Chapter 11 quiz (psych)

Which of the following statements is true of social comparison?

Social comparison helps identify distinctive characteristics of a person and helps in building an identity.

_____ is an individual's fast-acting, self-fulfilling fear of being judged based on a negative idea about his or her group.

Stereotype threat

The mere exposure effect provides one possible explanation for why _____ increases attraction.

proximity

According to the social facilitation effect, the presence of others is likely to

reduce performance on difficult tasks.

Susan drives by an unusually colorful apartment building each day on her way to and from work. Initially, she does not think much of the structure and has a mild dislike for it. However, after several months of commuting, she starts to like the apartment building and is even considering renting an apartment there. This change in Susan's feelings about the building best demonstrates

the mere exposure effect.

Rob and Deandra are members of a football team. Their self-esteem is greatly affected by their team's performance. They tend to compare their team with that of the opponents in order to improve their self-image. Which of the following theories best explains this scenario?

the social identity theory

Although Jeff frequently exceeds the speed limit by at least 10 mph, he justifies his behavior by erroneously thinking that most other drivers do the same. This belief best illustrates

the false consensus effect.

According to _____, people who have first agreed to a small request tend to comply later with a larger request.

the foot-in-the-door technique

Whenever Claudia gets an A on her psychology exam, she believes it was due to the fact that she is an intelligent, hard-working student. However, when she receives a C on an exam, she blames the instructor's ineffective teaching style and poor choice of test questions. Claudia's behavior is an example of

the self-serving bias.

The bystander effect is most likely to occur

when someone is witnessing an emergency and there are several other people present.

Which of the following statements is true of stereotype threat?

A person who experiences stereotype threat is well aware of stereotypical expectations for him or her as a member of a group.

_____ refers to the impaired decision making that occurs in a team when making the right decision is less important than maintaining harmony.

Groupthink

Which of the following is true of agreeableness in the context of prosocial behavior?

It is related to greater volume in the posterior cingulate cortex.

_____ are favorable views of the self that are not necessarily rooted in reality.

Positive illusions

_____ involves strong components of sexuality and infatuation, and is often predominant in the early part of a love relationship.

Romantic love

_____ theory is Daryl Bem's take on how behaviors influence attitudes.

Self-perception

Which of the following is true of majority and minority influence in a group?

The minority in a group cannot win through normative pressure.

According to the self-perception theory of attitudes, what do individuals do to make inferences about their attitudes?

They perceive their behavior.

In the context of research in the area of physical attractiveness, which of the following faces will most likely be rated as most attractive?

a composite of multiple faces that have been digitally blended to produce an "average" face

According to the cognitive dissonance theory, when attitudes and behavior conflict, individuals tend to reduce cognitive dissonance by

changing their attitudes to fit the behavior.

The reduction in personal identity and erosion of the sense of personal responsibility when one is part of a group is known as

deindividuation

Self-fulfilling prophecy

effects show the potential power of stereotypes and other sources of expectations on human behavior.

Andrew openly criticizes the Asian Americans in his neighborhood. He says that the presence of these "outsiders" has led to an increase in the crime rate in the United States. Others in his neighborhood do not agree with him. His openly shared racist attitude is an example of

explicit racism.

Rosalie was invited to a black-tie dinner at the Ritz Carlton. She's never been served a 10-course meal before, so she's unfamiliar with the social etiquette regarding silverware selection. Since Rosalie is in a foreign environment, she gets through the night by watching others who appear to know what they are doing. For each course, she follows their selection of silverware. Rosalie is guided by

informational social influence.

When members of a group know something that a person doesn't, the person will follow the group to be right. This explains the concept of

informational social influence.

Jack and John were recently dumped by their girlfriends. Jack believes that his girlfriend broke up with him because she is selfish and unhappy, whereas John believes that his girlfriend broke up with him because she had to attend to a family emergency and could not make a commitment right now. Jack is making a(n) _____ about his girlfriend's behavior, whereas John is making a(n) _____.

internal attribution/external attribution

According to attribution theory, attributions vary along which of the following dimensions?

internal/external causes

Central route persuasion

involves engaging someone thoughtfully with a sound, logical argument.

According to research on aggressive behavior, which of the following personality factors is mostly associated with aggression?

low levels of conscientiousness

In the context of persuasion strategies, the door-in-the-face technique involves

making the biggest pitch first.

A classic series of experiments by Stanley Milgram demonstrated the profound effect of

obedience.

Robert, a nine-year-old boy, loves watching wrestling on TV. Last night, he used several of the aggressive wrestling moves on his little brother. Which of the following theories best explains William's behavior?

observational learning

A man who slaps his wife during an argument is most likely exhibiting

overt aggression.

In the context of group decision making, which of the following is a symptom of groupthink?

pressure for unanimity

Festinger's social comparison theory

provides an important rationale for how individuals come to know themselves.

In the context of group decision making, groupthink can be prevented by

selecting an impartial leader.