CHAPTER 11- BIO

plasma

-a straw-colored liquid that makes up about 55% of blood. serves as a medium in which materials are transported by the blood. almost every substance that is transported by the blood is dissolved in the plasma.

sickle cell anemia

-a type of hemolytic anemia -caused by abnormal hemoglobin -results in red blood cells that are fragile and rupture easily, clogging the small blood vessels and promoting clot formation

plasmin

-dissolves cuts by digesting the fibrin strands that form the framework of the clot. -formed in inactive protein

an important function of white blood cells is: a. blood clotting b. transportation of oxygen. c. fighting infection. d. maintaining blood pressure.

c. fighting infection

how to test for blood types

-a sample of blood is taken from the patient. -they separate the sample, into two sperate samples. -they mix drops of Anti-A antibodies in one, and Anti-B antibodies in the other. -whichever sample begins to form clumping, means that the antigen corresponding to the antibody in that mixture is present.

fibrin

-a protein formed from fibrinogen by thrombin. it forms a web that traps the blood cells, forming a blood clot.

Type O

- blood where there is neither an A or B antigen present. -have both anti-A antibodies & anti-B antibodies

albumins

-Important for blood's water-balancing ability (most important)

monocytes

-Largest of the formed elements & develop into macrophages: phagocytic cells that engulf invading microbes, dead cells, and cellular debris.

globulins

transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins & some are antibodies.

the primary function of the red blood cells is to ____.

transport oxygen

what blood type(s) can a person with B blood be given? explain.

type b and type O.

type b blood contains which antigen: a. anti-A b. anti-B c. both anti-A & anti-B d. neither

a. anti-A

the ____ regulated red blood cell production. a. kidney b. spleen c. liver d. red bone marrow

a. kidney

platelets: a. stick to damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break. b. have a lifespan of about 120 days, c. are the precursors of leukocytes. d. have multiple nuclei

a. stick to damaged area of blood vessel and help seal the break.

the protein that forms a net that traps red blood cells and platelets and forms blood clots is ___.

fibrin

what is hemolytic disease of the newborn? what causes it?

occurs when anti-Rh antibodies from the mother cross the placenta and cause clumping of an Rh-positive fetus' blood cells. an Rh-negative mother may have formed anti-Rh antibodies if she previously gave birth to an Rh-positive baby and fetal blood entered the mother's body during the delivery.

pus

-liquid associated with infection.

___ is a protein in red blood cells that transports oxygen.

hemoglobin

immune cells

-fight against foreign invaders.

prothrombin activator

-a blood protein that converts prothrombin to thrombin as part of the blood-clotting cycle

leukemia

-a cancer of the WBCs that causes the number of WBCs to greatly increase -these abnormal cells take over the bone marrow, preventing the development of normal RBCs, WBCs, and platelets -symptoms include anemia and inadequate clotting and body defense mechanisms -treatment typically involves radiation therapy, chemotherapy, and transfusions

Rh factor

-a group of antigens found on the surface of the red blood cells of most people.

granulocytes

-a group of white blood cells that have granules in their cytoplasm. the granules have sacs containing chemicals that are used as weapons to destroy invading pathogens, especially bacteria.

erythropoietin

-a hormone produced when certain cells in the kidney sense the reduced oxygen. -travels to the red marrow, where it steps up the division rate of stem cells and the maturation rate of immature red blood cells.

thrombin

-a plasma protein important in blood clotting that is formed from prothrombin by thromboplastin. it converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which forms a web that traps blood cells and forms the blood clot.

fibrogen

-a plasma protein produced by the liver that is important in blood clotting.

prothrombin

-a plasma protein synthesized by the liver that is important in blood clotting.

what happens if a person is given a blood transfusion with incompatible blood?

-agglutination occurs, causing the cells to clump and get stuck in blood vessels and block blood flow.

what are the three categories of plasma protein?

-albumins -globulins -clotting proteins

red blood cells

-also called erythrocytes -transport oxygen to the cells -carry about 23% of the blood's total carbon dioxide -shaped like biconcave disks and are very flexible -no nucleus when mature -contain hemoglobin -produced in the red bone marrow -undergo phagocytosis in liver and spleen

white blood cells

-also known as leukocytes, remove waste, toxins, and damaged or abnormal cells, but also fight off infections and diseases in the body. can leave the circulatory system and move to the site of infection or tissue damage. have a nucleus.

hemolytic disease of the newborn

-an incompatibility of the Rh blood group between the mother and fetus.

hemophilia

-an inherited condition in which the affected person bleeds excessively owing to a fault in one of the genes involved in producing clotting factors. -treated by restoring the missing clotting factor. -usually in males -bruising, bleeding longer than normal, permanently cripple

what determines a person's blood type?

-antigens on the surface of the red blood cells. type a blood has a antigens. type b blood has b antigens. type ab has both. type o has neither.

describe the characteristics of red blood cells that make them specialized for delivering oxygen to the tissues.

-biconcave disks, a shape that creates a large surface area for such a small cell. -are packed with the protein hemoglobin, which has the ability to pick up oxygen in the lungs and release in the tissues. -lack a nucleus and mitochrondria, so most of the interior is taken up by the hemoglobin molecules.

describe the function of hemoglobin.

-binds to oxygen in the lungs and releases it to tissues in the body. -globular-shaped protein consisting of 4 polypeptide chains. -each chain contains a heme group (with an iron atom) that can bind to an oxygen molecule.

what is the difference between the blood clotting that occurs after an injury and the clumping that occurs after a mismatched blood transfusion?

-blood clotting after an injury occurs when blood cells get trapped in a web of fibrin at the site of the injury. -agglutination following a mismatched blood transfusion occurs because antibodies in the recipient's blood cause the donor's red blood cells to clump.

blood types

-blood is classified into blood types according to the presence and absence of certain molecules (mostly proteins)

Type AB

-blood with both an antigen A and an antigen B on the red blood cell surface -neither anti-A or anti-B antibodies

Type A

-blood with only the antigen A on their surface -have anti-B antibodies

Type B

-blood with only the antigen B on their surface -have anti-A antibodies

stem cells

-cells that divide and give rise to all the formed elements, are not totally committed to a given type of adult cell.

lymphocytes

-classified into two types: B Lymphocytes & T Lymphocytes.

agglutinate

-clumping of blood when a person is given a blood transfusion with donor blood containing foreign antigens. -damaging and can be fatal

oxyhemoglobin

-compound formed when hemoglobin is bound with oxygen.

eosinophils

-defend against parasitic worms & lessen the severity of allergies -stain pink

compare the size, structure, and numbers of leukocytes & erythrocytes.

-erythrocytes are small, disk-shaped cells that lack a nucleus, and are packed with hemoglobin. 45% of the blood volume are erythrocytes. -leukocytes are larger, have a large nucleus, and account for less that 1% of the blood volume.

platelet plug

-formed when the platelets cling to cables of collagen, the protein fibers on the torn blood vessel surface

B Lymphocytes

-give rise to plasma cells, which in turn, produce antibodies.

Rh-positive

-has the antigens found on the surface of the red blood cells.

blasts

-immature cells

where are the red blood cells produced? how is the production of red blood cells controlled?

-in the red bone marrow. -when the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is low, the kidneys release the hormone erythropoietin, which stimulates the red bone marrow to produce more red blood cells.

pernicious anemia

-insufficient production of red blood cells -caused by failure to produce intrinsic factor, which makes it impossible for the vitamin b12 to be absorbed. **production of red blood cells depends on the b12 vitamin.

after a blood vessel is cut, what mechanisms prevent excessive blood loss?

-it constricts and stops blood flow. then, platelets stick to the collagen fibers on the damaged blood vessel's wall to form a "plug". then they produce thromboxane, which makes them stick together and attracts other platelets to the wound. injured cells in the blood vessel release blood clotting factors and a clot forms.

agranulocytes

-lack cytoplasmic granules or have very small granules.

Rh-negative

-lacks the antigens found on the surface of the red blood cells.

what is plasma and what are its functions?

-liquid matrix portion of the blood. -it transports dissolved substances such as vitamins, gases, plasma proteins. -transports cellular wastes from the cells to the kidneys.

plasma proteins

-make up 7% to 8% of the plasma. they help balance water flow between the blood and the cells. without the plasma proteins, water would be drawn out of the blood by the proteins in cells, which would result in fluid buildup in the tissues, also known as swelling.

neutrophils

-most abundant of the white blood cells. they are the blood cell soldiers on the front line. immediately begin to engulf microbes by phagocytosis, which curbs the spread of the infection. after engulfing multiple microbes, the neutropholis dies. -do not stain

iron-deficiency anemia

-most common -leads to inadequate hemoglobin production -caused by a diet with little iron, blood loss, inability to absorb iron

hemoglobin

-oxygen-binding pigment that is responsible for the blood's red color.

why would pernicious anemia be treated with regular injections of vitamin b12 instead of dietary supplements of the vitamin?

-people with pernicious anemia cannot absorb the b12 supplement from the digestive system, so it has to be injected.

macrophages

-phagocytic cell that engulfing invading microbes, dead cells, and cellular debris.

formed elements

-platelets, white blood cells, and red blood cells. these cell fragments perform key functions of the blood.

platelets

-play a role in blood clotting. they are small purple fragments of megakaryocytes and are formed in the red bone marrow.

antibodies

-proteins that recognize specific molecules (antigens) on the surface of invading microbes or other foreign cells

production of red blood cells

-regulated by a negative feedback mechanism -production typically matches destruction -in the case of blood loss, the rate of RBC production is increased -->kidney cells sense reduced oxygen and produce the hormone erythropoietin -->erythropoietin stimulates the red bone marrow to produce more RBCs -->the increased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood inhibits production of erythropoietin

basophils

-release histamine that attracts other white blood cells and causes the blood vessels to dilate. also play a role in some allergic reactions. -stain purple

T Lymphocytes (killer T cells)

-specialized white blood cells that play roles in the body's defense mechanisms & kill cells not recognized as coming from the body, or cells that are cancerous.

anemia

-the blood's ability to carry oxygen is reduced -can result from too little hemoglobin, too few red blood cells, or both -symptoms include fatigue, headaches, dizziness, paleness, breathlessness, and heart palpitations

describe what happens to worn or damaged red blood cells and their hemoglobin.

-the liver and spleen destroy worn-out blood cells. the red blood cells get stuck in the tiny circulatory channels of these organs, where macrophages destroy them. the hemoglobin is then broken down into amino acids and bilirubin.

phagocytosis

-the process of white blood cells engulfing the "offenders". cells that eat. clean up the dead tissue.

hemolytic anemia

-when red blood cell destruction exceeds production -caused by infectioneis, defects in the membrane of the red blood cells, transfusion of mismatched blood, hemoglobin abnormalities

infectious mononucleosis

-white blood cell disorder -viral disease of the lymphocytes caused by the Epstein-Barr virus -symptoms include fever, headache, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes -there is no treatment

bilirubin

-yellow pigment -remaining part of the heme -excreted by the liver in bile.

describe the steps in blood clotting.

1. a clot begins to form when clotting factors are released from injured cells of the damaged blood vessel. 2. the clotting factors convert an inactive blood protein to prothrombin activator, which converts prothrombin t an active form, thrombin. 3. thrombin then causes a change in fibrinogen from the liver. the altered fibrinogen forms long strands of fibrin, which forms a web that traps blood cells and forms the clot.

requirements to donate blood

1. at least 17 years of age 2. weight at least 110 pounds 3. willing to spend 20-30 minutes donating

list five types of white blood cells, and describe the role of each when it comes to body defense.

1. neutropholis- phagocytize (eat) bacteria and other microbes. 2. eosinophilis- attack parasitic worms & phagocytize (eat) antibody-entigen complexes. 3. basophilis- release histamine, which attracts other white blood cells to the site of injury and causes blood vessels to dilate. 4. monocytes- develop into macrophages (big eaters) 5. lymphocytes- B lymphocytes give rise to plasma cells that produce antibodies. T Lymphocytes are killers that perform various functions of the immune response.

list the three types of formed elements and describe their functions.

1. platelets- function in clotting. 2. red blood cells- transport oxygen to the cells for cellular respiration and transport a portion of CO2 waste from cells.

a person whose blood type is AB-negative can: a. receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen. b. donate to all blood types in moderate amounts. c. receive types A, B, AB, but not O. d. donate to types A, B, AB, but not O.

a. receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen.

choose the incorrect statement about white blood cells. a. they carry oxygen to the body cells. b. the can leave the capillaries and move through the body tissues. c. they can help the body defend against disease. d. they are formed in red bone marrow.

a. they carry oxygen to the body cells.

a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is low is: a. infection b. anemia c. leukemia d. a kidney problem

b. anemia

hemolytic disease of the newborn will never happen to the child of an Rh-negative mother if: a. the child is type O-positive b. the child is Rh-positive c. the father is Rh-positive d. the father is Rh- negative

d. the father is Rh-negative.

clotting proteins

such as fibrinogen & prothrombin.