Chapter 11 Blood

Place the major events in red blood cell destruction in order.

1, Macrophages destroy damaged red blood cells 2. Hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin 3. Heme is degraded into iron and bilirubin; globin broken down into amino acids 4. Iron and amino acids are recycled; bilirubin is excreted in bile

Place the steps of platelet plug formation in the correct order starting with the injury.

1. Break in lining of blood vessel wall 2. Platelets adhere to each other, the vessel, and exposed collagen 3. Platelet plug is fully formed

List the cells in order as they are formed during erythropoiesis.

1. Myeloid stem cell 2. Erythroblast 3. Reticulocyte 4. Erythrocyte

List the cells inn order as they are formed during erythropoiesis.

1. Myeloid stem cell 2. Erythroblast 3. Reticulocyte 4. Erythrocyte

Arrange the steps in blood clot formation beginning with the injury.

1. Tissue is damaged and thromboplastin is released 2. Prothrombin activator is formed 3. Prothrombin is converted to thrombin 4. Two short amino acid chains from fibrinogen are activated 5. Fibrin is produced 6. Fibrin adheres to vessel walls and forms clot

List the three events of hemostasis in the correct sequence.

1. Vascular spasm 2. Platelet plug formation 3. Coagulation

Plasma comprises about _____________% of the blood's volume.

55

The most common type of blood typing test is based on the presence or absence of which erythrocyte-bound antigens?

A antigens and B antigens

Which of the following options correctly describes leukemia?

A form of cancer that results in very high numbers of leukocytes and their precursors in the blood

A person with both type A and type B antigens on the surface of their red blood cells has type _____________ blood, while a person lacking both type A and type B antigens on the surface of their red blood cells has type _____________ blood.

AB; O

What is the clumping of red blood cells following a transfusion reaction called?

Agglutination

_____________ is the clumping of red blood cells when testing blood compatibility or resulting from a transfusion reaction.

Agglutination

Match the plasma protein type to its PRIMARY function.

Albumin --> maintain osmotic pressure Alpha and beta globulins --> transport lipids and fat soluble vitamins Gamma globulins --> constitute a type of antibody Fibrinogen --> plays a key role in a blood coagulation

What condition may be caused by a dietary lack of iron, which leads to a deficiency of hemoglobin?

Anemia

Which of the following substances are components of plasma?

Antibodies Enzymes Ions Hormones Water

Which is a lymphocyte that produces antibodies that inactivate antigens?

B cell

What is the identity of a small leukocyte with large purple/black granules and a U-shaped nucleus?

Basophil

Which of the following disorders of the blood are correctly described?

Cerebrovascular accident = A thromboembolism in the cerebrum Thrombocytopenia = Condition of very low platelets where spontaneous bleeding cannot be prevented

Which of the following are functions of blood?

Defense Regulation Transport

Which of the following donor/recipient pairs would lead to agglutination?

Donor Type B: Recipient Type O

Which leukocyte functions to moderate allergic reactions and increase in number when there is a parasitic worm infection?

Eosinophil

Which of the following cells are precursors to a red blood cell?

Erythroblasts Myeloid stem cells

Which blood cell transports both oxygen and carbon dioxide?

Erythrocytes

What hormone is responsible for the stimulation of the red bone marrow to produce red blood cells?

Erythropoietin

True or false: A person's blood type is determined by random mutations during developemnt.

False

True or false: Plasma accounts for about 75% of the blood volume.

False

True or false: Platelets are multinucleated cells that function in blood clotting.

False

Which molecule is the precursor to fibrin?

Fibrinogen

Which of the following is NOT a step in the formation of a platelets plug?

Formation of a blood clot

Which globulin is produced by white blood cells?

Gamma globulin

Which of the following characteristics is TRUE of leukocytes but NOT of erythrocytes?

Have nuclei

A molecule of hemoglobin contains which of the following?

Heme group

Select all of the options that are major events in red blood cell destruction.

Hemoglobin is broken down into heme and globin Heme is degraded into iron and bilirubin Macrophages destroy old and damaged red blood cells

_____________ is the general term that means the cessation or stoppage of bleeding.

Hemostasis

What is the function of heparin?

It is an anticoagulant produced by mast cells and basophils.

Which of the following are TRUE of hemoglobin?

It is responsible for the color of blood. It carries oxygen.

Prolonged low blood oxygen in adults causes which organ to release erythropoietin that will stimulate the production of red blood cells in the red bone marrow?

Kidneys

Which of the following best describes the microscopic image of an eosinophil when stained?

Large bi-lobed nucleus with red cytoplasmic granules

_____________ is a disease in which large numbers of leukocytes are released into the blood.

Leukemia

Lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are all classified in which group of cells?

Leukocytes

Select all of the conditions that involve an abnormal white blood cell count.

Leukocytosis Leukopenia Leukemia

Which of the following white blood cell abnormalities is paired with its correct description?

Leukopenia - low white blood cell count

Which type of plasma protein transports cholesterol in the blood?

Lipoprotein

Where are the alpha and beta globulins and plasma proteins produced?

Liver

Which conditions promote the release of oxygen from hemoglobin in the tissues?

Lower oxygen concentration Slightly warmer temperature Slightly lower pH

Which of the following is/are the role of proteins in plasma?

Maintenance of osmotic pressure Transport of nutrients pH balance

Identify all of the cells that are derived from myeloid stem cells.

Megakaryocytes Monocytes Red blood cells Granular leukocytes

Which of the leukocytes is the largest?

Monocyte

_____________ migrate into tissues and become macrophages, which phagocytize bacteria, dead cells and other debris.

Monocytes

Which two types of leukocytes are agranulocytes?

Monocytes Lymphocytes

Identify all of the cells that are derived from lymphoid stem cells.

Natural killer cells Lymphocytes

_____________ is the name of the cells that have a lobed nucleus with two to five sections and fine cytoplasmic granules that appear light purple?

Neutrophils

Select all of these that are classified as granulocytes.

Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils

Which of the following cells are classified as granulocytes?

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

Which blood type is considered the universal donor?

O

Which of the following will induce the formation of red blood cells?

Oxygen levels in blood decrease Erythropoietin levels increase

Which disorder of the blood results when B12 levels are deficient?

Pernicious anemia

Select all of the blood disorders that increase in frequency with age.

Pernicious anemia Leukemia Thromboembolism

Match the blood disorders associated with aging to their descriptions.

Pernicious anemia --> red blood cell deficiency caused by lack of vitamin B12 Iron deficiency anemia --> red blood cell deficiency caused by undetectable bleeding Leukemia --> cancer involving white blood cells

Which of the following is NOT a formed element of the blood?

Plasma

Which of the following breaks down the fibrin threads associated with a clot after a damaged vessel has been repaired?

Plasmin

What is the main function of platelets?

Platelets contribute to hemostasis.

_____________ are fragments of megakaryocytes.

Platelets or Thrombocytes

What is the primary function of leukocytes?

Protect against disease

Where does hematopoiesis occur?

Red bone marrow

A person with Rh antigens present on the surface of their red blood cells would be classified as _____________.

Rh positive

Which conditions promote oxygen binding to hemoglobin in the lung capillaries?

Slightly cooler temperature Slightly higher pH Higher oxygen concentration

Which condition promotes the release of oxygen from hemoglobin in the tissues?

Slightly warmer temperature Lower oxygen concentration Slightly lower pH

Which cell is a lymphocyte capable of directly killing target cells?

T cells

When blood is fully oxygenated, which of the following statements is TRUE?

The blood appears bright red The oxyhemoglobin molecule has formed

Which of the following best describes a vascular spasm?

The damaged vessel narrows to minimize blood loss for several minutes.

What determines blood type?

The presence or absence of A and B antigens on the surface of RBCs.

Which of the following are characteristics of mature erythrocytes (red blood cells)?

They are biconcave disks They are specialized for carrying oxygen

Select all of these statements that are characteristics of eosinophils.

They are classified as granulocytes They help moderate allergic reactions and parasitic worm infections They have a bilobed nucleus

Which of the following is TRUE ONLY of platelets and not of either leukocytes or erythrocytes?

They are fragments of cells.

Which of the following are characteristics of neutrophils?

They destroy bacteria through phagocytosis They are the most abundant leukocyte They have a nucleus with multiple lobes

Which of the following are TRUE about leukocytes?

They develop from stem cells Unstained cells are translucent They develop in the red bone marrow

Select all of the following statements that describe characteristics of lymphocytes.

They include B cells and T cells They are important in specific immunity reactions They are classified as agranulocytes

Which of the following are characteristics of monocytes?

They migrate into tissues and differentiate into macrophages They can phagocytize large particles They are the largest WBC

Select all of these statements that correctly describe characteristics of basophils.

They release heparin They release histamine

Select all of these statements that correctly describe characteristics of basophils?

They release histamine The release heparin

Match the following examples with the correct function category:

Transport --> Movement of nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the body Defense --> Killing and removal of pathogens as well as old/dying body cells Regulation --> Maintaining pH and osmotic pressure

Which is the main function of red blood cells (erythrocytes)?

Transport oxygen

True or false: Anemia can occur because of either a deficiency in hemoglobin or a deficiency of RBCs.

True

True or false: If an Rh-female is pregnant for the first time with an Rh+ fetus, it may be uneventful. However, if she gets pregnant again with an Rh+ fetus, maternal anti-Rh antibodies can destroy fetal red blood cells and cause erythroblastosis fetalis.

True

Match the blood type to the correct set of antigens on the surface of the red blood cells found in the blood for that specific blood type.

Type A --> Type A antigen Type AB --> Type A antigen and Type B antigen Type B --> Type B antigen Type O --> No AB antigens are present

Because type AB blood lacks both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, a person with AB blood can receive a transfusion from which of the following blood types?

Type O Type AB Type B Type A

Which process is the first response to a blood vessel injury that is causing blood loss?

Vascular spasm

_____________ blood cells, or leukocytes, primarily function to protect the body against disease.

White

Monocytes and lymphocytes are classified as:

agranulocytes

Because _____________ is the most abundant plasma protein, it is an important determinant of the osmotic pressure os plasma.

albumin

A person's blood type is _____________.

an inherited trait

A generalized condition in which the ability to transport oxygen is impaired due to insufficient hemoglobin or too few erythrocytes is called _____________.

anemia

A substance, such as heparin, that inhibits the formation of a blood clot is called an _____________.

anticoagulant

Fibrinogen is converted to _____________ to form clots.

fibrin

Once _____________ threads form, they wind around the platelet plug creating a framework that entraps blood cells and platelets to create a blood clot.

fibrin

Neutrophils, basophils and eosinophils are the three types of leukocytes classified as _____________.

granulocytes

Leukocytes can be divided into _____________.

granulocytes and agranulocytes

Albumin is a plasma protein that _____________.

helps to maintain osmotic pressure

Iron is critical for the synthesis of the red blood cell protein called _____________.

hemaglobin

The percentage of the blood volume that consists of red blood cells is called the _____________.

hematocrit

Production of blood cells occurs via a process called _____________.

hematopoiesis

A molecule of _____________ consists of four polypeptide chains and a heme group.

hemoglobin

The process of _____________ requires three major events: vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, and coagulation.

hemostasis

The processes that control the cessation of bleeding are part of _____________.

hemostasis

The correct anatomical term for a white blood cell is _____________.

leukocyte

As they age, red blood cells lose their resiliency and may be damaged as they pass through capillaries. Ultimately, damaged red blood cells are destroyed by macrophages in the _____________.

liver and spleen

Old red blood cells are destroyed in the liver and spleen, where they are engulfed by _____________.

macrophages

Leukocytes that lack visible granules in their cytoplasm include _____________ and _____________.

monocytes; lymphocytes

If an Rh _____________ female is pregnant with an Rh _____________ fetus, some of the fetal RBCs cells may enter the maternal blood at the time of birth and stimulate the maternal tissues to produce anti-Rh antibodies.

negative; positive

Granular leukocytes circulating in blood include basophils, _____________ and _____________.

neutrophils; eosinophils

When hemoglobin combines with oxygen it forms _____________ and blood appears bright red. When oxygen is released, the resulting _____________ is darker and makes blood appear bluish when it is viewed through blood vessel walls.

oxyhemoglobin; deoxyhemoglobin

The liquid portion of blood is called _____________.

plasma

Albumin, fibrinogen and globulins are the three main categories of _____________.

plasma proteins

The enzyme that digests the fibrin threads of a blood clot is _____________.

plasmin

If the Rh antigen is present on the red blood cell membrane, the blood is said to be Rh _____________.

positive

Albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen are examples of plasma _____________.

proteins

Individuals with type AB blood are sometimes called universal _____________ because their blood lacks both anti-A and anti-B antibodies.

recipients

Leukocytes, or white blood cells, develop from stem cells in the _____________ bone marrow.

red

The formed elements of blood include _____________.

red blood cells white blood cells platelets

Platelets contribute to blood vessel spasm and prevent blood loss when they release _____________, which prolongs the contraction of smooth muscles in the walls of blood vessels.

serotonin

The release of _____________ by platelets prolongs the contraction of the smooth muscle in vessel walls.

serotonin

Prothrombin activator converts prothrombin into _____________ which in turn then catalyzes a reaction to produce _____________ from fibrinogen.

thrombin; fibrin

A thrombosis is a blood clot that forms in an undamaged blood vessel. If a clot breaks free from the thrombus, travels, and then lodges in an artery, it is called a(n) _____________.

thromboembolus

Granulocytes and agranulocytes are _____________.

types of leukocytes

Plasma consists of over 90% _____________.

water

Identify the formed elements of the blood:

white blood cells red blood cells platelets

The process of coagulation results in the formation of a _____________.

blood clot

When measuring the percentage of formed elements in a blood sample, the portion containing white blood cells and platelets is called the _____________.

buffy coat

The most effective hemostatic mechanism is the formation of a blood clot by the process called _____________.

coagulation

During coagulation, fibrin threads _____________.

create a fibrous network that entraps blood cells and platelets wind around the platelet plug in the damaged area of the blood vessel

Functions of the blood include all of the following, EXCEPT:

creation of body heat