Chapter 11 and 12 Management

What is path-goal theory?

A model concerned with how a leader affects employees' perceptions of their personal and work goals and the paths to goal attainment

What is meant by expectancy?

A person's expectation that effort will lead to high performance

What is flextime?

A work schedule that allows employees to choose their starting and ending times as long as they are at work during a specified time period

Which of the following refers to power that is derived by virtue of a person's association with someone else who has some source of power?

Affiliative power

The person primarily associated with the Hawthorne studies was

Elton Mayo

What name is given to the most effective managers, who engage in both dimensions of leadership behaviors by getting employees involved in the operation of their departments or divisions in a positive and constructive manner, setting general goals, providing fairly loose supervision, and recognizing employees' contributions?

Employee-centered leade

What name is given to the theory that states that motivation depends not only on how much a person wants something but also on the person's perception of how likely he or she is to get it?

Expectancy theory

What term describes power or influence derived from a person's special knowledge or expertise in a particular area?

Expert Power

Which of the following refers to the sum total of employees' attitudes toward their jobs, employer, and colleagues?

Morale

Your company's work teams have won national awards for making the finest widgets ever seen. Your loyal and productive workers have never been more proud of their work. What important characteristic of motivation is probably at an all-time high at your company?

Morale

What term describes a person's ability to satisfy or deny satisfaction of another's need, based on a formal contractual relationship between an organization and the individual?

Organizational power

Which of the following characteristics relates to reward power

Organizational power that stems from a person's ability to bestow rewards

Which of the following refers to a person's capacity to influence the behavior and attitudes of others?

Power

Which of the following characteristics relates to information power?

Power that is a result of having access to important information that is not common knowledge, or of having the ability to control the flow of information to and from others

Which of the following refers to a set of theories that try to determine "how" and "why" employees are motivated to perform?

Process theories

What name is given to personal power that results when one person identifies with and admires another?

Referent Power

What name is given to a process theory that assumes that behavior may be reinforced by relating it to its consequences?

Reinforcement theory

What is meant by charisma?

The ability to inspire admiration, respect, loyalty, and a desire to emulate, based on some intangible set of personality traits; a personal source of power

Which of the following characteristics relates to positive reinforcement?

The act of strengthening a desired behavior by rewarding it or providing other positive outcomes

Which of the following characteristics relates to leadership?

The process of influencing the activities of an individual or a group toward the achievement of a goal

What are maintenance factors?

Those aspects of a job that relate to the work setting, including adequate wages, comfortable working conditions, fair company policies, and job security

Poor morale is most likely to cause

absenteeism

The First Lady's primary source of power is

affiliative

Which of the following refers to power that is derived by virtue of a person's association with someone else who has some source of power?

affiliative power

Motivational theories that assume that workers are motivated by the desire to satisfy needs, and then seek to identify what those needs are, are called

content theories

The examination of input-output ratios, employee contributions, and the perception of fairness is most associated with

equity theory

There is increasing evidence that transformational leaders

exist at all levels in organizational hierarchies and in a broad range of organizations.

Professors, computer geniuses, mechanics, airline pilots, and ship captains supposedly have a lot of

expert power

professors, computer geniuses, mechanics, airline pilots, and ship captains supposedly have a lot of

expert power

Giving employees tickets to "cash in" for a paid day off when they get their projects done well ahead of the deadline is an example of the creative use of

informal rewards

Although regulations and laws sharply limit a leader's ability to use coercive power, it is a fair assessment that

it is still too commonly used in business settings

When financial institutions such as J.P. Morgan reward employees with bonuses and other financial incentives for making risky decisions, they may find that their attempts to motivate employees

may sometimes have negative effects on the organization

To achieve organizational objectives, employees must have the ability, tools, and _____ to perform their jobs.

motivation

When extra effort is required from employees and managers have no control over rewards and punishments and close supervision is not practical

personal sources of power are essential.

The motivational theories that try to determine "how" and "why" employees are motivated to perform are called

process theories

An employee's confidence that he or she can perform a task or behavior successfully is called

self-efficacy

The birth of the human relations approach to motivation can be traced to

the Hawthorne studies.

With regard to leadership and management, most American companies today appear to be

under-led and over-managed

In applying reinforcement theory, one of the problems in punishing unacceptable behavior is that punishment may produce

undesirable long-term side effects.

What term describes the process of providing employees with the ability to contribute input and take on responsibilities for organizational decisions?

Empowerment

What term describes a theory stating that the extent to which people are willing to contribute to an organization depends on their assessment of the fairness of the rewards they will receive in exchange?

Equity Theory