Chapter 11 Smartbook

True or false: Students who are given some choice of activities and when to do them, and who are encouraged to take personal responsibility for their behavior, are more likely to graduate from high school.

True

One environmental factor that predicts adolescent achievement better than ethnicity is ______.

socioeconomic status

The ability to maintain focus on a selected stimulus for a prolonged period is referred to as .

sustained attention

The -mentor relationship is a better predictor of educational attainment after high school than other mentor relationships.

teacher

Students who express high levels of anxiety and who worry constantly often find

their ability to achieve is significantly impaired.

A focus on becomes relevant as adolescents begin to perceive current successes and failures as predictors of future outcomes in the adult world.

achievement

Being persistent at tasks and having self-confidence are characteristics of a(n) ______ motivational pattern.

adaptive

When adolescents are motivated to discover the underlying causes of their own performance, good or bad, we refer to this as theory.

attribution

Decision making, exploration, and planning are important ______ factors in adolescent career choices.

cognitive

Adolescent achievement is determined by factors beyond intellectual ability, such as

confidence. persistence.

According to interviews with 12- to- 22-year-olds, approximately ______ had a clear vision of where they wanted to go in life, what they wanted to achieve, and the purpose for these aspirations.

20 percent

On average, high school students spend less than ______ hours per year with guidance counselors.

3

In 2014, what percentage of full-time U.S. college students were employed, according to the National Center for Education Statistics?

41 percent

The reasons adolescents and emerging adults give for procrastination include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Anxiety Poor time management Personal problems

Which of the following are career-related educational institutions for high school students?

Career academies Technical preparation programs Early college high schools

Which mentor relationships are more important to educational attainment during high school compared to earlier in adolescence?

Community Relative

Regarding adolescent work, research suggests spending large amounts of time in paid labor is associated with which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Costs to physical health Lower grades Risky behavior

Phyllis Blumenfeld and her colleagues (2006) emphasized the development of intrinsic motivation through which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Creating learning environments that encourage cognitive engagement and self-responsibility Encouraging persistence and mastery Embedding subject matter content into meaningful contexts

Mentoring relationships may include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Demonstration Instruction Challenge

According to developmental researchers, such as Phyllis Blumenfeld, key aspects of adolescent achievement include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Developing self-responsibility Becoming cognitively engaged Creating learning that includes real-world relevance

What are reasons for the math achievement gap between the United States and East Asian countries? (Select all that apply.)

Differences in parental expectations Differences in the time teachers spend teaching math Differences in length of the school year

According to Tracey, Robbins, and Hofsess (2005), females and males make different career choices for which of the following reasons? (Select all that apply.)

Differences in the social forces that structure the opportunities available to them Differences in socialization experiences

Which statement is true regarding the benefits of adolescent part-time work?

Economic benefits and adult monitoring in part-time work may decrease delinquency.

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the research findings correlating hours worked and academic outcomes?

Eleventh-graders working more than 20 hours a week suffered a drop in grades.

Adolescents and college students with a tendency toward perfectionism find their achievement is impacted because perfectionists do which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Engage in high levels of self-criticism Tend to set excessively high, unrealistic goals that cannot be reached. Perceive themselves as worthless because they do not reach their goals

True or false: The less time college students work per week, the more likely they are to drop out of college.

False

True or false: When parents have expectations, this has a negative impact on adolescents' achievement.

False

Which of the following best describes the relationship between parents' expectations and adolescents' achievement?

direct

According to Jacquelynne Eccles, which of the following are aspects of adolescents' ability beliefs? (Select all that apply.)

How good they are at a particular activity How good they are in relation to their performance in other activities. How good they are compared to their peers or others

What is an example of a proximal (short-term) goal?

I want to be first to turn in the midterm paper.

Self- is the belief that one can master a situation and produce favorable outcomes.

efficacy

For some youth, particularly those in low-income, urban settings, working part-time in challenging work activities, receiving constructive adult supervision, and finding a positive working environment may result in positive benefits such as which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Increased school engagement Increased economic benefits Decreased delinquency

According to Dweck (2006), which of the following is true about an individual's mindset? (Select all that apply.)

It can shape goals and how hard one works toward those goals. It can affect achievement and success in school and sports. It can influence whether one's outlook is positive or negative.

Which of the following is a positive parenting practice that supports adolescents' achievement? (Select all that apply.)

Knowing enough about the child to give the right amount of support Providing an emotional climate that motivates children to internalize their parents' values and goals Modeling behavior to work hard and persisting with effort at challenging tasks Knowing enough about the child to provide the right amount of challenge

Which of the following are barriers inherent in low-income circumstances that can restrict access to desirable careers? (Select all that apply.)

Lack of access to jobs Violence Low-quality schools

What is most detrimental to the ability of teachers to support student learning?

Large class sizes

motivation involves external incentives such as rewards and punishments, whereas motivation is based on internal factors such as challenge and effort.

extrinsic, intrinsic

Not trying in the classroom, setting impossibly high goals, and playing on the Internet instead of completing an assignment are strategies to protect self-worth and thus, avoid .

failure or failing

Csikszentmihalyi (1990) defined as a sense of mastery while in a state of absorbed and concentrated engagement in an activity.

flow

Engaging in a state of mastery and complete absorption in an activity describes what Csikszentmihalyi defined as ______.

flow

Practicing delayed is the intentional act of postponing immediate rewards in order to reach a more valuable reward at a later time.

gratification

According to Carol Dweck, a mindset occurs when an individual believes his or her qualities can change and improve with effort.

growth

Adolescent career exploration and decision making are fraught with many challenges, including which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Many decisions made by adolescents involve floundering and unplanned changes. Many adolescents approach the process with ambiguity, uncertainty, and stress. Many adolescents receive little direction in career exploration.

Teachers play important roles in students' achievement by doing which of the following? (Select all that apply.).

Motivating students to try hard and develop self-efficacy Encouraging students to become self-regulated achievers Supporting student progress Using engaging teaching skills

Deliberately sabotaging your own performance in order to shrug off your inevitable failure is known as self-.

handicapping

orientation occurs when children seem trapped by experience or difficulty.

helpless

Adolescents with (low/high) self-efficacy have higher academic aspirations, spend more time doing homework, and welcome challenges.

high

Children finger paint for the pure pleasure that creativity brings. This is an example of ______ motivation.

intrinsic

Classroom environments that foster motivation in the learning process show positive correlations with grades and standardized test scores.

intrinsic

Evaluating how well a plan to reach a goal is working includes

judging task performance. monitoring of progress. evaluating outcomes.

A good plan toward goal attainment includes

maintaining organization. setting priorities. managing time.

orientation refers to children who are task-oriented and focused on learning.

mastery

A is typically an older and more experienced individual who is motivated to improve the competence and character of a younger person.

mentor

A fixed occurs when one believes that his or her qualities are permanent and cannot change.

mindset

According to Dweck (2006), individuals' can influence whether they have a positive or negative outlook, may shape their goals and their effort in attaining those goals, and may impact their success in sports.

mindset, mind-set, or mind set

Which are forms of procrastination? (Select all that apply.)

Overestimating your abilities and resources Making it look like you are completing a task without doing the work Believing that mediocre performance is acceptable

Adolescents with which orientation are likely to believe that winning is everything?

Performance

An important factor in adolescent career choices includes communicating the value of going to college, most often expressed first by before others, in an adolescent's life.

parents

Striving to be perfect and to never make a mistake is associated with .

perfectionism

A child with orientation is focused on achievement outcomes and believes that winning is what matters the most.

performance

Adolescent career choices are determined using which of the following cognitive processes? (Select all that apply.)

Planning Decision-making Exploration

Ignoring a task, spending endless hours playing video games, cleaning your closet instead of reading your text, and accepting poor performance are all behaviors associated with .

procrastinating

Which describes an adolescent's need for a large group of friends?

Social motive

Social contexts that have a major influence on career choices include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Socioeconomic status Ethnicity Gender

______ is a better predictor of achievement than ______.

Socioeconomic status; ethnicity

Research has found that as the number of hours college students work per week increases, which of the following occurs? (Select all that apply.)

Students are more likely to drop out of college. Students' grades suffer.

Self-efficacy influences student achievement in which of the following ways? (Select all that apply.)

Students with high self-efficacy enjoy a challenge. Students with low self-efficacy avoid a challenge.

According to a research analysis in 2011, adolescents in the 10th and 11th grades who worked more than 20 hours a week

showed increases in delinquency. were less engaged in school.

Sustained attention depends upon the ability to adapt to increased expectations and demands, requiring longer periods of which of the following? (Select all that apply)

Task persistence Effort

Adolescents have several different types of mentors, but one mentor relationship is a better predictor of educational attainment than the others. Which mentor relationship is it?

Teacher-mentor

Adolescents often choose peers and friends with standards of achievement ______ their own.

similar to

Socioeconomic status, ethnicity, culture, peers, and parents are some of the contexts which exert significant influence on adolescent career choices.

social

In one study, ______ predicted low achievement among adolescents.

social dominance

True or false: Peers can affect adolescents' achievement through social comparison.

True

According to Damon's research, ______ percent of adolescents and emerging adults had engaged in some purposeful activities, whereas ______ percent expressed no aspiration.

60; 20

In 2014, what percentage of part-time U.S. college students were employed?

80 percent

Which of the following functions as either a separate school or a small school within a larger high school with curriculum focused on a broad theme?

Career academies

In cross-national comparisons of math achievement, students in ______ ranked highest in the list.

China

Parents can positively influence adolescent career choices by doing which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Communicating the value of higher education Providing adolescents with career-related experiences Enjoying their own occupational choices

The marshmallow task is a classic research experiment that demonstrates the importance of which concept?

Delayed gratification

True or false: Achievement remains relatively consistent across students of the same ethnicity.

False

Which of the following statements about the impact of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation practices in the learning environment are true? (Select all that apply.)

Framing goals extrinsically is related to lower levels of independent motivation. Intrinsic motivation is positively linked to grades and standardized test scores. Framing goals extrinsically is related to lower persistence on achievement tasks.

Which statement accurately reflects how peers may influence adolescents' career choice?

Friends seeking higher-status careers follow similar career paths, even if coming from low-income families.

According to Eccles's research, how hard students will work depends on the following. (Select all that apply.)

If they expect to succeed How much they expect to accomplish Their beliefs about how they will do on future tasks

Which of the following describes a typical adolescent's performance when his or her parents' expectations are low?

Relatively poor

Adolescents are motivated to learn when which of the following is true? (Select all that apply.)

Rewards have informational value. They are given choices. Challenges match their skills.

______ strategies include not making an effort, putting off an important assignment until the last minute, goofing off the night before an exam so that low performance is blamed on circumstances rather than lack of ability.

Self-handicapping

Strategies that adolescents employ to protect their self-worth include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)

Setting unreachable goals that anyone would have a problem reaching Procrastinating in order to avoid suggestion of incompetence Avoiding failure through non-performance

The increase in academic and social pressures requires adolescents to consider ______ an important measure of their success.

achievement

is a vague, highly unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension.

anxiety

An adolescent receives an exam grade and asks herself, "Did I do well on this exam because of how much I studied or because this was an easy exam, or both?" The search for a cause to explain the exam score is referred to as

attribution theory.

Ryan and Deci (2009) refer to teachers who create learning environments that allow students to in engage in self-determination as ______ teachers.

autonomy-supportive

In addition to recognizing the diversity that exists within every cultural group in terms of adolescents' achievement, it is also important to understand that cultural differences are sometimes wrongly interpreted as ______.

deficits

Some research finds that adolescents who work longer hours are more likely to

drink heavily.

As it relates to the influence of gender on adolescent career development, many (boys/girls) stop taking math courses in high school or college, which restricts their career options.

girls or females

Self-determination and personal choice, optimal experiences and flow, and cognitive engagement and self-responsibility describe multiple dimensions of motivation.

intrinsic

Social are needs and desires that are learned through experiences with the social world.

motives

Garrison is asked by his manager what his plans are for the future and Garrison responds "I want to be a success." Garrison's response is an example of a(n) ______ goal.

nonspecific

Recent research suggests that college students with low efficacy and low self-regulation are more likely to ______.

procrastinate

Jake works in the meat market and needs to get ready for the holiday rush. Even though his coworker has called in sick, Jake knows that he will be able to master the day and get the work done. Jake is demonstrating ______.

self-efficacy

Access to desirable career choices can be heavily restricted for many adolescents due to the negative influence of lower status.

socioeconomic