Chapter 12

St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre

-3 day slaughter of Huguenots, example of the savagery -For Protestants throughout Europe, it turned the local fight between nobles into an international struggle for survival against an enemy whose acts justified any means of resistance

Huguenots

-French Calvinists -Only 10% of French, 40% of French Nobility -Wanted political sovereignty in their region and thus supported political decentralization

Catherine de Medici

French wars of religion. Regent of France who tried to balance the power of the radical Catholics (Guise Family) and the Protestants (Bourbon Family). Sided with each faction at different periods of time. Architect? of the St. Bartholomew's Day Massacre. Eventually ousted by Henry Bourbon.

Edict of Nantes

Henry IV's religious settlement in France. It granted rights to Huguenots but made Catholicism the official religion of France significance: first document of religious toleration in Europe

William of Orange (William of Nassau, William the Silent)

Leader of the Dutch revolt against Phillip's Spain. Went from Catholic, to Lutheran, before becoming Calvinist. United both Catholics and Protestants against Catholic Philip

Zeeland

One of the provinces of the Netherlands (Dutch)

Congregationalists

The most extreme Protestants. Rather than having local areas independent they believe that each individual church should run itself. They also are called separatists. They are persecuted and flee to America. We call them...pilgrims!

Terms of the Peace of Westphalia 1648

Written in French (not Latin) and without the Pope's consultation. (thus signifying Church and State affairs as separate) Added Calvinism to the Peace of Augsburg (legal recognition) Granted independence to the Swiss Confederacy from the H.R.E Recognized Dutch independence from Spain IMPACT: France is new International power, and Spain is done. Within the H.R.E: This treaty perpetuated the political weakness of H.R.E 2 German States will rival each other and be international powers: Austria and Prussia upstart Brandenburg: Prussia will become the most powerful state in the northeast

The Catholic League

a Radical Catholic group under Henry Guise created to destroy the Huguenots and put a good (catholic) Guise on the throne.

Episcopal System

Any Church system that is extremely hierarchal. The Catholic Church is an episcopal system. Elizabeth's church of England is also an Episcopal system. The Anglican Church (Church of England) in American is called the Episcopal Church.

Battle of Lutzen

Battle in which Gustavus Adolphus was killed, thus ending any real hope the Protestants had against Ferdinand.

Emperor Ferdinand

Began the 30 years war by trying to pacify the Calvinistic Palatinate. Eventually tried to eradicated all protestantism in the Holy Roman Empire during the first phase of that war.

House of Bourbon

Beginning of the chapter: Huguenot Noble Family- headed by Henry Navarre (later Henry IV) End of chapter: Royal House of France- big Catholic Family

Defenestration of Prague

Bohemian Calvinists threw Emperor Ferdinand's Catholic boys out of a window into a pile of poo. They were not happy. Started thirty years war. Significance: Shows the extreme behavior religious passion will stir up in this chapter. example (minor one) of the atrocities people will commit.

Prague

Capital of Bohemia (modern day Czechoslovakia). Location of the Defenestration of Prague which is another example of the ferocity that wars of religion produce.

Cardinal Richelieu

Chief French minister who led Catholic France against Catholic Germany in the thirty years war. War became (catholic) Bourbon vs. (catholic) Habsburg

Sack of Magdeburg

City destroyed in 30 years war. Example of atrocities both sides will commit and try to avenge.

Sack of Antwerp

City destroyed in the Dutch revolt. Angry/unpaid Spanish decided to pay themselves by looting Antwerp for 3 days (killing 7000) Amsterdam will benefit by becoming the new commercial center for the Dutch.

Mary Stuart, Mary Queen of Scotts

Cousin & rival of Elizabeth I Catholic extremists hoped to replace Elizabeth with Mary Stuart. Elizabeth eventually had her executed. Elizabeth could be cunning at times (fox), but she'd whoop you when you needed it (lion). Her execution prompted Philip II to send the Spanish Armada.

Act of Uniformity

Elizabeth's attempt to reduce hatred between Catholics and Protestants in England. Each wanted the Church of England to line with their beliefs. Elizabeth split the difference. The Church of England would be Protestant (with Protestant doctrines) BUT would avoid excessive Protestantism by keeping the look/feel of a Catholic Church. It would keep the pomp and formality of Catholic liturgy. However, there would be ONE church in England. A uniformity worship throughout the country. Elizabeth showed little mercy to those who threatened her rule.

Puritains

English Calvinists who (working within Anglican Church) wanted to PURIFY the church of every remnant of Catholicism. Both in practices and doctrines. They wanted w plain church service, in English, with little ritual and formality. They also opposed the Episcopal system (favoring a Presbyterian model)

Presbyterians

English Calvinists who wanted to create a semi-independent presbyterian church. John Knox would establish this type of Church in Scotland. Thus, Scottish Calvinists are...Presbyterian.

30 years War (big Picture) 1618-1648

Europe's last and most destructive religious war. It began as a religious war between Protestants and Catholics within the Holy Roman empire, but spread into an international political conflict when Catholic France sides with Protestants. Ends with Peace of Westphalia in 1648.

"Paris is worth a mass"

Famous quotation from Henry of Navarre when he converted to Catholicism in order to become King of France. Perfect example of intermingling of religious/political struggles

Cardinal Richelieu's Motives 30 years war

Feared encirclement by Spanish and Austrian Habsburgs. His motives were to weaken them and gain power for France.

Henry III (Henry Valois)

French Catholic king during the War of the 3 Henries. Assassinates the radical Catholic Henry Guise, and teams up with Henry Navarre to defeat the Catholic League.

Politiques

French wars of religion. Frenchmen who wanted to see religious passions taken out of politics. They wanted to subordinate theological doctrine to political unity, urging tolerance, moderation, and compromise even indifference-in religious matters. Early advocates of separation of church and state. "believed that no religious truth was worth the ravages of a civil war"

Spanish Armada

Large Spanish fleet sent by Philip II to attack England's Elizabeth I in 1587. The English had a stunning victory. Impact: Gave heart to Protestant resistors all across Europe. Dealt blow to Spanish power from which it never recovered. England (while still a second rate power) will set to expand its empire.

Ferdinand of the Palatinate

Leader of the Protestant Princes against Ferdinand during the first phase of war. Failed.

Henry Guise

Leader of the Ultra-Catholics, opposed Huguenots, assassinated by Henry III (Valois) in the war of the three Henries

Gustavus Adolphus

Lutheran king of Sweden who helped the Lutherans in Germany by sending in his army. Saved Protestantism in 30 years war. Died at the successful battle of Lutzen.

Antwerp

Major commercial/trading city for the Dutch. Sacked by the Spanish in the Revolt of the Netherlands. Referred to as the Spanish Fury. This brutality convinced the Catholic southern provinces to unite with the Protestant northern Provinces against Spain. Amsterdam will become major trading city as a result.

Battle of Leptano

Philip II Spain. Naval battle in Mediterranean Sea between Christian Spain and Muslim Turks. Philip ejected Turks from the sea. Example of Philip's desire to be "most catholic king"

Protestant Resistance Theory

Protestants originally believed that religious should be obedient to secular rulers (even if they were ungodly) based on Romans 13:1 They gradually embraced the concept of ungodly rule. One of the most famous documents in this transformation was John Knox's First Blast of the Trumpet against the Terrible Regiment of Women in which he argued that the removal of a heathen monarch was not only permissible, but a Christian Duty!

Elizabeth I

Reigned 1558-1603 (end of the Tudor family tree) Exceptional monarch of England, created a strong nation poised to expand into a global empire. -Domestic Policy: created a religious settlement between Catholics and Protestants that prevented religious differences from tearing England apart. Created modern Anglican Church with Protestant doctrine and traditional Catholic ritual. -Foreign Policy: supported Protestants throughout Europe (notably the Dutch Revolt) Successfully protected England from Spanish domination

The Fuggers

Rich banking family in Ausburg (German version of the Medicis) bankrolled the Hapsburg. Phillip II will borrow/spend like a maniac. He will eventually default on his loans, thus bankrupting the people he borrowed from: Fuggers

Margaret of Parma

Ruler of the Dutch under Phillip's rule. Her easy treatment allowed the calvinists to go a little berserk . Phillip replaces her with more brutal Duke of Alba

Bohemia

Site of the beginning of the 30 years war in the H.R.E part of the Habsburg domain. Bohemian nobles depose Ferdinand and invite Frederick to rule Bohemia.

39 Articles of Faith

The list of beliefs of the Church of England created by Elizabeth. They are moderate in their Protestant ideas.

The Elizabethan Settlement

This is the nickname for the compromise establishing the look of England's official Church (The Church of England) by the Act of Uniformity. Most people accepted it. Only extreme Protestants (Calvinists-Puritans) and Extreme Catholics were unhappy with it.

Iconoclasm

generally: The destruction of Christian imagery (icons) specifically: Dutch calvinist of Netherlands destroyed images in Catholic Churches. This sparked Philip's attempt to pacify the Dutch (which only unified the Dutch against him)