Chapter 11

Inorganic nitrogen compounds and hydrocarbons are examples of persistent organic pollutants in marine ecosystems. T/F

F

Laguna Madre is a classic coastal plain estuary. T/F

F

Prevailing offshore winds tend to decrease surface water salinity in a coastal plain estuary. T/F

F

Why are farmers in Mexico diversifying their crop production?

Farmers can sell other crops while coffee is growing.

a layer of water in which the temperature changes rapidly with changes in depth

thermocline

At the current rate of wood use, in _____ very little of China's natural forests will remain.

50 years

Of the following statements about ocean ownership and the Law of the Sea, which is/are true?

All but Many and Offshore

What is the benefit of planting mangrove trees in Guatemala's river valleys?

All of the above are benefits of planting mangrove trees.

This wetland coastal area occurs:

All of the above conditions control the distribution of this type of coastal wetland.

What solution would best address the problem of water pollution in Guatemala's villages?

Create trash sites away from the river where people can dump their waste.

How does wealth affect food consumption in Beijing?

Diets change from vegetables to meat.

Look at the accompanying and answer the questions regarding the time relationship between rainstorms and flooding. Based on this graph, which of the following statements are true?graphttp://session.masteringgeology.com/problemAsset/1711761/6/MGEO_1711761_Part_A.jpgh

Flooding correlates with increased stream discharge. Peak stream flow happens after a storm.

Which city has the title: "Solar Capital of Europe"?

Freiburg

During peak usage, what happens to the cost of electricity?

It almost always increases.

How does the current fuel source used by many rural Chinese impact the environment?

It leads to soil erosion.

What is one benefit of the new energy-efficient stove that has been designed for China's rural families?

It requires less wood.

What is the major problem with London's water system?

It was designed and built 150 years ago.

An example of a bar-built estuary is:

Laguna Madre.

What is different about how waste is processed in Beijing?

Many poor people in Beijing recycle waste they find to make money.

Of the following statements, which is/are included in the World Hearth Organization's definition of marine pollution?

Marine pollution can be a substance or a form of energy. Marine pollution results or is likely to result in harmful effects to marine life. Marine pollution is human-made.

When less saline water enters a marginal sea above a return flow of saltier water, the circulation pattern is called:

Mediterranean circulation

Which country is the principal supplier of the world's organic coffee

Mexico

How does the availability of food in London compare with that in Beijing?

Most food in London is imported, and in Beijing it is grown locally.

According to the video, what is the primary obstacle to the promotion of renewable energy sources?

Political will.

Why do plants grow so rapidly in Guatemala's river valleys, often blocking the flow of water?

Pollutants like phosphorus and other fertilizers lead to rapid plant growth.

Biomagnification results in substances, including toxic chemicals, to move up food chains and become concentrated in the tissues of larger animals. T/F

T

Bioremediation involves the use of microorganisms to degrade pollutants such as crude oil. T/F

T

One reason that coastal wetlands are important is that they are efficient at removing toxins from coastal run-off before it enters the ocean. T/F

T

Salt marshes serve as nurseries for over half of the commercially important fish in the southeastern United States. T/F

T

Salt wedge estuaries have a well-developed halocline.T/F

T

Territorial seas extend 12 miles from the coast and were established by the Law of the Sea Treaty. T/F

T

The greatest sources of hydrocarbons in the marine environment include urban runoff and petroleum shipping.T/F

T

a shallow lagoon separated from the open ocean by a bar deposit such as a barrier island

bar-built estuary

Which of the following ferments animal and human wastes to produce energy in the form of gas?

biogas digesters

Which of the following products of a wastewater treatment facility is often put on farm fields as a fertilizer?

biosolids

What color smoke coming from a coal-fired power plant would indicate wasted fuel?

black

What would best address the problem of waste in London?

build more recycling facilities

Many pollutants from coal-fired power plants are properly managed today. Which of the following is currently considered to be the biggest threat to the environment?

carbon dioxide

Secondary sewage treatment is distinguished form primary sewage treatment by the:

chlorination of the liquid effluent.

What does the Kanapaha Wastewater Treatment Facility use to disinfect the treated water?

chlorine

Which of the following diseases has been all but eliminated from the United States because of wastewater treatment plants?

cholera

Where does settling of solids occur at a wastewater treatment facility?

clarifier

Which energy source is the biggest polluter in London?

coal

Which conventionally grown agricultural crop uses more pesticides than any other?

coffee

The most biologically devastating oil spills in the marine environment are usually a result of:

collision and/or sinking of oil tankers.

What is the main obstacle to the installation of solar water heating systems in rural China?

cost

Of the following techniques, which is the most commonly used for determining the concentration of pollutants that negatively affect the living resources of the ocean? Select only one answer.

death of more than 50% of a sample population following exposure to a known pollutant

Why are mudslides becoming more common in places like Guatemala?

deforestation and overgrazing

What human activity is the main source of air pollution in Beijing?

driving cars

Where is electricity made at a coal-fired power plant?

generator

Match the pollutant with its general category. crude oil

hydrocarbons

What is an effect of biogas production?

improved educational opportunities

An isothermal temperature profile from surface to seafloor may exist in coastal ocean waters __________.

in either low-latitude waters or high-latitude waters

Minamata disease is associated with:

ingestion of methyl mercury-contaminated fish and shellfish

equal temperature

isothermal

What is threatening the ecology of China's northwest Yunnan province?

loss of natural forests

What is the leading cause of deforestation in Guatemala?

need for firewood

Water in the eastern parts of Chesapeake Bay tends to be more saline than water farther west because __________.

ocean water entering the bay hugs the eastern shore because of the Coriolis effect

China is the second largest importer of which of the following resources?

oil

The greatest amount of oil pollution in the ocean from human sources is from __________.

petroleum consumption

A. DDT B. mercury C. nitrates D. phytoplankton E. petroleum

phytoplankton

All fossil fuels, including coal, are considered an indirect form of ____________ energy.

solar

An estuary produced by faulting or folding of rocks that creates a dropped-down section into which a river flows is called a:

tectonic estuary.

Match the pollutant with its general category. mercury

toxic metals

Biomagnification of toxic substances means that __________.

toxic substances become increasingly concentrated in the tissues of organisms in each higher level of the food web

shallow estuaries in which freshwater and salt water are completely mixed from the top to the bottom of the water column

vertically mixed estuary

Estuarine circulation associated with a shallow, low-volume estuary in which river water mixes evenly at all depths with ocean water would be called a:

vertically mixed estuary.

Which of the following solutions would most effectively reduce air pollution in London?

widen and create more bicycle lanes

The coastal wetlands of Louisiana are being lost primarily because of __________.

a combination of subsidence and rising sea level

The toxicity of marine pollutants is evaluated through bioassays by:

calculating the concentration at which 50% of the test organisms die.

What is the Chinese government's response to the use of cars in Beijing?

develop public transportation

What is one effect of growing coffee organically?

less-toxic waste water

A. bar-built B. coastal plain C. fjord D. reverse E. tectonic

reverse

coastal wetland occurring at temperate latitudes that experience seasonal frosts

salt marsh

What type of power is associated with photovoltaics?

solar

Which of the following groups in China is leading the shift to biogas production?

students

What percentage of Germany's electricity comes from renewable sources?

12 percent

On average, how long does it take people in Germany to get their money back after they install solar panels?

12 years

About how long have wastewater treatment plants been in existence?

120 years

The Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) extends:

200 nautical miles from the coast.

How have coffee farmers in Guatemala changed their farming practices to be more sustainable?

They are recycling and purifying their water.

What is one problem with China's large-scale energy projects, like the Three Gorges Dam?

They ignore the needs of rural areas.

Why did German utility companies oppose the passage of the Renewable Energy Act of 1999?

They thought the laws were anticompetitive.

What was one effect of Germany's Renewable Energy Act of 1999?

Thousands of new jobs were created in the renewable energy sector.

Why isn't solar panel installation as profitable in the United Kingdom as in other countries?

Utility companies pay a low price to buy electricity.

Lagoons that form behind barrier islands are examples of:

bar-built estuaries.

What is one obstacle to building a large wind power array in London?

Wind power is much more expensive than other forms of electricity.

Of the following types of estuaries, which one has a relatively shallow mouth but is often narrow, long, and extremely deep? Select only one answer.

a drowned glacial valley called a fjord

Of the following statements about coastal wetlands, which is/are true?

all but salt

Reasons for the loss of coastal wetlands include all of the following except:

all of the above.

One major problem associated with the Chesapeake Bay due to increased human pressure is

an increase in nutrients resulting in more frequent kills of bottom-dwelling or benthic animals.

Why has Mauritius seen an increase in demand for electricity?

an increase in tourism

What source of energy would be best for the country of Mauritius?

bagasse

You accidentally flush your cell phone. Where will it most likely be found at a wastewater treatment facility?

bar screen