Chapter 11

P_______ P__________ rules indicate that specific process by which a task is to be carried out. The formulation of such rules tends to (increase/decrease) the likelihood that the task will accomplished. Such rules have also been im________ i__________.

*Personal* *process* rules indicate that specific process by which a task is to be carried out. The formulation of such rules tends to (*increase*) the likelihood that the task will accomplished. Such rules have also been *implementation* Intentions*.

Joe has also purchased a new computer and is trying to access the internet. He watched his friend Daryl as he access the internet and notices that he is uses a couple of applications to do so. Joe opens those applications himself and play around with the setting until he figures it out. Joe's behavior is best describes of (true imitation/ stimulus enhancement)

Joe has also purchased a new computer and is trying to access the internet. He watched his friend Daryl as he access the internet and notices that he is uses a couple of applications to do so. Joe opens those applications himself and play around with the setting until he figures it out. Joe's behavior is best describes of (*stimulus enhancement*)

Longitude studies have shown that exposure to violent media is (strongly/weakly) correlated with ag________ and anti______ behavior.

Longitude studies have shown that exposure to violent media is (*strongly*) correlated with *aggression* and anti *social* behavior.

Not only are you more likely to att________ to a model's behavior if you see the model's behavior reinforced, you are most likely to p_______ that behavior.

Not only are you more likely to *attend*to a model's behavior if you see the model's behavior reinforced, you are most likely to *perform* that behavior.

A p___________ rule is a description of contingency that we verbalize to ourselves t influence our own behavior.

A *personal* rule is a description of contingency that we verbalize to ourselves t influence our own behavior.

A close match between what we say and what we are going to do and what we actually do at later point in time is called _______ - _______ c_________.

A close match between what we say and what we are going to do and what we actually do at later point in time is called *say* - *do* *correspondence*.

A rule can be defined as a v______ d______ of a c________.

A rule can be defined as a *verbal* *description* of a *contingency*.

A rule that also indicates how you should behave with respect to a contingency is called a i___________

A rule that also indicates how you should behave with respect to a contingency is called a *instruction*

A second factor that influences whether we will perform a modeled behavior is the c_________ we receive for performing the behavior.

A second factor that influences whether we will perform a modeled behavior is the *consequence* we receive for performing the behavior.

A third factor that influences our performance of a modeled behavior is our h______ of r________ for performing modeled behavior.

A third factor that influences our performance of a modeled behavior is our *history* of *reinforcement* for performing modeled behavior.

Although children in Bandura's study exhibited somewhat less violent behavior if the models behavior has be p_________, their levels of violence increased again if they we offered a(n) ___________ for behaving violently.

Although children in Bandura's study exhibited somewhat less violent behavior if the models behavior has be *punished, their levels of violence increased again if they we offered a(n) *reinforced* for behaving violently.

An important aspect of gaining information about a model behavior is the extent to we att_________ to the model.

An important aspect of gaining information about a model behavior is the extent to we *attend* to the model.

Another difficulty is that ruled governed behavior is sometimes surprisingly ins__________ to the actual contingencies of reinforcement.

Another difficulty is that ruled governed behavior is sometimes surprisingly *insensitive* to the actual contingencies of reinforcement.

As an example of the above, experimental subjects who are told to press a button to earn money sometimes display a (scalloped patterned/ high rate) of responding on a FI schedule of reinforcement, which is (the same as/ different from) the type of responding typically shown on such schedules by animals.

As an example of the above, experimental subjects who are told to press a button to earn money sometimes display a (*high rate*) of responding on a FI schedule of reinforcement, which is (*different from*) the type of responding typically shown on such schedules by animals.

Behavior that is generated through exposure to rules is know as r________- g__________ behavior.

Behavior that is generated through exposure to rules is know as *rule - *governed* behavior.

Children learn to follow instructions because they are often (praised/ignored) for following instructions. As well, they learn that following instructions is usually a (good/poor) way to accomplish a task.

Children learn to follow instructions because they are often (*praised*) for following instructions. As well, they learn that following instructions is usually a (*good*) way to accomplish a task.

Copying a new behavior to achieve a particular result is (true imitation/ stimulus enhancement); having one's attention drawn to particular place or thing is (true limitation/ stimulus enhancement)

Copying a new behavior to achieve a particular result is (*true imitation*); having one's attention drawn to particular place or thing is (*stimulus enhancement*)

David watches television informercials about a new product guaranteed to promote weight loss. The audience members are smiling, laughing, and enthusiastic in their praise for the new product. Later, David decides that he will buy the new product, even though he initially viewed it with skepticism. David buying decision is probably by v________ e_________ conditioning that occurred during exposure to the informercial.

David watches television informercials about a new product guaranteed to promote weight loss. The audience members are smiling, laughing, and enthusiastic in their praise for the new product. Later, David decides that he will buy the new product, even though he initially viewed it with skepticism. David buying decision is probably by *vicarious emotional* conditioning that occurred during exposure to the informercial.

From classical conditional perspective, smiles, giggles, and laughs are CSs that can elicit v________ e________ r___________ in observers.

From classical conditional perspective, smiles, giggles, laughs are CSs that can elicit *vicarious* *emotional* *response*.

If a young gorilla learn to gather tasty wild ginger plants by watching his mother forage, we can say he demonstrated o____________ learning.

If a young gorilla learn to gather tasty wild ginger plants by watching his mother forage, we can say he demonstrated *observational* learning.

In fear conditioning, the expression of fear in other people may function as (CSs/Uss both Css and USs) that elicit the same emotional response in ourselves.

In fear conditioning, the expression of fear in other people may function as (*both CSs and USs*) that elicit the same emotional response in ourselves.

In general, the extent to which we follow instructions we chose to follow depends largely on the c_______ we receive for following instructions.

In general, the extent to which we follow instructions we chose to follow depends largely on the *consequences* we receive for following instructions.

In observational learning, the person performing a behavior is the m__________; the person watching is the o_________.

In observational learning, the person performing a behavior is the *model* ; the person watching is the *observer*.

Jessica has just purchased a new computer and is trying to learn how to access the internet. She asked her friend jill to show her how to do it. Jill performs a complicated series of clicks and keystrokes, and Jessica watches closely. If Jessica then connects to the internet on her own using the same actions as Jill, Jessica's behavior is best described as an example of (true imitations/ Stimulus enhancement)

Jessica has just purchased a new computer and is trying to learn how to access the internet. She asked her friend jill to show her how to do it. Jill performs a complicated series of clicks and keystrokes, and Jessica watches closely. If Jessica then connects to the internet on her own using the same actions as Jill, Jessica's behavior is best described as an example of (*true imitations*)

One difficultly is that rule governed behavior is often (less/more) efficient than behavior that's been shaped by natural c____________.

One difficultly is that rule governed behavior is often (*less*) efficient than behavior that's been shaped by natural *contingencies*.

One troubling aspect of sex differences in response to media violence is that while (males/females) are more likely to become violent as a result of such exposure, (males/females) may become more likely to becomes __________ of violence.

One troubling aspect of sex differences in response to media violence is that while (*males*) are more likely to become violent as a result of such exposure, (*females*) may become more likely to becomes *victims* of violence.

People who have been trained to display a high level of ________ -___________ correspondence can (more/less) effectively use personal rules (or self instructions) to influence their behavior.

People who have been trained to display a high level of *say* - *do* correspondence can (*more*) effectively use personal rules (or self instructions) to influence their behavior.

Rules are extremely useful in that they allow us to learn about appropriate patterns of behavior in a setting (with/without) direct exposure to the contingencies operating in that setting.

Rules are extremely useful in that they allow us to learn about appropriate patterns of behavior in a setting (*without*) direct exposure to the contingencies operating in that setting.

Teachers often directly reinforce the behavior of paying ______________, sometimes accompanied by the use of pr__________, such as "look at what I'm doing."

Teachers often directly reinforce the behavior of paying *attention*, sometimes accompanied by the use of *prompts*, such as "look at what I'm doing."

The aggressive behavior of children in Bandura's studies was so similar to the model's behavior that it can be considered an example of t______ i_______.

The aggressive behavior of children in Bandura's studies was so similar to the model's behavior that it can be considered an example of *true* *imitation*.

The average person is unlikely to pay attention to the precise moves of a grandmaster in chess simply because the average person does not have the sk__________ to benefit from that type of behavior.

The average person is unlikely to pay attention to the precise moves of a grandmaster in chess simply because the average person does not have the *skills* to benefit from that type of behavior.

The problem with the media giving equal air time to those who are (convinced/skeptical) about the effects of media violence on violent behavior is that the public is then misled into thinking that the evidence for cut effects is (stronger/weaker) than it actually is.

The problem with the media giving equal air time to those who are (*skeptical*) about the effects of media violence on violent behavior is that the public is then misled into thinking that the evidence for cut effects is (*weaker*) than it actually is.

The result is that most children acquire a (generalized/localized) tendency to follow instructions.

The result is that most children acquire a (*generalized*) tendency to follow instructions.

Watching a model demonstrate violent behavior has been shown to lead to an (increase/decrease) in violence by observers; observing the reinforcement of violent behavior further (increased/decreased) the amount of violence increased displayed by observers.

Watching a model demonstrate violent behavior has been shown to lead to an (*increase*) in violence by observers; observing the reinforcement of violent behavior further (*increased*) the amount of violence increased displayed by observers.

When you repeat an off color joke to your friends, they laugh heartily, but when you tell the same joke to your parents, you met with frowns. Due to diff___________ reinforcement, you soon learn to tell such jokes only when you are with your friends.

When you repeat an off color joke to your friends, they laugh heartily, but when you tell the same joke to your parents, you met with frowns. Due to *differential* reinforcement, you soon learn to tell such jokes only when you are with your friends.

You are more likely to pay attention to a model whose behavior is (reinforced/not reinforce), who is (similar/dissimilar) to you, who is (admired/hated), and who is noted au_________ in that activity.

You are more likely to pay attention to a model whose behavior is (*reinforced*), who is (*similar*) to you, who is (*admired*), and who is noted *authority* in that activity.

You may watch cooking shows on television and learn to perform complex culinary feats. Translating that knowledge into a gourmet meal is the difference between learning and p__________.

You may watch cooking shows on television and learn to perform complex culinary feats. Translating that knowledge into a gourmet meal is the difference between learning and *performance*.