Chapter 11,12,14 GRQ APUSH

Who was Samuel Slater and what was his contribution to American manufacturing?

"Father of the Factory System"; skilled British mechanic; attracted by bounties being offered to British workers familiar with textile machines. He escaped to America after memorizing plans for machinery, where he won the backing Moses Brown, a Quaker capitalist in Rhode Island; He reconstructed the essential apparatus with the aid of a blacksmith and a carpenter, putting into operation in 1791 the first efficient American machinery for spinning cotton thread.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

"This case involved an attempt by the State of Maryland to destroy a branch of the Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on its notes. John Marshall, speaking for the Court, declared the bank constitutional by invoking the Hamiltonian doctrine of implied powers" -This strengthened federal authority and slapped state infringements when he denied the right of Maryland to tax the bank. -"The power to tax involves the power to destroy."; "that a power to create implies a power to preserve."

How did the Non-Intercourse Act end?

- Jefferson underestimated the power of Britain, and the nations reliance on American trade. - France could be independent more, but they still seized American ships and sailors. - TJ miscalculated the unpopularity of this new act. Embargo was not continued long enough to have desired effects. - Industry increased (factories) in New England because of the act. (Jefferson did more for industry than AH)

Context and Causes of Missouri Crisis

-1819, territory of Missouri wanted admission as a slave-state so they ask congress. -But, Congress issues Tallmadge amendment creating conflict across the nation

How was the Missouri Crisis solved?

-1820, deadlock broken. -Henry Clay of Kentucky played leading role in this. -Congress eventually agrees to make Missouri a slave state, but at the same time, free-soil Maine, which until then had been a part of Massachusetts, was admitted as a separate state. This meant that the balance of free and slave states remained equal. -Although Missouri could have slaves, the rest of the lands of the Louisiana Purchase would not have this bondage. -Both North and South got something... - land 36 degrees 30' forever closed to blight of slavery; southerners not that offended because the land wasn't that great for slaves (South and North not completely displeased but not completely happy) -MISSOURI COMPROMISE: lasted 34 years but did not completely resolve the slave question; only pushed it aside. -dispute over slavery heralded future breakup of Union.

Distinctive American culture in art?

-1830s- distinct American art -Hudson River School: New York; European technique and American themes/subjects (Asher Durand-implies American character---survival in wilderness, resourceful, courageous) (Frederick Church) (Thomas Cole) -these paintings evoke a sense of nationalism in people that live there -European landscape paintings (balanced/shaped by man/symmetrical) vs. American Landscape Painting (heavenly, light, big. Dimensional)

What Federalist programs did did Jefferson get rid of?

-Alien and Sedition Acts retired, and pardoned the martyrs -New Naturalization Law of 1802: this act reduced the unreasonable requirement of 14 years residence and made it 5 -stopped the excise tax; American revenue went significantly down -Albert Gallatin and TJ decided that national debt was bad and not good so they reduced it while balancing budget

What context provided the impetus for American manufacturing at the start of the nineteenth century?

-American factories spread slowly until about 1807, when there began the fateful sequence of the embargo, nonintercourse, and the war of 1812. It was necessary that the US manufacture to replace imports that they had previously obtained from other places. -Both capital and labor were driven from the waves onto the factory floor, as New England, in the striking phrase of John Randolph, exchanged the trident for the distaff. Bounties were offered by local authorities for homegrown goods. ("buy American", "wear American"). Patriotism prompted the wearing of baggy homespun garments. James Madison supported the "native wool".

And what role was the national government supposed to play in economic development in Henry Clay's American system?

-Attempts to secure federal funding fell on Constitutional scruples. -Congress voted in 1817to distribute 1.5 million to the states for internal improvements, but Madison vetoed this unconstitutional.

What factors led Madison to wage war against the British in 1812?

-British arming of hostile Indians -Encouragement of the war hawks -restore confidence in Republican experiment; meaning they needed to fight to be able to protect themselves

Other Causes of the War of 1812

-British interference with American rights on high seas -Eye on expansion -removing Indian ally and Indians later on

Explain the what nots of John Marshall and Marbury

-Chief Justice Marshall knew that his Jeffersonian rivals, entrenched in the executive branch, would hardly spring forward to enforce a writ to deliver the commission to his fellow Federalist Marbury. Therefore, he dismissed Marbury's suit, avoiding a direct political showdown. -Marshall got a victory. -Marshall explained his ruling that part of the Judiciary act of 1789 on which Marbury tried to raise his appeal was unconstitutional.

How were the economies of New England and the South - and England! - linked together?

-Cotton harvested in the South was sent to factories in the North to be made into cloth and textiles. -West providing foodstuffs, but also farming cotton penetrated. -North bound in manufacturing for the South to get finished goods from. South bound in slavery and cotton farming for the North to get their cotton from. -The mills/factories in England also got cotton from South.

Who invented the idea of interchangeable parts?

-Eli Whitney created this idea in 1798 when he turned to the mass production of muskets in the US. Up until this time, each part of the firearm had been hand-tooled, and if the trigger of one broke, the trigger of another may or may not fit. When Eli Whitney introduced the idea of interchangeable parts, he was able to make sure triggers would look the same as all the other ones (copperplate engraving). -Additionally, Eli Whitney, by perfecting cotton gin, had also given slavery a renewed lease on life, making civil war more likely. But, by nourishing industrial revolution in North, Whitney conferred upon the union a massive advantage when the Civil war showdown finally came.

Monroe Doctrine Context

-European nations banded together to remain safe from democracy, smothering rebellions in Spain and Italy. Wanted to restore autocratic kings in South America. -Americans scared that if European powers entered into New World, American republicanism would suffer. -Russians (1821) extended their jurisdictions over places in present-day British Columbia, and established trading posts in Southern places as low as San Francisco Bay. -Britain not joining European powers, instead George Canning proposes that the United States and Britain band together to protect Latin American countries from the take over from other European countries. -Adams thought that Britain only wanted to be allies because they were afraid America would take over Latin American countries, jeopardizing Britain possessions in Caribbean (cuba). Adams thought this would hamper American expansion. He thought Britain wanted the Carribean markets to be open to their merchants.

Adams-Onis Treaty

-Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819 -The Adams-Onis Treaty was an agreement between Spain and America in 1819, in which Spain ceded Florida and claims to Oregon all in exchange for America's abandonment of equally murky claims to Texas which would soon become part of independent Mexico. This is important because it recognizes increasing American power and territory in North America.

What were Jefferson's goals as president?

-restore principles of American revolution -wanted to set aside partisan and sectional differences -respect for principles of majority rule and minority rights -a frugal, limited government -reduction of public debt -respect for states' rights -encouragement of agriculture -a limited goal for government in peoples' lives

Responses of Northern and Southern politicians to Tallmadge amendment?

-In 1788, the North and South were running neck and neck in terms of wealth and power. However, as time passed, North began to gain the advantage and get wealthier (more in House of Reps). But, in the Senate, each state had two votes, no matter size. With 11 states free and 11 slave, the Southerners had maintained equality and they didn't want to lose this. -Southerners were worried that since Missouri was one of the first pieces of land carved out of Louisiana Purchase and it wouldn't have slavery, this would set a precedent for the rest of the area. -Also alarming: If congress could abolish the Peculiar Institution in Missouri, could it do this to other states? -Northern Response: abolitionists had an outcry against slavery/wanted it to end

What did Elias Howe invent, and what impact did his invention have?

-In 1846, Elias Howe invented the sewing machine (it was perfected by Isaac Singer) which gave a boost to northern industrialization. It became the foundation of the ready-made clothing industry, which took root about the time of the civil war. Drove seamstresses from private homes to factories.

What was the Era of Good Feelings and who was the president?

-James Monroe was president. -Somewhat a period of tranquility and prosperity, but was also a troubled period. -Issue of bank, tariffs, internal improvements, and sale of land being tested. -Sectionalism -Conflict over slavery. -rise of nationalism

Why did Madison end up trusting Napoleon?

-Madison knew better than to trust Napoleon, but ended up trusting him giving the British 3 months to live up to their promise of revoking the Orders of Council and reopening Atlantic neutral trade. -If Britain lifted their orders of council, then so would the French. (napoleons promise)

What factors made James Madison a weaker president than Jefferson?

-Madison was unable to dominate congress like Jefferson had done. -He commonly found himself holding bag for risky foreign policies not of his own making.

context in which the US obtained FL and the general role played by Andrew Jackson in its acquisition;

-Monroe Administration negotiated the Anglo-American Convention which permitted Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries in Canada. This treaty fixed Northern limit and provided for a 10-year joint occupation of the untamed Oregon country, without surrender of rights from America or Britain. -Had gotten some of FL in 1810-1814, but bulk with Spanish -South American revolutions break out and Americans cheer these on. -These upheavals in Southern continent forced Spain to denude Florida of troops in vain effort to take down rebels in South America. Andrew Jackson saw opportunity to take over undefended swamplands. Jackson secured commission to enter territory, punish Indians, and recapture runaways (slaves had stayed in Spanish Florida). He was to respect all post under British flag. -1818- Jackson sweeps over Florida executing Indians and seizing Spanish posts (St. marks and Pensacola). Jackson had clearly exceeded his instructions. Alarmed, President Monroe consulted his cabinet. Most agreed to discipline Jackson, but John Quincy Adams demanded huge concessions from Spain (Patriot and nationalist).

What was the basic European military situation in 1805, and why did the US end up in the middle of it?

-Napoleon deliberately provoked a renewal of the war with Britain. -First two years of war, a maritime US, enjoyed commercial pickings. -1805: At battle of Trafalgar, Horatio Lord Nelson achieved immortality by smashing the combined French and Spanish fleets off the coast of Spain, thereby ensuring Britain's superiority on the seas. At battle of Austerlitz in Austria, Napoleon crushed the combined Austrian and Russian, ensuring his command of the land. -London Government in 1806 issued a series of Orders in Council which closed the Europeans ports under French control to foreign shipping, including American, unless the vessels first stopped at a British port. Napoleon struck back, ordering the seizure of all merchant ships, including American, that entered British ports. For America, there was no way to trade with either nation without facing the other's guns. -Also, Americans dealt with Impressment---the forcible enlistment of sailors.

Panic of 1819 and its severity

-National financial panic (deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment) -Over speculation in frontier lands gave way to crisis---Bank of united States had become deeply involved in this popular type of gambling -People became in debt -BOOM AND BUST ECONOMY (ROLLERCOASTER) -People will want to vote to change (higher voter turnout)

What factors promoted the development of manufacturing in New England?

-North: narrow belt of stony soil made farming too difficult; dense population increased labor and accessible markets; shipping brought in capital; snug seaports made easy the import of raw materials and export of finished products. Merrimack river in Mass. Provided abundant water power to turn cogs of the machines.

What threat did American manufacturing face after 1815, and how did Congress respond?

-Peace of Ghent in 1815---British competitors unloaded their surpluses at low prices, and American newspapers were full of British advertisements for goods on credit (little space was left for other news). In one Rhode Island district, all 150 mills were forced to close their doors, except original Slater plant. -Congress responded with some relief when it passed the protective Tariff of 1816 (one of the earliest political contests to control shape of economy).

What was Henry Clay's American System and how was it to work?

-Plan for developing a profitable home market -Three main parts -Strong banking system which would provide easy credit -Protective tariff behind which Eastern manufacturing would flourish -A network of roads and canals, especially in the Ohio River valley---funded by the tariffs (would flow foodstuffs and manufactured goods from North to south and vice versa)

Why were New England Federalists so fiercely opposed to this war, and how did they show their disapproval of what they called "Mr. Madison's War"?

-Pro-British federalists in the Northeast sympathized with Britain and resented the Republicans' sympathy with Napoleon. -Were against the acquisition of Canada which would add more agrarian states from the wild, which would increase the voting for Jeffersonian-Republicans. -To show their disapproval, they sent supplies to British army in Canada so that they could invade places like NY. New England governors also refused to let their militias serve outside their own states.

What did Samuel Morse invent, and what impact did his invention have?

-Samuel F. B. Morse invented the telegraph. He was poor but asked for money from congress to support his experiment with "talking wires". In 1844, Morse strung a wire forty miles from Washington to Baltimore and tapped out the historic message, "What hath god wrought?" -Invention brought fame and fortune to Morse because people large distances away from each other could now communicate. By eve of Civil War, a web of singling wires spanned nearly the entire continent, revolutionizing news gathering, diplomacy, and finance.

What were the long-term effects of the panic of 1819 that resonated after 1823?

-Setback to nationalistic ardor -West was especially hard hit because the Bank of the United States forced the speculative western banks to the wall and foreclosed mortgages on countless farms. (politically unwise) -Created backwashed in political and social world -Poorer classes were strapped and their troubles was sown in the seed of Jacksonian democracy. -Attention to inhumanity of imprisoning debtors (needed new legislation because some of the cases were too much)

What factors inhibited the development of manufacturing in the South?

-South: its capital was bound up in slaves and its local consumers for the most part were poor; it was wedded to the production of cotton (won't manufacture too much)

Who were Tecumseh and "the Prophet," and what plan did they concoct?

-Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa welded together a confederacy of all Indian tribes East of the Mississippi, inspiring the movement of Indian unity and cultural renewal. They rejected the white concept of ownership and agreed to never give land to whites unless all Indians agreed.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

-The "steam boat case" -Suit grew out of an attempt by the state of New York to grant to a private concern a monopoly of waterborne commerce between New York and New jersey. -Marshall clearly stated that the Constitution said only the federal government could interstate commerce. (blow at states rights)

What form of business organization was created using this concept was using limited liability?

-The Boston Associates, with fifteen Boston families, was formed as one of the earliest investment capital companies. They dominated the textile, railroad, insurance, and banking businesses in Massachusetts.

Overall sense of what happened in War of 1812 and who won.

-The United was unprepared for war. (only 7000 soldiers) -Americans wanted to invade Canada and harass British shipping. Attack on Canada was a failure. -New failures: defeat and capture of the American army in swamps west of lake Erie. -Series of American victories at end of year. -Battle of Lake Erie was the first major American victory of the war. (British abandoned Detroit) -Spring 1814-British defeat Napoleon, so more troops can fight against United States -At Niagra, British forces force Madison and others to flee. -Attack on Fort McHenry; where the National Anthem comes from (Francis Scott Key, star spangled banner), Americans repulsed British attack -Attacks still in South; attack on New Orleans; Jackson assembled ragtag army. American artillery and sharpshooters stopped the invasion. British casualties were greater. (Battle of New Orleans) Ironic: peace treaty had already been signed and these fighters hadn't been informed. -American and British negotiators in Ghent, Belgium had signed peace treaty ending the war in 1812 two weeks earlier. British were convinced that nothing would be gained from further fighting so they signed treaty. Nothing was mentioned in treaty that Americans had fought for.

What was the importance of interchangeable parts?

-The idea of inter-changeable parts was widely adopted by 1850. It gave rise to a host of other innovations like Samuel Colt's fabled resolver, and ultimately became the basis of modern mass-production, assembly line methods that set Northern states on path to big industrialization.

Distinctive American culture in literature?

-Washington Irving -James Finn morecooper -1830s: Hawthorne, Emerson, Thoreau, Emily Dickinson (first flowering of American literature/distinct American voice)

Role Government played in Westward expansion......

-West still weak in population and influence, so it wasn't potent enough politically to make its voice heard. So, it had to ally itself with other sections. -It demanded cheap acreage which was partially achieved in the Land Act of 1820 which authorized a buyer to purchase eighty virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash. -West demanded cheap money, issued by own "wildcat" banks, and fought the powerful Bank of the United States to attain its goal.

Treaty of Ghent of 1815?

-basically was an armistice that was signed on Christmas eve in 1814 -Both sides agreed to stop fighting and restore conquered territory -No mention was made for what Americans had fought for (Indian menace, Orders in Council, impressment, confiscations, search and seizure) -Insincerity of war hawks -Americans hadn't managed to defeat British -Treaty ended as a virtual draw

Reasons behind Westward Expansion....

-continuation of old Westward movement -"Ohio Fever"=special appeal to European immigrants (people coming more and more escaping war of boycotts and bullets) -There was land exhaustion in older tobacco states where the soil was mined rather than cultivated -down payments accepted by glib speculators, making it easier buy new holdings -economic distress during embargo years pushed people west -crushing of Indians in NW and South by generals pacified frontier and opened up lands -building of highways improved land routes to Ohio River Valley (Cumberland Road in 1811-Western Maryland to Illinois)

. What were the war's long-term consequences of the War of 1812?

-destroyed Indian's ability to resist American expansion east of the Mississippi River (Andrew Jackson crushed Creek Indians) -allowed American to rewrite boundaries with Spain and solidify control over Mississippi river and Gulf of Mexico (Spain saw that America had drawn with the world's superpower—strong) -Federalist party never recovered from its opposition to war (they thought it helped Napoleon and the French) (Hartford Convention)(boycotted war loans and refused to furnish troops)

How good did the Era of Good Feelings really feel?

-divisions over bank, tariffs, internal improvements, and sale of lands. -Continuing conflict over slavery

What task did Eli Whitney's cotton gin (1793) perform?

-it separated the seed from the short-staple cotton fiber -raising of cotton became highly profitable -"king cotton" -more slaves to harvest cotton

What happened in response to the Embargo Act of 1807?

-illicit trade arose along canadian border where bands of armed Americans on rafts overpowered federal agents. -Jefferson induces congress to pass enforcing legislation, making him seem tyrannical.

Embargo Act of 1807

-it was a response to the presidential lash in which Jefferson had the idea to cut off exports to dependent European countries, then the fighting would stop. -This forbade the export of all goods from the United states whether in American or foreign ships. -"peaceful coercion" -if this act worked, it would vindicate the rights of neutral nations and point to a new way of conducting foreign affairs. If it failed, Jefferson feared the republic would perish from being involved in European wars.

Monroe Doctrine effects and significance?

-it was revived by president Polk more so in 1845 -self-defense Doctrine; Monroe concerned only with security of own country (not wanting to allow powerful foreign nation to secure foothold in strategic Caribbean vitals -the Monroe doctrine was merely a statement of the policy of President Monroe. -largely an expression of post-1812 nationalism energizing the states -patriotism and isolationism

What factors inhibited early development of industry in the US?

-land was cheap in America, so descendants of land-starved peasants wouldn't work in a factory as opposed to keeping and working on land. Therefore, labor for factories was scarce (until 1840s immigration). -Money for capital investment was not plentiful in pioneering America; relied on foreign capital which in turn awaited assurance of secure property rights, sufficient infrastructure, an adequate work force, and political stability. -America had hard time producing goods that would compete with the European goods on the market. They couldn't produce goods of high quality at a cheap enough cost to compete. -Additionally, Britain had a monopoly on textile machinery.

Tariff of 1816

-made in order to protect factories in America from the lower priced British factories. -rates (20-25 percent on value of dutiable imports) didn't provide absolute safeguard, but was a good starting point. W

What was different about the Congress that convened late in 1811?

-recent elections had swept away many of the older "submission men" and replaced them with young hot heads from the South and West.

Issues that create factions in Democratic Republican party?

-sectional (north and south) -land -tariff -loose vs. strict construction (henry clay)

Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819)

-the college had been granted a charter by King George III in 1769, but democratic New Hampshire wanted to change this. Dartmouth appealed the case and employed a council of alumnus like Daniel Webster. -John Marshall ruled that the original charter must stand. The constitution protected contracts against encroachment. -The Dartmouth decision safeguarded business enterprise from domination by state governments. But, it set unfortunate precedent that enabled chartered corporations, in later years, to escape the handcuffs of needed public control. -Daniel Webster was in senate and went down to supreme courts and talk about nationalist and federalist policies.

What did Henry Clay want in his American system?

-wanted a profitable home market/unity for country (national market) -wanted to be more self-sufficient

What was the policy of Monroe Doctrine?

-warning to European powers (non-colonization and non-intervention) -threats posed at European nations like Russia for getting into America. -threats posed to European nations in intervening with Latin American countries. -In truth, Monroe's message was applauded in America and then forgotten.

Embargo Act 1807---affect on American people?

American army staggered under the effect of the act • Dead masts filled harbors, docks were deserted • People went to soup kitchens because poor and unemployed • Jeffersonian republicans probably hurt the commerce which they were trying to protect. • Farmers of the south and west suffered from the unexportable cotton, grain and tobacco. (waging war on citizens?)

When did Congress finally end the Embargo Act of 1807?

1809

When does Napoleon get defeated?

1814

When was the Antebellum period?

1815-1861

By __________, more than 400 million pounds of Southern cotton poured annually into the gaping maws of over thousands of mills.

1860

William Marbury:

: the man who Adams named a justice of the peace for the District of Columbia. He learned that his commission was being shelved by the new secretary of state (James Madison); he sued for delivery.

What was the affect of the Chesapeake affair on American people?

Britain was clearly in the wrong, and Americans were infuriated (national wrath). Jefferson could have had war if he wanted it.

In what country did industrialization begin?

Great Britain

How did Jefferson deal with his predecessors' Federalist programs?

He only wanted to undo the ones he didn't like; didn't want to get rid of Federalist programs in their entirety; Didn't tamper with Federalist programs for funding national debt at par and assuming revolutionary war debts of states, no attack on Bank of United states, didn't repeal federalist tariff

What is the controversy with Clay and Madison?

Henry clay argues for federal government to pay for internal improvements like highways within the states. Madison disagrees because the federal government will only pay for roads that stretch across states.

What was the principle of interchangeable parts?

Interchangeable parts: ideas that machines make each part of a good, so that all types of goods will be as much alike as the successive goods.

Panic of 1819 and Missouri Crisis should have put a bad reputation on ________________________, but he was so popular and Federalist opposition was so weak, that in his presidential election of 1820, he received every single electoral vote but one.

James Monroe

Why did Jefferson struggle with the Louisiana purchase?

Jefferson struggled with the purchase because he didn't want to form an alliance with Britain. Also, the three treaties with the land caused the land to be 15 million and had bought tracts to the West.

What opposition was there to the American System plan set in by Henry Clay?

Jeffersonian Republicans, who had gulped down Hamiltonian loose constructionism on other important problems, choked on the idea of direct federal support of intrastate internal improvements. New England strongly opposed federally constructed roads and canals because outlets would further drain away population and create competing states beyond the mountains.

Judicial nationalism?

John Marshall emphasizes national sovereignty in Cohens vs. Virginia, Mcculloch vs. Maryland, Gibbons vs. Ogden

John Marshall

John Marshall was the new chief justice of the supreme court, elected in 1801, who made Federalist decisions as he served in the congress of Thomas Jefferson

Judiciary Act of 1801

Judiciary Act of 1801 was one of the last important laws passed by the Federalist congress which created sixteen new federal judgeships and other judicial offices. This is important because it aroused bitter resentment from the Jeffersonians thinking it was the Federalists attempt to establish themselves in one branch of the government, so the Republican congress repealed the act a year later. (reduced number of supreme court justices effective with the next vacancy, delaying Jefferson's opportunity to name a new supreme court justice).

Marbury vs. MadisonE

Marbury vs. Madison: was a court case that was to test if TJ was unconstitutional in repealing the Judiciary Act of 1801. This gave them this the power of judicial review which meant that they could rule something unconstitutional in the checks and balances system.

Why did Napoleon give up his Louisiana lands?

Napoleon gave up his lands for two reasons----he had failed in his efforts to reconquer rich sugar island of Santo Domingo in which Louisiana was to provide foodstuffs. Then, rebellious enslaved Africans in Haiti, inspired by French Revolution, arose and fought for their freedom in 1791. After Haitian Rev, Santo Domingo could not be had. Secondly, Bonaparte was about to end the twenty-month lull in his deadly conflict with Britain. Because Britain controlled the seas, Bonaparte was afraid he would have to gift them Louisiana. France hoped that American would become a power to limit Britain's power. (Jefferson wanted a constitutional amendment to be passed, but others thought Napoleon would then withdraw his offer. So, Jefferson shamefully submitted the treaties to the senate.)

What was the "national market" that Henry clay was proposing?

New England produces finished goods, South produces cotton, West produces foodstuff

What is definition of liberty in north and what is definition of liberty in south?

North- right to work for wage/manufacturing South- right to own other humans

What long-term significance did the Louisiana purchase have?

Predicaments in France paving way for American diplomatic successes. Jefferson avoided rupture with France. They had control of western half of richest river valley. Laid the foundations for being the next superpower. Established precedents for future expansions. ("valley of democracy"); imperialism with new democratic face, Washington government agreed to accept their legal code based on French civil law.

Battle of Tippecanoe

The Battle of Tippecanoe was a conflict in 1811 in which William Henry Harrison, governor of the Indiana Territory, gathered an army and advanced on Tecumseh's headquarters at the junction of the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers in present day Indiana; with Tecumseh not present, the Prophet attacked Harrison's army with a small forced of Shawnees, only to be routed and burned. This is important because Harrison became a national hero, and Tecumseh was driven into an alliance with Britain in which he fought until his death when America and Britain went into another war. (dream of Indian confederacy perished)

Chesapeake Affair

The Chesapeake-Leopard affair was a naval engagement that occurred off the coast of Norfolk, Virginia, on June 22, 1807, between the British warship HMS Leopard and the American frigate USS Chesapeake. The crew of Leopard pursued, attacked, and boarded the American frigate, looking for deserters from the Royal Navy after the Americans had initially refused the request from the British captain to seize the sailors and the ship.

Cohens v. Virginia (1821)

The Cohen brothers were found guilty by the Virginia courts of illegally selling lottery tickets, appealing to the highest tribunal. Although the states won in the sense that the Cohen's conviction was upheld, they lost in that Marshall asserted the right of the Supreme Court to review the decisions of the state courts in all questions involving powers of the federal government.

Corps of Discovery

The Corps of Discovery was a journey, under Jefferson's direction, where he advised Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the Northern part of the Louisiana purchase from the Missouri river to St. Louis beginning in 1804. This journey is important because it yielded great scientific observations, maps, knowledge of Indians in the region, wilderness stories, and an overland trail to the Pacific. (Lewis and Clark spent time with the Indians)

Hartford Convention

The Hartford Convention was a gathering held in December 1814 in which delegates from New England gathered, recommending a series of constitutional amendments to restrict the power of the Congress to wage war, regulate commerce, admit new states, and supported a one-term president and abolition of the 3/5 clause in the Constitution. With the Hartford Convention becoming public knowledge the same time as the Treaty of Ghent and the American victory in the Battle of New Orleans, Americans began to brand the Federalists as traitors, so their party slowly disintegrated. (also, some Federalists were talking about succession)

Tallmadge Amendment

The Tallmadge Amendment stipulated that no more slaves should be brought into Missouri and also provided for the gradual emancipation of children born to enslaved parents.

. Who were the "midnight judges"?

The midnight new judges created by the Judiciary Act of 1801, and they were called this because Adams was said to have been signing their appointments at midnight prior to TJ'S inauguration.

What was the principle of limited liability, and why did it spur greater business growth?

The principle of limited liability aided the concentration of capital by permitting the individual investor, in cases of legal claims or bankruptcy, to risk no more than his own share of the corporation's stock; Laws of "free incorporation", first passed in New York in 1848, meant that businessmen could create corporations without applying for individual charters from legislature.

and why did Jefferson's Republican allies in Congress repeal the Judiciary Act of 1801?

They repealed it because they thought it was the Federalists attempt to take over the judicial branch of the government.

How was the United States able to acquire the Louisiana territory?

US would probably have to fight to dislodge Napoleon, so they would need allies. First, Jefferson sent James Monroe to Paris to join forces with Robert R. Livingston, a minister there. They were to buy New Orleans and as much land East at a max of 10 million. If this didn't work, they would look to an alliance with Britain. With Jefferson proposing to form an alliance with Britain, Napoleon decided to sell all of Louisiana and abandon his dream of the New World empire.

Macon's Bill No. 2

While opening American trade to all of world, it dangled what congress hoped was an attractive lure. If either Britain or France repealed its commercial restrictions, American would restore its embargo against the non-repealing nation. This was bad because it admitted that America couldn't survive without one of the nations as its commercial ally. "Napoleon had no intention of permit- ting unrestricted trade between America and Britain. Rather, he hoped to maneuver the United States into resuming its embargo against the British, thus creating a partial blockade against his enemy that he would not have to raise a finger to enforce."

. Why was obtaining American control over the Mississippi River so critical?

deposit privileges were vital to frontier farmers who floated their produce down the Mississippi to await the oceangoing vessels. American pioneers were enraged when the Spaniards at New Orleans withdrew the right to deposit guaranteed America by the Pickney Treaty of 1795. With Jefferson proposing to form an alliance with Britain, Napoleon decided to sell all of Louisiana and abandon his dream of the New World empire.

Macon's Bill No. 2 (2)

dismantle embargo, opened trade to all over world; England and France, we can trade, but for example, if France starts treating us well and England doesn't, then won't trade with England (vice versa); France does this, so to England, it looks like we have chosen sides economically

Consequences of the War of 1812?

federalist party never really recovered, Indians can no longer resist American expansion(defeats at Horseshoe bend, battle of thambs, Spain impressed with power (will take spanish florida)

Why did Jefferson claim that the presidential election of 1800 was a "revolution"?

it marked the first time the power in America had passed from one party to another; Jefferson wanted to restore the republican experiment that Hamilton and Adams had betrayed.

What are 3 themes of antebellum period?

nationalism, expansion, Sectionalism

Does the presidential election of 1800 deserve to be called a "revolution"?

not a revolution in terms of massive popular upheaval (Jefferson barely won); peaceful and orderly transfer of power

How did the Embargo Act of 1807 revive the Federalist party?

o Gained new followers o Hoped to nullify the act o Got more electoral votes o Talk of succession o They start smuggling, defying law! Just like Pennsylvania Whiskey Farmers ( Jefferson's response to Whiskey Rebellion: how dare you come down so hard. Now, Jefferson will come down on these people; uses force to take down Federalists violating the Embargo act)

Non-Intercourse Act

opened trade with all nations except England and France

Hartford Convention?

propose series of amendments, want to get rid of 3/5 compromise, some talk of succession

Why does Madison say yes to the War of 1812?

restore confidence in American republicanism, British are arming Indians, Madison wanted to defend war hawks, war hawks pressuring the go to war

What did the "war hawks" want?

wanted a new war with old enemy. They detested the manhandling of American ships and sailors and the British Orders of Council. They wanted to end the Indian threat to the pioneer settlers. (spikes movement of Indian Unity in west). War Hawks thought that British were supporting Indians.

Why did the war hawks want to go to war?

wanted to wipe out Indians

When did Democratic Republicans realize they actually needed a bank?

war of 1812