rotated around the sun rather than the earth was generated by __________.
Nicolaus Copernicus
The main goal for the amigos del país that organized in Spain and its colonies during the eighteenth century was to __________.
Obtain material benefits and improvements in the Spanish empire
Portugal's claim to Brazil was based on the brief landfall of __________ when he was blown off course in 1500.
Pedro Álvares Cabral
The increase of international contacts in trade that began in the sixteenth century but did not yet involve intense exchanges between all regions of the world is known as __________.
Proto-globalization
Which natural resource most contributed to the mining wealth Spain gained from its possessions in the Americas?
Silver
What can be said of the impact of American silver on the Spanish economy?
Spain used most of the wealth it made from silver to pay many expenses and debts.
The arrival of __________ in the West Indies marked a shift of this region to an area of settlement rather than one of conquest.
Spanish women and African slaves
The first indigenous Americans to come into contact with Spanish explorers were the __________.
Taino
The following poem addresses the Spanish conquest and destruction of __________. "We are crushed to the ground, / we lie in ruins. / There is nothing but grief and suffering / in Mexico and Tlatelolco, / where once we saw beauty and valor."
Tenochtitlan
Why was the Iberian Peninsula referred to as a "frontier" during the Middle Ages?
The Iberian Peninsula served as a cultural frontier between Christianity and Islam.
Vesalius and William Harvey focused their scientific research mainly on __________
The human body
What is implied by the success that the Levelers, an English political group from the 1640s, had in getting over 100,000 signatures on a petition for political rights?
The public was committed to gaining equality before the law
Most of the debate over gender issues and conflicts tended to take place in __________.
The upper classes of Protestant nations, such as England
One similarity shared by Protestants and Catholics during their reformations was __________.
Their attacks on superstitions and magic
John Locke argued that, by having people learn everything through senses and reason, they would realize that the power of government came from __________.
Themselves
In the seventeenth century, the major source of labor in the Spanish colonial mining industry was __________.
Wage workers
The two pillars that made up Iberian politics and were later extended to the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in the Americas were __________.
a professional bureaucracy and the Catholic church
One common feature shared by Italian Renaissance artists Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo as well as political leader Niccolo Machiavelli was __________.
a sense of realism based on classical principles
Which of the following statements best describes the political situation in Western Europe during the first half of the eighteenth century?
absolute and parliamentary monarchies persisted while political innovation slowed
King Louis XIV of France best epitomized __________ when he declared, "I am the state."
absolute monarchy
In what way were Francisco Pizarro and Pedro de Valdivia similar?
both Spaniards conquered indigenous societies in South America and founded what later became major cities on that continent
Isaac Newton's Principia Mathematica was considered the capstone of the Scientific Revolution because Newton __________.
combined earlier astronomical and physical observations and theories in a framework of natural laws
The Comunero Revolt of 1781 and the rise of Tupac Amaru II during this same period demonstrated that __________.
commoners in the Spanish colonies were dissatisfied with government reforms and rule
In Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith argued that __________ promoted general economic advance.
competition
Which of the following best describes the Scientific Revolution that took place in Europe during the Early Modern period?
contributions were made by scientists from all parts of Europe
Enlightenment ideas that rational laws could describe social as well as physical behavior and that knowledge could be used to improve policy were exemplified through the __________.
development of a capitalist economic system and new methods of prison reform
__________ was the most profitable resource in the Brazilian interior region of Minas Gerais in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries.
gold
The Edict of Nantes addressed religious conflict in Europe during the Protestant and Catholic Reformations by __________.
granting French Protestants religious toleration
Living patterns in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies were similar to those in Spain and Portugal in that both regions __________.
had urbanized populations along with subordinate populations living nearby in farms or smaller villages
Both the Bourbon dynasty in Spain and Portugal's Marquis of Pombal __________.
instituted a series of reforms intended to revitalize their colonies as a way to strengthen their mother countries
The leaders of Renaissance Italian city-states began sponsoring cultural activities mainly to __________.
justify their rule by gaining greater public support
As a result of the intellectualism gained during the Enlightenment, __________ declined in popular culture.
magical beliefs
Joseph Sweatham's 1615 pamphlet The Araignment of Lewde, Idel, Froward, and Unconstant Women reflects a theme of __________ toward females of his time.
misogyny
During the Renaissance, how did Northern humanists differ from their counterparts in Southern Europe?
northern humanists were more religious
What was the result of Martin Luther's breach of Christian unity through the initiation of the Protestant Reformation in Europe?
other Protestant groups, such as the Anglican church and the Calvinists, broke away from the Catholic church
One common characteristic shared by different proletarians in Western Europe was that all of them __________.
owned no wealth-producing property
Bartolomé de las Casas was a noted Spanish theologian who was best known for __________.
protecting the Indians from exploitation and abuse
The investigations completed by José de Gálvez in Mexico as part of the Bourbon reforms implemented in the Spanish colonies led to the __________.
removal of Creoles from the upper bureaucracy of colonial rule
The combination of inflation and colonialism during the Commercial Revolution in Western Europe resulted in __________.
the formation of the great trading companies
After the end of a long series of religious wars in Europe during the Early Modern period, the decline of __________ most contributed to the rise of more powerful monarchs
the powers of the nobility and the church
What can be said of the ethnic makeup in Brazil during the late eighteenth century?
there were more enslaved blacks and mulattos in Brazil than free blacks
The Spanish monarchy ended the encomienda system in the 1540s because it __________.
was unwilling to see a new noble class arise among the conquerors
