Chapter 11

snowpack in the mountains

Most of California's water supply comes from ______.

glaciers and icecaps

Most of earth's fresh water is in ______.

-Are crucial in regulating climate -Contain most of earth's biomass

Not only do the oceans contain most of earth's water, but the oceans also ______.

pollution

Water ______ is anything that degrades water quality.

-Selenium -Arsenic

What are the leading types of nonmetallic salt pollutants?

People who live in rural communities

What group of Americans is most dependent on groundwater for their water supply?

hydrologic

When water evaporates from moist surfaces, falls again as rain or snow, passes through living organisms, and returns to the ocean, the process is known as the _____ cycle.

-Don't flush the toilet every time. -Use a low-volume showerhead. -Use drought-resistant plants in your landscaping.

Which of the following are water conservation techniques?

-Use a low-volume showerhead. -Use drought-resistant plants in your landscaping. -Don't flush the toilet every time.

Which of the following are water conservation techniques?

Cattle feedlots

Which of the following is a major location for runoff rich in viruses, bacteria, nitrates, and phosphates?

Runoff from a golf course

Which of the following is not a point-source water pollutant?

subsidence

Withdrawal of large amounts of groundwater results in ________ or the settling of the ground above the aquifer.

75

Worldwide crop irrigation is responsible for about _______% of total water withdrawal.

Power production

Worldwide, which type of industrial water use accounts for the greatest withdrawal?

depleted; recharge

When an aquifer is overpumped, it becomes ______; natural ______ through precipitation and other means will bring water back into the aquifer.

Antarctica

Where is most of the world's frozen water?

Mercury

Which metal is the most widespread contaminant in the United States?

Nonpoint-source pollutants

_____ are scattered or diffuse, having no specific location where they discharge into a particular body of water.

-Poor; rich people -Rural; city dwellers

______ people often have less access to clean water than ______.

Secondary treatment

Choice, Involves biodegradation of the dissolved organic compounds Involves biodegradation of the dissolved organic compounds

Primary treatment

Choice, Separates large solids from the waste stream Separates large solids from the waste stream

-It is incinerated. -It is converted to methane. -It is put in landfills. -It is used as fertilizer.

Choose all of the ways that sewage sludge is handled in the United States.

-Yellow fever -Dysentery -Cholera -Typhoid

Choose from the list below all of the waterborne diseases that seriously affect humans.

recycling

Communities that reclaim storm and sewage water and treat it for reuse in agriculture or even for drinking water are said to be _______ water.

Landfills and waste-disposal sites

Of the following, which is most likely the leader in contaminating groundwater with toxins?

50

Of the world's 227 largest rivers, about ______ percent have been dammed or diverted.

little

Oligotrophic waters have ______ nutrition.

-low nutrient levels -low biological productivity -clear waters

Oligotrophic waters have ______.

organic

Pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and plastics are manufactured from ________ chemicals and cause pollution that is toxic at even very low concentration levels.

-requires best practicable control technology -sets national goals of best available, economically achievable technology for toxic substances -requires discharge permits

The Clean Water Act ______.

-surface waters -sewage processing and discharge -point-source regulations

The Clean Water Act focuses on ________.

has not been fully met

The Clean Water Act's goal of making all U.S. surface water "fishable and swimmable" ________.

increasing twice as fast as population growth

Global human water use is ____________.

Sediment

What type of water pollution is considered not only the largest source in the United States, but is responsible for widespread problems involving drinking water, turbines, fish, shipping, and recreation?

-Sewage treatment in Spain covers about 50% of the population. -Russia is considered a leader in water quality solutions.

Which of the following is not true regarding other countries and their water pollution problems and solutions?

if organic waste is present in water

Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) tests are useful in determining ________.

-mental problems -endangerment of a fetus -developmental problems

High mercury levels in the human body from eating fish can lead to ________.

-By altering runoff patterns -By discharging heated water -By altering vegetation cover

How do humans cause thermal pollution?

over a billion

The United Nations estimates that ______ people lack access to safe drinking water.

waterborne

Cholera, typhoid, enteritis, and polio are all ______ diseases that seriously affect human populations.

extra nutrients brought in by streams accelerate plant growth

Eutrophication is a natural, successional change in a pond or lake system that occurs when ______. Humans also contribute to eutrophication by adding nutrients to a water body.

-acids -metals -salts

Inorganic pollutants include ________.

-zone of aeration -water table -zone of saturation

List the parts of an aquifer in correct order from earth's surface downward. Instructions

virtually

Sending almonds and alfalfa hay from California to China means that large amounts of water are being ______ exported.

point

Sources of pollution that can be specifically located and are easily identified are called _______ sources.

is concentrated in the few largest lakes, such as the Great Lakes and Lake Baikal

The fresh water held in lakes ______.

-precipitation -groundwater -snowmelt

The fresh water within a river comes from ______.

privatization of the public water supply

The government in Bolivia was overthrown in 2000 when public anger over the ______ created a revolution.

redistribute water around the globe

The main function of the hydrologic cycle is to ________.

-animal wastes from feedlots -untreated or improperly treated human waste

The main sources of pathogens in water are ________.

dissolved oxygen

To understand pollution levels and overall health of a water body, including variables such as temperature and aeration, the ________ test is best.

septic

A ________ system consists of a tank in which waste solids settle to the bottom where bacteria decompose them.

aquifer

A(n) ______ is a geologic layer that readily holds and transmits groundwater.

a goal set for the amount of a particular pollutant that a water body can receive from point and nonpoint sources

A total maximum daily load (TMDL) is ________.

a recharge zone

An area where infiltration of water into an aquifer occurs is called ________.

a pollution source upstream

An oxygen sag, or a lowering of oxygen levels, in a stream usually indicates ________.

97%

Approximately how much of earth's water is contained in the oceans?

India and Bangladesh

Arsenic poisoning victims in _____ may exceed 200 million people.

sludge

As long as it doesn't contain unsafe levels of metals or toxins, sewage _________ can be used as a fertilizer. Otherwise, it may be incinerated or landfilled.

snow and ice are major sources of freshwater

Climate changes that affect snow accumulation and glacier size in mountainous regions are a concern because ______.

wetlands; forests

Conserving ______ allows more surface water to slowly seep into aquifers, and conserving ______ slows surface water drainage on steep slopes.

protect water resources

Conserving specific areas of land, such as wetlands and forests, helps to ______.

-use less energy than -use gravity to do the work of moving water, while machines do the work in are cheaper to build than

Constructed wetlands are considered a form of low-cost waste treatment because they _____ conventional systems.

increasing

Currently worldwide water use is ________.

displaced

Dam projects worldwide, but especially in Southeast Asia, have ______ millions of people and destroyed ecologically and culturally rich areas.

-they can be used for energy generation -they are a way to store water and redirect it to where water is needed -they are used to store runoff for nonrainy seasons

Dams are built because ________.

-in near-shore waters -in partially enclosed bays or estuaries

Eutrophication occurs in ponds and lakes, and in marine ecosystems ________.

mercury

Groundwater in the Midwest is commonly contaminated with __________ such as atrazine and alachlor used on corn and soybean crops.

-Mandate water-efficient fixtures for new installations. -Set water pricing so that the more you use, the more you are charged per gallon.

How can policies encourage personal water conservation?

The compact allocated water based on conditions that were wetter than average.

How did the Colorado Compact of 1922 contribute to the possibility of Lake Mead going dry?

-It can increase the cost of water purification. -It can fill in lakes and reservoirs. -It can obstruct shipping channels.

How does excess sediment in water cause problems?

-Farmers are displaced when their farms fail due to climate change. -Private companies take control of water supplies. -Rivers run through multiple countries.

Identify the reasons why conflicts and wars have been and will continue to be fought over water rights.

-They have small, artificial wetlands. -They make use of bacteria and algae.

Identify the ways in which the Cedar Grove Cheese Factory purifies wastewater with their "Living Machine."

total maximum daily load

If a state sets a limit of 0.05 mg/l of total phosphorus in lakes, this would be an example of a _____.

-less water delivered by viaducts -less water to power hydroelectric dams

If there is less snowpack in the Sierra Nevada's due to drought and warming temperatures, then California will have ______.

farming

In the United States, groundwater is used most often by rural communities and for _______ and domestic purposes.

high

In well-developed countries, reducing water pollution and improving water quality has been a ____ priority over the past few decades.

-India -China -Undeveloped African countries

In which region is sewage treatment either totally lacking or very inadequate?

Create earthquakes; have forced millions of people from their homes

Negative

fracking

One of the newest large-scale uses of water for industrial purposes is for the process of hydraulic ______ .

lead

One result of removing ______ from gasoline has been a decrease in surface-water pollution.

pesticides drugs

Organic pollutants include ________.

-regularly running a street sweeper -minimizing residential use of fertilizers and pesticides -encouraging citizens to recycle waste oil

Pollutants carried by urban runoff from yards, streets, and parking lots can be reduced by ________.

Provide hydroelectric power; provide water to large cities

Positive

in most cities the water must be monitored every hour for up to 25 different chemicals and pathogens

Public health experts say that municipal water is often safer than bottled water because _____.

-corn -rice -pork -beef

Rank the following items from the lowest amount of water needed to produce 1 kg of that item at the top to the most water at the bottom. Instructions

-ocean -glaciers and polar ice -groundwater -atmosphere

Rank the following water compartments from the most water at the top to the least at the bottom. Instructions

-agriculture -industrial -domestic

Rank the following water consumers worldwide, from the biggest consumer on top to the smallest on the bottom. Instructions

Tertiary treatment

Removes plant nutrients, especially nitrates and phosphates

the amount of water passing a fixed point in a given amount of time

River discharge is a measure of _______.

have low population densities

Septic systems that break down human waste naturally through bacterial decomposition work in areas that ______.

cryptosporidium

The 1993 ______ outbreak in Milwaukee's public water system sickened 400,000 people.

pharmaceuticals and hormones

The 2002 USGS study looking at modern-day pollutants in streams specifically tested for ______.

Rhine

The ________ River in Europe was once heavily contaminated by waste disposal, dumping, runoff, and a spill from a chemical warehouse fire in Switzerland. It now hosts a healthy population of flora and fauna.

mercury

The bay in Minimata, Japan, was so heavily contaminated with _______ in the 1950s that poisoning by this metal was named after the location. Minimata Bay is now considered clean after discharges were banned.

avoid producing pollutants in the first place

The cheapest and most effective way to reduce pollution is to _____.

human activities

The clearing of forests leading to less rainfall in the region, as the plants are no longer there to transpire water, is an example of ________ affecting water distribution.

waste

The primary sources of pathogens that cause waterborne diseases is untreated human and animal ______.

The percolation of water into an aquifer

The processes occurring at a recharge zone are best described by which of the following?

glaciers

The shrinking and disappearance of ______ due to climate change is most concerning because they are the source of irrigation and drinking water for billions of people.

Chemical treatment

To destroy or detoxify pollutants through various types of reactions

Bioremediation

To use quickly growing plants to remove large amounts of organic nutrients and heavy metals from water

False

True or false: Agricultural crops such as corn and wheat have a higher water demand, per kilogram of product produced, than livestock such as pork and beef.

False

True or false: Eutrophication is always caused by humans.

False

True or false: Having spent billions of dollars on water quality control programs, there are no lingering threats to surface-water quality.

True

True or false: Water can be recycled and used for drinking.

-Algal blooms -Thick growths of aquatic plants -Unpleasant odors

Under conditions of (cultural) eutrophication, what undesirable results can occur?

anything that degrades water quality

Water pollution is defined as ______.

-Bioremediation -Chemical reactions -Containment

Water remediation may involve which of the following?

-Pathogens -Nutrients -Sediment

What are the present challenges to achieving national goals in water quality in the United States?

-Determine the appropriate timing and amount of pesticide to apply. -Apply precise amounts of fertilizer. -Apply soil conservation methods.

What can be done to agricultural lands to limit nonpoint sources of pollution?

-Determine the appropriate timing and amount of pesticide to apply. -Apply soil conservation methods. -Apply precise amounts of fertilizer.

What can be done to agricultural lands to limit nonpoint sources of pollution?

-Their plant growth stabilizes the soil. -They hold back surface runoff, allowing time for infiltration into aquifers. -They help slow waters down, decreasing the severity of flooding and erosion.

What characteristics of wetlands are important for humans?

-Rising demand for water from a growing urban population -Increased demand for water by agriculture -An overallocation of water in the Colorado Compact of 1922

What contributing factors are leading to Lake Mead going dry?

-Rising demand for water from a growing urban population -An overallocation of water in the Colorado Compact of 1922 -Increased demand for water by agriculture

What contributing factors are leading to Lake Mead going dry? (Mark all that apply.)

Water will be a resource that will be fought over.

What does Fortune magazine mean when they state, "Water will be to the 21st century what oil was to the 20th"?

-Proximity to water sources influences precipitation. -Topography influences precipitation distribution. -Global atmospheric circulation creates regions of persistent high air pressure and low rainfall.

What factors control where on the planet there will be water deficits and where there will be surpluses?

The system converts factory effluent to nearly pure water and vegetation.

What is the purpose of the Ceder Grove Cheese Factory's "Living Machine"?

Agriculture

What is the source for the largest volume of pollutants that affect groundwater?

Point source

What type of pollution comes from a specific source, making it easy to monitor and regulate?

these crops consume a lot of water, and most of them are exported out of the country

When someone discusses alfalfa hay and almonds from California as being virtual water exports, what they really mean is that ______.

subsidence

When too much groundwater is withdrawn, pore spaces within aquifers compress and the ground surface undergoes ,________ permanently lowering the elevation of the land surface.

Downstream of the source

Where would you expect to see an oxygen sag in a stream that is contaminated with sewage?

Constructed wetlands

Which low-cost waste treatment system mimics nature?

Plastic garbage

Which ocean pollutant are you most likely to encounter on a remote, uninhabited island?

-It is composed of bits of plastic. -There are actually two separate patches.

Which of the following accurately describe the Great Pacific Garbage Patch?

-It collects trash from oceans all over the world. -It is larger than the size of Texas.

Which of the following are characteristics of the "Great Pacific Garbage Patch?"

-It is larger than the size of Texas. -It collects trash from oceans all over the world.

Which of the following are characteristics of the "Great Pacific Garbage Patch?"

-They found insecticides and fire retardants. -They found antibiotics, natural and synthetic hormones, detergents, and plasticizers.

Which of the following are examples of findings from the 2002 USGS study on modern day pollutants in streams?

-Israel and its neighboring countries have had 30 military confrontations that included issues of water rights in the last 50 years. -Turkey and Iraq have threatened to send their armies to protect access to the water in the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.

Which of the following are examples of how water has played a role in recent international skirmishes? (Mark all that apply.)

-Groundwater -Glaciers and polar ice -Atmosphere

Which of the following are freshwater compartments?

-Toxic chemicals -Oil spills -Plastic garbage

Which of the following are human-caused ocean pollution sources?

-80 percent of the bottles purchased in the United States end up in landfills. -Creating and distributing bottled water is very energy-intensive.

Which of the following are negative qualities of bottled water?

-Weathered rocks -Mining, processing, using, and discarding minerals

Which of the following are sources of inorganic chemicals?

-About 90% of all monitored rivers and lakes are suitable for their designated uses. -Over 21,000 water bodies are still impaired.

Which of the following are true about the current results of the Clean Water Act?

-It can modify the earth's surface. -Water can dissolve nutrients and distribute them to cells.

Which of the following are true about water?

-Lack of precipitation in an area will affect a shallow aquifer. -Recharge of aquifers can take decades or centuries. -Aquifers that are overused become depleted.

Which of the following are true regarding the recharge and depletion of aquifers?

-The sludge still contains metals and toxic chemicals. -It still contains high levels of inorganic nutrients that could stimulate algal blooms and eutrophication.

Why is it problematic to release materials (wastewater and sludge) that have gone through secondary treatment into open waters?

-Aquatic organisms tend to be poorly adapted to rapid temperature change. -Oxygen solubility in water decreases as temperatures increase.

Why is thermal pollution dangerous for organisms?

Containment

spreading To restrain dirty water or liquid wastes in a place in order to keep them from spreading