Chapter 11: America Comes of Age + 10.3 (Corruption Plagues the Nation)

As president of New York City's ____________________, he gained fame by fighting corruption. President ____________________ noticed him and named him Assistant Secretary of the Navy. When the Spanish-American War broke out in 1898, Roosevelt resigned the post to form the ____________________, a volunteer cavalry unit that became famous during the war. After the end of the conflict, the young war hero was elected governor of ____________________.

Board of Police Commissioners, William McKinley, New York

How were the Progressive and Populist Movements similar?

Both -desired social economic, environmental, and political reforms - strove to eliminate abuses of big business -were hostile toward banks and big business, especially railroads and trusts - opposed systemic barriers to small ownership - had key leaders who advocated white supremacy

Du Bois and William Monroe Trotter met with other African American thinkers in __________ because they were concerned that black men in the South were being denied the right to __________. They formed the ____________________, which denounced the idea of gradual progress.

Canada, vote, Niagara Movement

In the 1890s, the national suffrage effort was reenergized by ____________________, who had studied law and worked as one of the country's first female school superintendents.

Carrie Chapman Catt

The Social Gospel essentially sought to improve society by applying __________ principles.

Christian

Why did the financial community (as some Americans do today) oppose the Federal Reserve Act?

Critics claimed that it gave the federal government too much control over the nation's economy and banking system.

In the 1916 presidential election, both the __________ and the __________ parties called for extending the right to vote to women.

Democratic, Republican

The split in the Republican Party during the 1912 election created an opportunity for the __________ Party and their candidate, ____________________, to win the White House.

Democratic, Woodrow Wilson

__________ helped women gain the right to vote and expand their role in the community. By the 1890s, a rising number of women's colleges prepared them for careers as teachers or nurses.

Education

In March 1911, a fire at the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory in New York City shocked Americans and focused attention on the need to protect the interests of big businesses. True or false?

False: it focused attention on the need to protect workers.

Most settlement houses were publicly funded and run by volunteers. True or false?

False; most settlement houses were privately funded.

Leading Progressive efforts to help children was a lawyer named ____________________, who helped convince the state of __________ to ban child labor. Other states soon passed similar laws.

Florence Kelley, Illinois

____________________, who believed that women were hurt by unfair prices for goods they had to buy to run their homes, helped found the National Consumers League in 1899. The NCL gave special __________ to "goods produced under fair, safe, and healthy working conditions" and urged women to buy them.

Florence Kelley, labels

The work of the influential speaker ____________________, leader of the WCTU from 1879 until her death in 1898, contributed to the passage of the ____________________ in 1919, which outlawed the production and sale of alcohol.

Frances Willard, Eighteenth Amendment

One of the greatest national calamities in American history, the ____________________ in 1900 killed more than 8,000 people.

Galveston Hurricane

Roosevelt drew on the "rational use" ideas of ____________________, who led the Division of Forestry in the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Grifford Pinchot

Taft further infuriated Roosevelt and other Progressives in the Republican Party when he fired ____________________ for publicly criticizing Secretary of the interior Richard Ballinger.

Grifford Pinchot

How did Roosevelt disagree with Muir's advice regarding conservation?

He did not believe that all wild areas should be preserved. Some held valuable resources, and Roosevelt though those resources were meant to be used.

How did Wilson prevent big manufacturers from possibly charging unfairly high prices to their consumers? What law did he convince Congress to pass?

He lowered the tariffs on goods imported from foreign countries so consumers could buy foreign goods if American companies' prices were too high. He convinced Congress to pass the Underwood Tariff Bill, which cut tariffs.

What approach to preservation did Pinchot assume?

He recommended that forests be preserved for public use. He meant that forests should be protected so that trees would have time to mature into good lumber. Then the protected areas should be logged for wood to build houses and new areas placed under protection.

What did Taft decide about the Supreme Court's "busting" of the trust built by Standard Oil that made Roosevelt fume?

He supported the "rule of reason," which allowed big monopolies so long as they did not "unreasonably" squeeze out smaller companies.

What was Theodore Roosevelt like?

He was a charismatic figure who embraced Progressive ideals. He had a reputation for being smart, energetic, and opinionated. The sickly child of wealthy parents, he had used his family's resources to develop both his strength and his mind.

Riis published ____________________, which moved New York Police Commissioner Theodore Roosevelt to take up the cause of urban reform.

How the Other Half Lives

In 1896, ____________________, well-known for leading an anti-lynching campaign, helped form the National Association of Colored Women. The NACW's goal was to help families strive for success and to assist those who were less fortunate.

Ida B. Wells

In The History of Standard Oil, ____________________ reported that John D. Rockefeller used ruthless methods to ruin his competitors, charge higher prices, and thereby reap huge profits.

Ida Tarbell

In 1887, Congress had created the ____________________ to oversee rail charges for shipments that passed through more than one state. Since by 1900, the ____________________ had stripped away most of its power, Roosevelt pushed Congress to pass the ____________________ in 1903, which imposed fines on railroads that gave special rates to favored shippers.

Interstate Commerce Commission, Supreme Court, Elkins Act

What did the Dawes Act (1887) do?

It divided Native American reservations into plots for individuals to farm. But it also said that lands not given to individual Indians could be sold to the general public. By 1932, nearly two thirds of the lands held by tribes in 1887 were in the hands of whites.

What did the Hepburn Act (1906) do?

It gave the ICC the authority to set maximum shipping rates for railroads and for ferries, toll bridges, and oil pipelines.

What did the National Reclamation Act (1902) do?

It gave the federal government the power to decide where and how water would be distributed. The government would build and manage dams that would create reservoirs, generate power, and direct water flow.

How was the American Indian Citizenship Act of 1924 important for Native Americans? What its original and official purpose?

It was an important step toward political equality with other Americans. The official reason for granting citizenship and voting rights was to reward Native Americans for their service in World War I. However, supporters also hoped that the reform would help the Americanization process.

What was the purpose of the Dawes Act? When it failed, what did Congress do?

It was intended to speed Native Americans' assimilation into white society. When it became clear that it was not working, Congress passed the American Indian Citizenship Act of 1924, which made all Indians citizens of the United States with full voting rights.

Another influential muckraker was ____________________, a photographer for the New York Evening Sun.

Jacob Riis

____________________ cofounded ____________________, a settlement house in Chicago whose programs increased the earning power of children and adults through education.

Jane Addams, Hull House

After the Supreme Court issued its Plessy v. Ferguson decision, which upheld ____________________ laws, states across the North and the South had passed segregation laws.

Jim Crow

Educator ____________________ criticized American schools for teaching children to memorize facts but not to think creatively. His ideas were not adopted at once, but in later years, many states put them into effect.

John Dewey

In 1916, Congress passed the ____________________, which banned child labor in all states. However, two years later, the Supreme Court ruled the law __________. It was not until ___________ that Congress would end child labor for good.

Keating-Owens Act, unconstitutional, 1938

What happened in Muller v. Oregon?

Lawyer Louis D. Brandeis argued that long working hours harmed working women and their families. The Supreme Court agreed and it said that based on their role as mothers, women could be "properly placed in a class" by themselves, so laws could limit their work hours, even if similar laws would not be allowed for men. In later years, however, this ruling was used to justify paying women less than men for the same job.

Why were factory workers unable to escape the raging fire? What did many of them do in desperation?

Managers had locked most of the exits. With no way out, many jumped from the windows.

How was prejudice against immigrant one of the forces behind the temperance movement?

Many Progressives found the immigrants' use of alcohol especially alarming. In many European countries, it was customary for families to serve wine or beer with meals. Many reformers, however, believed that these practices showed moral faults.

How did Theodore Roosevelt become president?

McKinley was assassinated, and as his Vice President, Roosevelt became President.

Upton Sinclair's The Jungle, published in 1906, led Roosevelt to urge Congress to pass the _____________________ that same year. Similarly, the _____________________ benefited the public by placing the same controls on other foods and on medicines. It also banned the interstate shipment of impure food and the mislabeling of food and drugs.

Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act

Catt traveled the country urging women to join the ____________________, created in 1890 by the merger of Anthony's organization and a rival women's suffrage group. She became its president in 1900.

National American Woman Suffrage Association

After two black residents were killed and 40 homes burned in Springfield, Illinois, several white reformers joined with leaders of the Niagara Movement to form the ____________________ in 1909.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People

Roosevelt worked with Congress to establish, under the Antiquities Act of 1906, five national parks and 18 national monuments, which together formed the core of the _______________________. This group was established in 1916 and still works today to conserve and share many natural and historic landmarks in the United States.

National Park Service

Roosevelt began traveling the country speaking about what he called the ____________________, a program to restore the government's trustbusting power.

New Nationalism

Roosevelt, who graduated from Harvard University, spent only a few months studying law at Columbia University before being elected to the ____________________.

New York State Assembly

Lincoln Steffens, one leading muckraker and the managing editor at McClure's, published ____________________, a collection of articles on political corruption in the nation's cities.

The Shame of the Cities

How did Progressives suffer a drawback to their efforts in Lochner v. New York (1905)?

The Supreme Court ruled that laws limiting the workday to ten hours were unconstitutional.

For the 1912 presidential election, Jane Addams nominated __________ as the Progressive Party's candidate, and the Republicans nominated __________.

Roosevelt, Taft

Although some members of Congress argued that direct election of senators by voters would weaken the states' power to block actions of the federal government (an important constitutional check), Congress passed a constitutional amendment to enact this change in 1911 known as the ____________________ (which was ratified two years later).

Seventeenth Amendment

____________________, published in 1900 and written by _____________________, traces the fate of a small-town girl drawn into the brutal urban worlds of Chicago and New York.

Sister Carrie, Theodore Dreiser

Carlos Montezuma, a Native American from Arizona, helped establish the ____________________ in 1911.

Society of American Indians

What were the two parts of Catt's "winning plan"?

Some teams of women lobbied Congress to pass a constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote. Meanwhile, other teams used the new referendum process to try to pass state suffrage laws. The strategy at the state level eventually helped women win the right to vote in New York, Michigan, and Oklahoma.

____________________ and ____________________ formed the National Woman Suffrage Association in 1869 to fight for a constitutional amendment that would grant women the right to vote.

Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton

How did Taft's agenda differ from what Roosevelt expected of him?

Taft approved the Payne-Aldrich Act, which did not lower tariffs as much as Roosevelt had wanted. He also pushed Congress to pass the Mann-Elkins Act, which gave the government control over telephone and telegraph rates .He encouraged Congress to propose an income tax. Perhaps most importantly, he dropped Roosevelt's distinction between good and bad trusts.

Japanese immigrant ____________________ fought the law in court that blocked Asian Americans from becoming citizens. In 1922, however, the ____________________ ruled against him.

Takao Ozawa, Supreme Court

_____________________ was the NAACP's magazine, edited by W.E.B. Du Bois.

The Crisis

What were some of the drawbacks of the ICC?

The ICC's five commissioners could not be removed during their term. Some found its independence from the public will and the branches of government troubling. In addition, when the ICC exercised its new power and limited railroad rates, its actions harmed the economy, which led to the financial panic that swept the nation in 1907.

____________________, written by ____________________, related the despair of immigrants working in Chicago's stockyards and revealed the unsanitary conditions in the industry. It eventually prompted regulations to protect __________ safety.

The Jungle, Upton Sinclair, food

How did Asian Americans respond to a a 1913 California law which said that only American citizens could own land?

The found a way around it by putting the land in their children's names. Because their children had been born in the United States, they were American citizens.

After the Supreme Court of the State of Maine ruled that the government could restrict the cutting of trees on private land in order to prevent erosion, Roosevelt backed up this action by stating that the needs of the community outweighed the private property rights of individuals or industries. How was this controversial?

The idea of private property is protected by the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution and is one of the bedrock ideals of American society and industry. The amendment states that no "private property [shall] be taken for public use, without just compensation." Many people felt that restrictions on the use of their property violated this right.

What did the initiative do? What did the referendum do? What did the recall do?

The initiative gave people power to put a proposed new law directly on the ballot in the next election by collecting citizens' signatures on a petition. The referendum allowed citizens to approve or reject laws passed by a legislature. The recall gave voters the power to remove public servants from office before their terms ended.

In 1901, when he was just 43 years old, ____________________ became President of the United States.

Theodore Roosevelt

____________________ called socially conscious journalists and other writers "muckrakers" because he though them too fascinated with the ugliest side of things.

Theodore Roosevelt

Why were some women's rights activists angry when the rights of African Americans were expanded after the Civil War?

They felt betrayed when Radical Republicans did not include women in the Fourteenth and Fifteenth amendments. Just as the Constitution had been amended to extend the vote to African Americans, it should be amended to extend the vote to women.

By the time of Anthony's death in 1906, despite her efforts, only four western states had granted women the right to vote. True or false?

True

The people who made up the Progressive Movement came from all political parties, social classes, ethnic groups, and religions. True or false?

True

In 1902, Kelley helped form the National Child Labor Committee, which successfully lobbied the federal government to create the ____________________ in 1912. This new agency, which exists today, examined any issue that affected the health and welfare of children.

U.S. Children's Bureau

To make up for the loss of tariff revenue, the ______________________ of 1913 included a provision to create a graduate income tax. The recently passed _____________________ gave Congress the power to collect an income tax without restrictions.

Underwood Tariff Act, Sixteenth Amendment

While the NAACP helped middle-class blacks struggle for political and social justice, the ____________________, formed in 1911, focused on poorer workers.

Urban League

____________________, a child of German immigrants, had become a Baptist minister and blended ideas from German socialism and American Progressivism to form what he called the ______________________.

Walter Raushenbusch, Social Gospel

What were the two leading views on civil rights (Booker T. Washington v. W.E.B Du Bois)?

Washington believed that African Americans had to achieve economic independence before civil rights. Black people must tolerate discrimination while they proved themselves equal to white people. Slowly, civil rights would come. Du Bois, on the other hand, believed that black Americans had to demand their social and civil rights or else become permanent victims of racism. They must fight every day for the rights given to them in the Constitution.

Even after he left the presidency, Roosevelt was still a powerful force in the __________ Party. He used that power to help his Secretary of War _____________________ win the presidency in 1908.

William Howard Taft

Wilson's ideas caught the attention of ______________________, who helped Wilson win the Democratic nomination. Wilson shaped these ideas into a program he called the ____________________.

William Jennings Bryan, New Freedom

As a result of La Follette's efforts to improve education, make factories safer, and adopt the direct primary in his state, Progressives called __________ the "laboratory of democracy."

Wisconsin

Kelley also helped form the ____________________, another group that tried to improve conditions for female factory workers. It was one of the few groups in which upper-class and working-class women served together as leaders. It pushed for federal laws that set a minimum wage and an eight-hour workday. It also created the first workers' __________ fund.

Women's Trade Union League, strike

After 1914, even the offices of the federal government in Washington, D.C., were segregated as a result of policies approved by President ____________________, a Progressive.

Woodrow Wilson

What was the New Freedom?

Woodrow Wilson's program to place government controls on corporations in order to benefit small businesses

What was the Federal Trade Commission?

a government agency established in 1914 to identify monopolistic business practices, false advertising, and dishonest labeling

What was the Federal Reserve Act (1913)?

a law that placed national banks under the control of a Federal Reserve Board, which operates regional banks that hold the reserve funds from commercial banks, sets interest rates, and supervises commercial banks

The Progressive Party was...

a political party that emerged from the Taft-Roosevelt battle that split the Republican Party in 1912.

Progressives who focused on the class system, often motivated by religious faith, sought to reduce the gap between the __________ and the __________. They wanted to improve conditions in the workplace and in city slums. They wanted social __________ laws to help children, workers, and consumers.

rich, poor, welfare

One Progressive approach to the issue of poor people in the cities was the ____________________, a community center that provided social services to the urban poor.

settlement house

President Wilson attacked what he called the "triple wall of privilege," the __________, the __________, and the __________, that blocked businesses from being free.

tariffs, banks, trusts

The __________ movement sought to stop alcohol abuse and the problems created by it. It was led by the ____________________, along with other groups such as the Anti-Saloon League.

temperance, Women's Christian Temperance Union

What were some sources of opposition to women's suffrage?

the liquor industry because of women's support for temperance, the textile industry out of fear that women would favor laws limiting child labor, and even some women like those in the National Association Opposed to Woman Suffrage who argued that the effort to win the vote would take women's attention away from family and volunteer work

What were the goals of the Anti-Defamation League?

to defend Jews against physical and verbal attacks and false statements; it also led efforts to expand economic opportunities for Jews and other minorities.

What were the goals of the Urban League?

to help African Americans get settled and find work in cities; they set up employment agencies and relief efforts. They helped families buy clothes and book and send children to school.

What were the goals of the Society of American Indians? What was Montezuma's role in the organization? What did he advocate that many reformers found troubling?

to promote Indian rights and protest federal Indian policy; Montezuma was a doctor and treated Native Americans living on reservations. He urged Native Americans to preserve their cultures and avoid being dependent on the government, which reformers found troubling because they hoped that Indians could be assimilated into American society like immigrants.

What were the goals of the NAACP?

to use litigation in the courts to challenge unfair laws and to expand the right to participate in the battle for equal access to decent housing and professional careers like teaching

It did not take long for the President and his administration to earn a reputation as "__________." For example, in response to an antitrust suit filed by Roosevelt's attorney general, the Supreme Court rule in 1904 that the Northern Securities Company, a big railroad company, was an illegal trust.

trustbusters

Progressives who chose to worry about big business wanted the government to "bust the __________" and so create more economic opportunities for smaller businesses. They complained that the ____________________ Act of 1890 was inadequate and ineffective in limiting the abuses of big business.

trusts, Sherman Antitrust

Progressive women argued that women participating in the democratic process through __________ was the only way to make sure that the government would protect children, foster education, and support family life.

voting

The railroads' power was especially troublesome for whom? Why?

western farmers; they had no other way to move their products to eastern markets.

Progressives also tried to better children's lives by improving education. A number of states passed laws that required children to attend school until a certain age, but there were heated debates about __________ children should learn and __________ they should learn.

what, how

Most Progressives, however, were...

white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant, middle-class reformers.

The idea that suffrage was not only an expansion of the democratic process but also a way to help solve many of society's other ills linked which two movements?

women's suffrage movement and Progressive Movement

Muckrakers are...

writers who uncover and expose misconduct in government or business.

Social Gospel adherents dealt with issues such as...

child labor, long working hours, corporations, and trusts

What services did settlement houses offer?

classes in child care for mothers, English classes for immigrants, nursery schools, kindergartens, and theater, art, and dace programs for adults

A new generation of women's rights activists expanded the women's suffrage movement goals to include calls for improvements in __________, reforms of corrupt __________, and labor reforms such as the passage of __________ labor laws.

education, government, child

Roosevelt saw a difference between "__________ trusts" and "__________ trusts."

good, bad

What realities did Steffens's reports expose?

how the government of Philadelphia let utility companies charge their customers excessively high fees, how corrupt politicians won elections by bribing and threatening voters, and how political corruption affected all aspects of life in a city

The books Roosevelt published on hunting and the rugged West reflected his fascination with the competition between __________ and the __________. He was pleased that the federal government had established ____________________ in 1872 to protect wildlife, and he admired California naturalist ____________________, whose efforts had led Congress to create Yosemite National Park in 1890.

humans, wilderness, Yellowstone National Park, John Muir

To make sure that elected officials would follow citizens' wishes, Progressives worked for three other political reforms: the __________, the __________, and the __________.

initiative, referendum, recall

A key goal of women reformers was to __________ the number of work hours.

limit

Progressives wanted to use __________ and __________ to make society work in a more efficient and orderly way. Many, motivated by religious faith, sought social __________.

logic, reason, justice

In the early 1900s, the United States had the highest rate of industrial accidents in the world due to issues such as...

long hours, poor ventilation, hazardous fumes, and unsafe machinery.

Next, Wilson tried to change the banking system. At the time, the country had no central authority to supervise banks and establish _____________________, which is control of the supply of money in circulation at any given time.

monetary policy

Fiction writers put a human face on social problems. They developed a new genre, the __________ novel, that honestly portrayed human misery and the struggles of common people.

naturalist

Progressives believed that...

new ideas and honest, efficient government could bring about social justice.

Ironically, the Progressive Era was not so progressive for __________ and __________ Americans.

nonwhite, immigrant

Traditionally, ___________ leaders picked candidates for state and local offices. But in Wisconsin, reform governor ____________________ established a ____________________, an election in which citizens themselves cote to select nominees for upcoming elections.

party, Robert M. La Follette, direct primary

Because dishonest business owners and politicians often controlled municipal services, people living in America's crowded cities lacked adequate services such as...

paved streets, safe drinking water, and decent housing.

Progressive reformers targeted city officials who built corrupt organizations, called ____________________.

political machines

The new city governments inspired by the Galveston plan curbed the power of bosses and their ____________________. The reform governments purchased public utilities so that _________, __________, and ___________ companies could not charge city residents unfairly high rates.

political machines, electric, gas, water

What were some issues that Progressives focused on?

political reform, women's suffrage, honest government, big business, class system

Although most people were pleased with the antitrust prosecutions, some critics claimed that his good trust-bad trust distinction was unfair and that the practice may even have been unconstitutional, a violation of the ___________________ protections in the Fifth and Fourteenth Amendments.

private property

The Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, one of the deadliest industrial disasters in U.S. history, killed __________ workers, most of them young Jewish __________.

146, women

What was the Clayton Antitrust Act (1914)?

1914 law that strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act

Americanization is the belief that...

assimilating immigrants into American society would make them more loyal citizens.

____________________ was the best known leader of the NAWSA. She eventually left to found a more militant organization, which became the National Woman's Party in 1917. The NWP became the first group to march with picket signs outside the ____________________. Although the NWP methods angered many people, they did help give women the right to vote.

Alice Paul, White House

In response to growing anti-Semitism, Jews who were part of the B'nai B'rith in New York founded the ____________________ in 1913.

Anti-Defamation League

How did reformers change city government after the Galveston Hurricane? What was the result?

As an emergency measure, Galveston replaced its mayor and board of aldermen with a five-person commission. Each commissioner was an expert in a different area of city affairs. The commission form of government proved so efficient that Galveston decided to permanently adopt it. Known as the Galveston plan, many other cities decided to take up this form of government.

Margaret Sanger, who thought that family life and women's health would improve if mothers had fewer children, coined the term "_____________________" in a pamphlet she published in 1914.

birth control

In June 1919, Congress finally approved the ____________________, which stated that the right to vote "shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex."

Nineteenth Amendment

What was the response to the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire?

Outraged Progressives intensified their calls for reform. New York passed laws to make workplaces safer, and other states followed suit. Many states also adopted workers' compensation laws, which set up funds to pay workers who were hurt on the job.

Mexican Americans living in Arizona formed the ____________________, which offered Mexican Americans many of the same services that the Urban League gave to African Americans. In several states, Mexican Americans formed __________, groups that made loans and provided legal assistance.

Partido Liberal Mexicano, mutualistas

A medical organization Sanger founded, the Birth Control Research Bureau, evolved into ______________________ in 1942.

Planned Parenthood

Progressives also pushed for election reforms, taking up some __________ ideas.

Populist

What was the Square Deal?

President Theodore Roosevelt's program of reforms to keep the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of small business owners and the poor

Antitrust laws and the Federal Reserve Board are examples of the __________' legacy.

Progressive

Addams was also politically active. She supported the __________ party candidacy of Theodore Roosevelt in 1912 and later helped found the ____________________. In addition, she worked for women's suffrage and world peace, sharing the ____________________ in 1931.

Progressive, American Civil Liberties Union, Nobel Peace Prize

Theodore Roosevelt of New York and Woodrow Wilson of New Jersey were also __________ governors. Both later became __________ and brought reforms to the White House.

Progressive, President

How were the Progressive and Populist Movements different?

Progressives were guided by education, modern ideas, and scientific techniques whereas Populists believed the ideal community revolved around simple village life. Progressives were mostly white, Anglo-Saxon, Protestant, middle-class reformers while Populists were mostly working-class farmers and factory workers.

In response to challenging social problems brought about by industrialization, urbanization, and immigration, a movement called __________ emerged in the 1890s.

Progressivism