Chapter 11
According to the text, the first step in scientifically studying romantic love is to A. define and measure it. B. manipulate it. C. control all other factors that might influence it. D. study the factors that might influence it.
A. define and measure it.
Which of the following proverbs is clearly NOT supported by the research findings? A. "Opposites attract." B. "Familiarity breeds fondness." C. "Out of sight, out of mind." D. "Even virtue is fairer in a fair body."
A. "Opposites attract."
Brent is a White man who has been given a choice to work with Darwin or Ken. Darwin is a Black man who shares many of Brent's values and attitudes and Ken is a White man who shares little in common with Brent. Who will Brent like and want to work with most? A. Darwin B. Ken C. All else being equal, his liking will be equally high for both Darwin and Ken. D. Brent will probably choose to work alone.
A. Darwin
According to research conclusions reached by Singh and his colleagues (2000), which of the following is TRUE? A. Dissimilar attitudes depress liking more than similar attitudes enhance liking. B. Similar attitudes depress liking more than dissimilar attitudes enhance liking. C. Dissimilar and similar attitudes are equally powerful. D. Attitudes have little effect on liking.
A. Dissimilar attitudes depress liking more than similar attitudes enhance liking.
Jen is more in love with Stan today than the day she married him. According to research on the relationship between love and perceived attractiveness, A. Jen probably finds Stan to be more attractive today than the day she married him. B. Jen probably finds Stan to be less attractive today than the day she married him. C. Stan probably finds Jen less attractive today than the day he married her. D. Stan and Jen probably see each other as equally attractive.
A. Jen probably finds Stan to be more attractive today than the day she married him
Paula has just arrived as a new student on campus and does not know anyone. All else being equal, is she most likely to become friends with Joni who lives next door, with Kristy who lives two doors down, with Beth who lives three doors down, or with Heidi who lives in the room directly above hers? A. Joni B. Kristy C. Beth D. Heidi
A. Joni
Which of the following best expresses the meaning of the physical attractiveness stereotype? A. What is beautiful is good. B. What is beautiful is unpredictable. C. What is beautiful is superficial. D. What is beautiful is untouchable.
A. What is beautiful is good.
Psychologist Robert Sternberg views love as a triangle whose three sides include all but which of the following? A. attachment B. passion C. commitment D. intimacy
A. attachment
The affection we feel for those with whom our lives are deeply intertwined is called A. companionate love. B. storge. C. secure attachment. D. committed friendship.
A. companionate love.
Bill and Susie's relationship becomes progressively more intimate as each engages in self-revelation in response to the other's self-disclosure. Their relationship is marked by the _______ effect. A. disclosure reciprocity B. mutual disinhibition C. reciprocal disinhibition D. reciprocal intimacy
A. disclosure reciprocity
Schafer and Keith (1980) conducted surveys of several hundred married couples and found that spouses who perceived inequity in their marriage felt more A. distressed and depressed. B. hostility. C. altruistic satisfaction. D. motivated to work on the marriage
A. distressed and depressed.
Melanie believes that her boyfriend enjoys far more benefits from their relationship than she does, even though she invests more time, effort, and resources. Clearly, Melanie believes that her relationship with her boyfriend lacks A. equity. B. attachment. C. disclosure reciprocity. D. loyalty.
A. equity.
Simpson, Campbell, and Berscheid (1986) suspected that the rising divorce rate over the past 20 to 30 years is at least partly due to the A. growing importance of romantic love in people's lives. B. growing importance of companionate love in people's lives. C. decreasing importance of passionate love in people's lives. D. decreasing importance of storge love in people's lives.
A. growing importance of romantic love in people's lives.
According to Singh (1995b), today's women prefer men with _______ more than men with _______. A. high incomes; masculine features B. masculine features; warmth and sensitivity C. masculine features; high incomes D. warmth and sensitive; masculine features
A. high incomes; masculine features
Individualistic cultures have _______ divorce rates than communal cultures. A. higher B. slightly lower C. the same amount of D. significantly lower
A. higher
One national survey found that 86% of those who were unhappily married but who stayed with the marriage, were, when reinterviewed five years later, A. mostly "very" or "quite" happy. B. mostly "very" unhappy. C. resigned to the situation. D. preparing to divorce.
A. mostly "very" or "quite" happy.
Studies on computer composites of faces show that A. perfectly average is quite attractive. B. perfectly average is quite unattractive. C. modest caricatures of attractive features are quite unattractive. D. symmetry is unimportant.
A. perfectly average is quite attractive.
According to the text, the relationship between the extent to which we are in love with someone and how physically attractive we find that person to be is A. positive. B. positive if the length of the relationship is greater than two years. C. negative. D. neutral.
A. positive.
The relationship between mimicry and rapport is A. positive. B. negative. C. neutral. D. curvilinear.
A. positive.
Twelve-month-old Joshua enters an unfamiliar laboratory playroom with his mother. When she leaves, he gets distressed. When she returns, he runs to her and hugs her close. After this intense reunion, he returns to playing. Joshua demonstrates the characteristics of ______ attachment. A. secure B. insecure C. avoidant D. anxious-ambivalent
A. secure
The tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more after repeated exposure to them is referred to as A. the mere exposure effect. B. the novelty phenomenon. C. display liking. D. proactive stimulation.
A. the mere exposure effect.
Research suggests that randomly assigned college roommates A. will most likely become friends. B. will likely be unhappy about the assignment and come to dislike each other. C. are as likely to become enemies as they are to become friends. D. will show initial attraction that fades over time.
A. will most likely become friends.
Who is likely to receive the most responses to his personal ad? A. Mark, who emphasizes his physical attractiveness B. Bill, who emphasizes his income C. David, who emphasizes his kind and sensitive nature D. Tony, who emphasizes his athletic accomplishments
B. Bill, who emphasizes his income
At a party, Ellie meets Rob and Blake. The three get involved in a philosophical discussion that lasts through the evening. By the end of the evening, Ellie has discovered that she and Blake see things eye-to-eye, whereas she and Rob see things differently. All else being equal, Ellie will probably like A. Rob better. B. Blake better. C. Rob and Blake equally. D. neither Rob nor Blake.
B. Blake better.
. John Gottman (1994, 1998) noted that healthy marriages were NOT marked by A. more affection than criticism. B. a lack of conflict. C. an ability to reconcile differences. D. more compliments than criticisms.
B. a lack of conflict.
In terms of adult attachment styles, _______ individuals seem to be possessive and jealous, while _______ individuals are less invested in relationships and more likely to leave them. A. secure; insecure B. anxious-ambivalent; avoidant C. avoidant; anxious-ambivalent D. insecure; apathetic
B. anxious-ambivalent; avoidant
Those involved in relationships marked by long-term equity A. depend on tit-for-tat exchanges. B. are unconcerned with short-term equity. C. make sure they reciprocate favors as soon as possible. D. give more than they get.
B. are unconcerned with short-term equity.
When people describe themselves in personal ads, women often offer _______ and seek _______. A. companionship; attractiveness B. attractiveness; status C. status; companionship D. commitment; excitement
B. attractiveness; status
Research has shown that we guess _______ people are happier, sexually warmer, more outgoing and successful. A. friendly B. beautiful C. intelligent D. funny
B. beautiful
In studies at the University of Maryland, Clark and Mills found that tit-for-tat exchanges _______ people's liking for each other when _______. A. diminished; their relationship was relatively formal. B. diminished; they sought true friendship. C. boosted; they sought true friendship D. had no effect on; they sought true friendship.
B. diminished; they sought true friendship.
The tendency for one person's intimacy of self-disclosure to match that of a conversational partner is referred to as A. the matching phenomenon. B. disclosure reciprocity. C. reciprocal exchange. D. mutual self-revelation.
B. disclosure reciprocity.
Darley and Berscheid (1967) gave university women ambiguous information about two other women. Asked how much they liked these people, the participants reported feeling more attracted to the person whom they A. expected they would probably not meet. B. expected they would eventually meet. C. had read about first. D. had read about second.
B. expected they would eventually meet.
Research on proximity and social attraction generally supports the view that A. familiarity breeds contempt. B. familiarity leads to liking. C. proximity leads to affection and animosity with equal frequency. D. distance makes the heart grow fonder.
B. familiarity leads to liking.
In Rubin's research, "strong-love" couples differed from "weak-love" couples in that they A. talked more to each other. B. gazed more into each other's eyes. C. smiled less at each other. D. displayed more jealousy.
B. gazed more into each other's eyes.
In a classic study, Newcomb (1961) found that among students who lived together in a boardinghouse for many weeks, the ones who were most likely to have formed close friendships were those who A. were most similar in their level of physical attractiveness. B. had the highest initial agreement on attitudes. C. had opposite but complementary personality characteristics. D. came from the same region or state.
B. had the highest initial agreement on attitudes.
One factor that will increase the likelihood that a friendship between two people will develop is A. the degree to which their interests compliment each others. B. how often their paths cross. C. avoiding repetitious exposure. D. gender.
B. how often their paths cross.
On the basis of his research on the mere exposure effect, Robert Zajonc argued that our emotions are often more _______ than our thinking. A. sophisticated B. instantaneous C. slowly aroused D. complex
B. instantaneous
Research indicates that friendships and romantic relationships that form on the Internet are more likely than in-person relationships to A. end abruptly. B. last at least two years. C. go nowhere. D. be false.
B. last at least two years.
Gangestad and his colleagues (2003) found that during ovulation, women show a heightened preference for men with A. feminine features. B. masculine features. C. a nice smile. D. long hair.
B. masculine features
Physically attractive people tend to be all of the following EXCEPT A. more popular. B. more humorous. C. more outgoing. D. more gender-typed.
B. more humorous
Williams and his colleagues (2001) found that when ostracized during an online Frisbee-like game, players were _______ to conform to others' wrong judgments on a subsequent perceptual task. A. less likely B. more likely C. somewhat likely D. not likely
B. more likely
Hatfield gave university women evaluations, affirming the self-esteem of some and wounding others with negative evaluations. Each participant was then asked to evaluate a man who had earlier asked her for a date. Women whose evaluations had been _______ expressed _______ the man. A. positive; more liking of B. negative; more liking of C. positive; more hostility towards D. negative; more hostility towards
B. negative; more liking of
Kalick (1977) had Harvard students indicate their impressions of eight women, judging from photos taken before or after cosmetic surgery, and found that A. pre-surgery women were judged to be more genuine, honest, and appealing. B. post-surgery women were judged to be kinder and more likable. C. pre-surgery women were judged to be more intelligent and competent. D. post-surgery women were judged to be more independent and insensitive.
B. post-surgery women were judged to be kinder and more likable.
Research by Aronson and Linder (1965) suggested that more often than not, we like people more if they A. consistently evaluate us positively. B. reverse an earlier criticism and come to evaluate us positively. C. consistently give us ingratiating feedback. D. consistently give us constructive criticism.
B. reverse an earlier criticism and come to evaluate us positively.
We like people with whom we associate good feelings. This fact is consistent with the ___________ theory of attraction. A. cognitive dissonance B. reward C. two-factor D. James-Lange
B. reward
Which theory provides the best explanation for the effects of proximity, similarity, and attractiveness on liking? A. triangle theory B. reward theory C. disclosure theory D. attachment theory
B. reward theory
Which group is most likely to report their lives as being "very happy?" A. those never married B. those who are married C. those who are divorced D. those who are separated
B. those who are married
Which theory suggests that love is a function of physiological arousal along with the label that we give to our arousal? A. triangle theory B. two-factor theory C. correspondent inference theory D. reward theory
B. two-factor theory
What is attractive to you depends on A. your age. B. what you are comparing it to. C. novelty. D. its uniqueness.
B. what you are comparing it to.
You feel obligated to vote in the next election, especially because you are usually the first one to complain about the incumbent President. However, you have not had the time to research the positions taken by the candidates. Social psychologists would confidently predict that you are likely to choose the candidate A. who you find physically attractive. B. whose name you have heard most often. C. who resembles someone you know. D. who resembles someone you like.
B. whose name you have heard most often.
the contrast effect of feeling less attractive after viewing a super attractive person applies to our self-perceptions, especially for A. men. B. women. C. racial/ethnic majorities. D. racial/ethnic minorities.
B. women.
According to the text, which characteristic is NOT true of people who usually stay married? A. They married after age 20. B. They are well and similarly educated. C. They cohabited or became pregnant before marriage. D. They live in a small town.
C. They cohabited or became pregnant before marriage.
When unacquainted male-female pairs gazed intently for two minutes into each other's eyes for a research project, what was the result? A. They felt embarrassed. B. They felt unattracted to each other. C. They felt attraction and affection. D. They felt nothing.
C. They felt attraction and affection.
According to the two-factor theory of emotion, being aroused by _______ should intensify passionate feelings. A. pornography on video or in magazines B. sight and smell C. any source D. exercise
C. any source
Negative information carries more weight because being less usual, it grabs more attention." This statement is an example of the A. good is stronger than bad principle. B. cognitive miser principle. C. bad is stronger than good principle. D. equity principle.
C. bad is stronger than good principle.
According to the _______ hypothesis, people are attracted to those whose needs are different in ways that complete each other. A. accentuation B. matching C. complementarity D. reciprocity
C. complementarity
When benefits are proportional to contributions in a relationship, A. equality exists. B. mutuality exists. C. equity exists. D. companionate love exists.
C. equity exists
In an experiment by Zajonc and his colleagues, participants were exposed to brief novel passages of music while they focused their attention on other tasks. Results indicated that mere exposure lead to liking A. only when the exposed stimulus was task-related. B. only when people were consciously attending to the exposed stimulus. C. even when people were unaware of what they had been exposed to. D. unless background stimuli created a distraction and interfered with the processing of the task.
C. even when people were unaware of what they had been exposed to.
After learning about a former coworker who recently passed away due to cancer, you call a loved one. This is an example of how reminders of death A. make us depressed. B. encourage solitude. C. heighten our need to belong. D. cause social tension.
C. heighten our need to belong.
Functional distance refers to A. the natural geographic route between two locations. B. the distance between residences "as the crow flies." C. how often people's paths cross. D. the direction and route of travel one undertakes when deliberately seeking out a given person.
C. how often people's paths cross.
Kenrick and her colleagues (1989) found that to men who have recently been viewing a television show featuring three beautiful women, average women seem _______ attractive, confirming the _______. A. more; contrast effect B. more; mere exposure effect C. less; contrast effect D. less; mere exposure effect
C. less; contrast effect
The fact that people prefer letters appearing in their in name illustrates the A. belongingness effect. B. proximity effect. C. mere exposure effect. D. matching effect.
C. mere exposure effect.
Ruth is quite attractive (a 4 on a 5-point scale), but Naomi is strikingly attractive (a 5 on a 5-point scale). Research suggests that if Ruth makes $35,000 a year on her job, Naomi will probably make _______ doing the same job. A. slightly less money B. the same amount C. more money D. significantly less money
C. more money
If you are new in the office and want to make new friends, your best bet is to get a desk A. that is smaller than that of anyone else. B. in the quietest corner of the office. C. near the coffeepot. D. next to the air conditioner.
C. near the coffeepot.
Hatfield defines _______ as a state of intense longing for union with another. A. attraction anxiety B. storge C. passionate love D. intimate attraction
C. passionate love
Hatfield and his colleagues (1966) matched University of Minnesota freshmen for a Welcome Week dance. When the students were asked to evaluate their dates, what determined whether they liked each other? A. similarity of values B. similarity of academic competence C. physical attractiveness D. common family background
C. physical attractiveness
In comparison to women, men fall in love more _______ and out of love more _______. A. readily; readily B. slowly; slowly C. readily; slowly D. slowly; readily
C. readily; slowly
Even when people have no strong feelings about a product or a candidate, _______ can increase sales or votes. A. proximity B. familiarity C. repetition D. appearance
C. repetition
The evolutionary view of physical attractiveness is supported by research showing that men in many cultures worldwide prefer female characteristics that signify A. high energy. B. sociability. C. reproductive capacity. D. maturity and dominance.
C. reproductive capacity.
Self-disclosure involves A. protecting oneself by closing off part of oneself from others. B. stopping oneself from getting involved in an intimate relationship. C. revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others. D. closing down emotionally
C. revealing intimate aspects of oneself to others.
Seven in ten infants exhibit _______ attachment. A. avoidant B. anxious-ambivalent C. secure D. insecure
C. secure
In a survey of college-age individuals, Buston and Emlen (2003) reported that the desire for _______ mates far outweighed the desire for _______ mates. A. intelligent; beautiful B. beautiful; intelligent C. similar; beautiful D. beautiful; similar
C. similar; beautiful
A motivation to bond with others in relationships that provide ongoing, positive interactions is the definition of A. association anxiety. B. the need for attachment. C. the need to belong. D. affiliative predisposition.
C. the need to belong.
Which is NOT one of the three ways of people cope with a failing relationship, according to Rusbult and her colleagues? A. loyalty, awaiting improvement B. neglect, ignoring the partner C. voice, seeking to improve the relationship D. denial, denying the problem exists
C. voice, seeking to improve the relationship
Which of your friends is most likely to report a preference for a mate who is homely and warm over one who is attractive and cold? A. your teenaged brother B. your middle-aged coworker C. your best friend Carol D. your classmate Tom
C. your best friend Carol
Research on the two-factor theory of love supports which of the following conclusions? A. "Absence makes the heart grow fonder." B. "Arousal requires emotion." C. "Birds of a feather flock together." D. "Adrenaline makes the heart grow fonder."
D. "Adrenaline makes the heart grow fonder."
_______ includes strategies, such as flattery, by which people seek to gain another's favor. A. Social elicitation B. Self-disclosure C. Social penetration D. Ingratiation
D. Ingratiation
Roszell and her colleagues (1990) found that in a national sample of Canadians, those that others rated as more attractive earned, on average A. around $100 less annually. B. around $100 more annually. C. around $2000 less annually. D. around $2000 more annually.
D. around $2000 more annually
According to Elliot Aronson, "as a relationship ripens toward greater intimacy, what becomes increasingly important is A. the absence of conflict." B. consistent praise." C. autonomy." D. authenticity."
D. authenticity."
Which adult attachment style is marked by individuals being less invested in relationships and more likely to engage in one-night stands? A. secure B. insecure C. anxious-ambivalent D. avoidant
D. avoidant
Mary, a talkative, extraverted young woman, is strongly attracted to Shane, a quiet, introverted, middle-aged man. Mary's attraction to Shane would be predicted by the A. exchange theory. B. matching phenomenon. C. equity principle. D. complementarity hypothesis
D. complementarity hypothesis
You are a regular contributor to an Internet chat room. One day the other participants seem to ignore every comment you make. Research suggests you will likely A. send rude and nasty comments to the chat room. B. become more independent and less conforming to others. C. lash out at your younger sibling once you finish your chat session. D. experience stress and a depressed mood.
D. experience stress and a depressed mood.
Anticipatory liking—expecting that someone will be pleasant and compatible—increases the chance of A. becoming involved in an inequitable relationship. B. a dysfunctional, co-dependent relationship. C. being exploited in the early stages of a relationship. D. forming a rewarding relationship.
D. forming a rewarding relationship.
The tendency for opposites to mate or marry A. has only been documented among teenage couples. B. has increased in the United States since 1960. C. is just as powerful as the similarity-attraction connection. D. has never been reliably demonstrated.
D. has never been reliably demonstrated.
An example of implicit egotism is our tendency to A. like the familiar. B. make friends with people older than us. C. prefer attractive people. D. like what we associate with ourselves.
D. like what we associate with ourselves.
A stranger rides the same bus you do to school every day. According to the mere exposure effect, as the days pass you will come to view the stranger A. merely as another student. B. more unfavorably. C. more critically. D. more favorably.
D. more favorably
Eros is to _______ as storge is to _______. A. game playing; passion B. passion; game playing C. friendship; game playing D. passion; friendship
D. passion; friendship
. The two-factor theory of emotion suggests that passionate love can be increased by A. mere exposure. B. the matching phenomenon. C. secure attachment. D. physical arousal.
D. physical arousal.
When volunteers in a research experiment spent time with strangers in self-disclosing conversations, they felt A. discomfort with their partners. B. self-conscious with their partners. C. relaxed with their partners. D. remarkably close to their partners.
D. remarkably close to their partners.
In research conducted at the University of Warsaw, Lewicki (1985) asked students to choose which person in two photographs looked friendlier. Lewicki found that their choices were almost always influenced by whether or not the photographs A. were of men or women. B. looked like their own friends. C. were in color or black-and-white. D. reminded them of friendly or unfriendly experimenters.
D. reminded them of friendly or unfriendly experimenters.
In a study of whether or not mimicry increases rapport, van Baaren and his colleagues (2003) found that restaurant servers earned higher tips if they A. agreed with the customers. B. possessed similar degrees of physical attractiveness. C. had common interests. D. repeated the order back to the customer.
D. repeated the order back to the customer.
The advice to continue having romantic dinners, trips to the theatre, and vacations once married would most probably be offered by the A. mere exposure theory. B. triangle theory. C. equity theory. D. reward theory of attraction.
D. reward theory of attraction.
Rosalinda, who is attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status, marries Jorge, who is also attractive, very intelligent, and high in social status. Their relationship is best understood as an example of A. the ingratiation effect. B. complementarity. C. the mere-exposure effect. D. the matching phenomenon.
D. the matching phenomenon.