Chapter 11 Essential and Nonessential Amino Acids

What amino acids can the body produce

1. alanine 2. asparagine 3. aspartic acid 4. cysteine 5.glutamin acid 6. glutamine 7. glycine 8. proline 9. serine 10. tyrosine

Hisidine (His) purpose

1. direct precursor of histamine 2. source of carbon atoms in synthesis of purines 3. helps grow and repair body tissues and maintain myelin sheaths to protect nerve cells 4. Helps manufacture red/white blood cells 5. stimulates the secretion of digestive enzyme gastrin and acts as a catalytic site in certain enzymes

Alanine (Ala)

1. energy producing break down of glucose 2. transfer of nitrogen from peripheral tissue to the liver 2. helps reduce the build up of toxic substances that are released into muscle cells 3. strengthens the immune system through production of antiboides

Methionine (Met)

1. helps initiate translation of messenger RNA by being the first amino acid incorporated into the N-terminal position of all proteins 2. source of sulfur 3. assists in breakdown of fats 4. helps detoxify lead and other heavy metals 5. helps diminish muscle weakness 6. prevents brittle hair 7. reacts with ATP to contribute to synthesis of many important substances ( epinephrine and choline)

Glutamine (Gln)

1. involved in more metabolic process than any other amino acid 2. converted to glucose when more glucose is required for energy and aids in immune function. 3. assists in maintaining the proper acid/alkaline balance in the body. 4. Provides fuel for healthy digestive tract, 5. the basis of the building blocks for synthesis of RNA/DNA 6. used in treatment of serious illnesses, injury, trauma, burns, cancer treatment related side effects and in wound healing for post op patients 7. transports ammonia

Asparagine (Asn)

1. involved in transport of nitrogen 2. β-amide of aspartic acid synthesized from aspartic acid in ATP 3. converting one amino acid into another via amination and transmination 4. required by nervous system and plays a role in synthesis of ammonia

Cysteine (Cys)

1. may be essential for infants, elderly, and individuals with certain metabolic diseases or malabsorption syndromes 2. important structural and functional component of many proteins and enzymes 3. potentially toxic and is catabolized in the GI tract and blood. 4. absorbed during digestion as cytine, that travels to cells where it is reduced to 2 cysteine molceules upon cell entry 5. constituent in food, pharmaceutical and personal care industries

Glycine (Gly)

1. only amino acid that is not optically active because it has no steroisomer 2. essential in synthesis of nucleic acids, bile acids, proteins, peptides, purines, ATP, porphyrins, hemoglobin, gluthathione, creatine, bile salts, glucose, glycogen 3. Liver uses it to help detox compounds and synthesis of bile acids 4. inhibitory neurotransmitter in CNS

What are the essential amino acids

1. phenylalanine 2. valine 3. Threonine 4. Tryptophan 5. Isoleucine 6. Methionine 7. Histidine 8. Arginine 9. Leucine 10. Lysine PVT TIM HALL

Arginine purpose?

1. plays a role in cell division 2. healing wounds 3. stimulation of protein synthesis 4. immune function and release of hormones 5. required to generate urea 6. removal of ammonia (toxic) 7. synthesis of creatine

Tyrosine (Tyr)

1. precursor of adrenal hormones epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine and they thyroid hormones. 2. important in overall metabolism 3. aides in function of adrenal, thyroid, pituitary glands 4. acts as mood elevator, suppresses appetite, and helps reduce body fat. 5. Useful in treatment of chronic fatigue, narcolepsy, anxiety, depression, low sex drive, allergies, and headaches

Proline (Pro)

1. precursor of hydrooxyproline 2. wound healing 3. molecular recognition 4. component in medical wound dressing 5. healing of cartilage and strengthening of joints, tendons, and heart muscle, and it works with Vit C to promote connect tissue

Aspartic Acid role

1. vital role in metabolism during construction of other amino acids and metabolites in the citric acid cycle. 2. metabolite in the urea cycle 3. participates in gluconegogenesis

Serine(Ser)

Alcohol amino acid, because of it's methyl side chain(contains hydroxyl group) 1. proper metabolism of fats and fatty acids 2. body's synthetic pathways for pyrimidines, purines, creatine, and porphyrins 3. component of myelin sheath 4. aides in producing immunoglobulins and antibodies

Amino Acid Groups

Mneumonics: 1. Uncharged polar side chains: Good Souls are truly the God's children Glutamine, Serine, Asparagine, Threonin, Tyrosine, Glycine, Cysteine

Aspartic Acid (Asp)

alanine with one of the β-hydrogens replaced by a carboxylic acid group.

Threoinine (Thr)

alcohol containing amino acid 1. formation of protein, collagen, elastin, and tooth enamel 2. important in production of neurotransmitters and health of the nervous system 3. helps maintain proper protein balance in the body and aids liver function, metabolism, and assimilation

Valine (Val)

branched-chain amino acid that is a constituent of fibrous protein in the body 1. needed for muscle metabolism and coordination, tissue repair, and maintenance of nitrogen balance 2. used by muscle tissue as energy source 3. treatment of muscle, mental, and emotional issues 4. insomnia, anxiety, liver/gallbladder disease

Amino acids are

building blocks of proteins N-terminal end amino group C-terminal end carboxyl group

Hisidine (His)

by pH is basic due to imidazole side chain

Where is arginine (Arg) often found?

catalytic site in proteins and enzymes due to it's amine-containing side chain

How do amino acids differ from one another>?

chemical composition of their R group

Tryptophan (Trp)

formed from proteins during digestion by the action of proteolytic enzymes. 1. precursor for serotonin and melatonin 2. Helps alleviate insomnia by inducing sleep, soothes anxiety, and reduces depression 3. treats migraines 4. reduces appetite 5. helps control hyperactivity in children

Isoleucine (Ile)

group of branched-chain amino acids 1. maintain, heal and repair muscle tissue, skin, and bones. 2. needed in hemoglobin formations 3. helps to regulate blood glucose levels and maintain energy levels

Leucine (Leu)

group of branched-chain amino acids, in conjunction with valine and isoleucine 1. boosts healing muscle, skin and bones; aides in recovery from surgery 2. lowers blood glucose levels 3. optimal growth of infants and for nitrogen balance in adults

Lysine (Lys)

has a net positive charge, by pH is basic 1. production of ab's and lowers triglyceride levels 2. needed for proper growth and bone development in children 3. maintain proper nitrogen balance in adults 4. helps in absorption and conservation of calcium 5. plays an important role in formation of collagen

Selenocysteine (Sec)

it is not coded for directly in the genetic cod, it is encoded by UGA codon which is normally a stop codon. Has specialized transfer RNA

Pyrrolysine (Pyl)

naturally occurring genetically encoded amino acid used by some Archaea in enzymes that are part of there methane-producing metabolism. encoded by UAG codon

Glutamic Acid (Glu)

net negative charge by pH, it is polar amino acid 1. neurotransmitter its dysregulation has been linked to epileptic seizures 2. metabolism of sugars and fats and aids transporting potassium into the spinal fluid. 3. responsible for one of the five basic tastes (umami)

Phenylalanine (Phe)

nonpolar amino acids because of the hydrophobic nature of benzyl side chain 1. alertness and vitality 2. elevates mood 3. decreases pain 4. aides memory and learning 5. used to treat arthritis and depression 6. used by brain to produce norepinephrine 7. plays key role in biosynthesis of other amino acids

what proteolytic enzymes digest dietary proteins into amino acids

pepsin & trypsin

what type of bond forms between one amino acid and carboxyl group

peptide bond

What is a chain of amino acids called?

polypeptide

What is amination

process by which an amine group is introduced into an organic molecule

What is the primary purpose of amino acids?

synthesis of body proteins

What else are amino acids used for?>

synthesis of nonprotein nitrogen containing compounds such as purines, pyrimidines, porphyrins, creatine, histamine, thryroxine, epinephrine, and coenzyme NAD, provides 12-20% total daily body energy requirement.

What is transamination

the reaction when an amino acid is transferred to a α-ketoacid Mnemonic: PoLyThene Po: proline Ly: Lysine The: threonine