Chapter 12
All of the following are true of BPD
*can be caused by a combination of nature and nurture--genetic inheritance and childhood experience *recent research has shown that people with BPD respond positively to treatment *a common symptom is impulsive behavior such as binge eating and reckless driving *is far more common in women than men
ASPD characterized by:
-failure to conform to social norms or obey the law -deceitfulness, lying, using aliases, or conning others for personal profit or pleasure -impulsivity -irritability and aggressiveness; getting into physical fights or perpetrating assaults -reckless disregard for the safety of self or others -consistent irresponsibility, inconsistent work behavior; not paying bills -lack of remorse, indifference to the pain of others, or rationalizing; hurting or mistreating another person
diagnosable mental disorder
90% who commit suicide
Thirty-year-old Armand feels compelled to save objects that others might throw away. He is afraid that he will discard something he will need later, so his home is filled with old junk. Armand's neighbors have complained about this and he feels embarrassed. Which criteria that define abnormality is applicable in this case?
Armand's behavior deviates from what is acceptable in a culture and is distressing for him.
All of the following are true of BPD except
BPD is far more common in men than women
During his first two college years, Barry has felt "down" most of the time. He has had trouble concentrating and difficulty making decisions. Sometimes he is so overwhelmed with deciding on his major and struggling to focus that he feels hopeless. He has problems with loss of appetite and sleeps a great deal of the time, and in general his energy level is low. Barry has found that things he used to love, like watching sports and playing video games, are just no fun anymore. Which of the following is most likely to be true of Barry?
Barry has an anxiety disorder
_____ is characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self-image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in various contexts.
Borderline personality disorder
_____ is an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life.
Depression
Which of the following statements is true of the sociocultural factors involved in depression?
Depression increases as standards of living and employment circumstances worsen.
Nancy is a first year straight A premed major. Nancy's roommate Luci notices that Nancy has lost a great deal of weight and is extremely thin. Luci observes that Nancy works out a lot, rarely finishes meals, and wears bulky sweaters all the time. Luci also notices that Nancy's arms have fine hairs growing on them, and Nancy has mentioned never getting her period anymore. When Luci asks Nancy about her weight loss, Nancy replies that she is very concerned that she not gain the "freshman 15" and is feeling good about her ability to keep up with her work and keep off those extra pounds. Which of the following is the most likely explanation for what is going on with Nancy?
Despite her lack of personal distress about her symptoms, Nancy likely has anorexia nervosa.
Eddie often loses track of time. He is sometimes late for appointments because he is so engrossed in whatever he is doing. While working on a term paper in the library, he gets so caught up in what he is reading that he is shocked when he looks up and sees that the sun has set and it is night. Which of the following best describes Eddie?
Eddie is showing normal dissociative states
_____ is a common negative symptom of schizophrenia, which means the display of little or no emotion.
Flat affect
Since she was a little girl, 19-year old Francesca has believed that whenever she walks through a doorway, she must touch the door frame 12 times and silently count to 12 or else her mother will die. She has never told anyone bout this ritual, which she feels is harmless, similar to carrying a lucky charm. Which of the following is true of Francesca's behavior?
Francesca's behavior is abnormal only because it is different from the norm. It is not maladaptive, nor does it cause her distress.
In terms of sociocultural factors and suicide, research supports which of the following?
In the US, older white men have a high rate of suicide
Jerome is writing a paper on the influence of culture on suicide. He tells you that he is going to focus on how different countries have different suicide rates because culture basically means differences in country of origin. What is your advice to Jerome?
Jerome should consider that within a country there may be cultural differences that play a role in suicide, such as the culture of honor in the southern United States.
Your new friend Maureen tells you that she was diagnosed with borderline personality disorder at the age of 23. she feels hopeless when she considers that her mood swings and unstable self esteem are part of her very personality. Despairing, sh asks, "How will I ever change?" Which of the following statements about Maureen's condition is accurate?
Maureen should seek therapy and strive to improve her relationships with others, as it is treatable.
_____ are recurrent thoughts, and _____ are recurrent behaviors.
Obsessions/compulsions
In 1973, Rosenhan conducted a study in which eight healthy individuals were asked to see a psychiatrist at various hospitals. What did the results of this study demonstrate?
Once a person has been labeled with a psychological disorder, that label colors how others perceive everything else he or she does.
_____ is a severe psychological disorder that is characterized by highly disordered, psychotic thought processes.
Schizophrenia
_____ is an anxiety disorder in which an individual has an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in public.
Social phobia
DSM-5
The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition; the major classification of psychological disorders in the United States
A schizophrenic patient who falsely believes that he is Jesus Christ is experiencing
a delusion.
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder (children)
a depressive disorder in children who show persistent irritability and recurrent episodes of out-of-control behavior.
windigo
a disorder recognized by northern Algonquian Native American groups that involves fear of being bewitched and turned into a cannibal
body dysmorphic disorder
a distressing preoccupation with imagined or slight flaws in one's physical appearance.
To be diagnosed with bipolar disorder, an individual must experience
a manic episode
stigma
a mark of shame that may cause others to avoid or to act negatively toward an individual.
Abnormal behavior in medical terms
a mental illness that affects or is manifested in a person's brain and can affect the way the individual thinks, behaves, and interacts with others
Which of the following individuals is likely to be diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder?
a person who lacks empathy for others, is egocentric, and is willing to use others for his own personal gain
psychosis
a state in which a person's perceptions and thoughts are fundamentally removed from reality
catatonia
a state of immobility and unresponsiveness that last for long periods of time
vulnerability-stress hypothesis (diathesis-stress model)
a theory holding that preexisting conditions (genetic characteristics, personality dispositions, experiences, and so on) put an individual at risk of developing a psychological disorder
The main characteristics of anorexia nervosa include all of the following
absence of menstrual periods after puberty, distorted image of one's body, strong fears of weigh gain even as weight loss occurs
Dissociative identity disorder is associated with unusually high rates of
abuse during early childhood
A central complaint about the DSM-5 is that it neglects factors such as
age
etiology of generalized anxiety disorder
among the biological factors are genetic predisposition, deficiency in the neurotransmitter GABA, and respiratory system abnormalities. psychological and sociocultural factors include having harsh (or even impossible) self standards, overly strict and critical parents, automatic negative thoughts when feeling stressed, and a history of uncontrollable traumas or stressors ( such as an abusive parent)
learned helplessness
an individual's feelings of powerlessness after exposure to aversive circumstances over which the person has no control
social anxiety disorder (social phobia)
an intense fear of being humiliated or embarrassed in social situations
mania
an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state
A superficially charming person who is indifferent to the pain of others and has spent his life in and out of prison for violent crimes would most likely be diagnosed with which type of personality disorder?
antisocial personality disorder
two personality disorders that have been the object of the most study
antisocial personality disorder and borderline personality disorder (to self harm and suicide)
panic disorder
anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense apprehension or terror, often without warning and with no specific cause
Individuals with ASPD
are typically ment
referential thinking
ascribing personal meaning to completely random events.
culture
at the core of what it means to be normal or abnormal
biological approach
attributes psychological disorders to organic, internal causes. focuses on the brain, genetic factors, and neurotransmitter functioning as the sources of abnormality.
Positive symptom
because they reflect something added above and beyond normal behavior
The most common of all eating disorders is
binge eating disorder
The _____ approach is evident in the medical model.
biological
The _____ approach to psychological disorders primarily focuses on the brain, genetic factors, and neurotransmitter functioning as the sources of abnormality.
biological
Jenna constantly experiences feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness. Jenna's doctor, Jacob, advises her to start taking antidepressant drugs that contain serotonin and dopamine. According to Dr. Jacob's diagnosis, Jenna's depression is a result of the imbalance and improper functioning of the neurotransmitters in her brain. In the context of the theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, this diagnosis conforms to the
biological approach.
biopsychosocial model
biological factors (genes), psychological factors (childhood experiences), sociocultural factors (gender).
The medical model interprets psychological disorders as medical diseases with a/an
biological origin
2 types of bipolar
bipolar 1: people have very extreme manic episodes and may even hallucinate, seeing or hearing things that are not there. bipolar 2: less severe, involving a less extreme level of euphoria
somatic symptom and related disorders
bodily symptoms that are either very distressing or that interfere with a person;s functioning along with excessive thoughts, feeling, and behaviors about the symptoms.
Kelly experiences a great deal of anxiety over her physical appearance. She believes that her head is too big and her nose is asymmetrical. This troubling preoccupation with her physical features interferes with Kelly's occupational and social functioning. She spends hours in front of the mirror and isolates herself from her friends. In the context of OCD-related disorders, Kelly can be most likely diagnosed with
body dysmorphic disorder.
The thinking style called splitting is associated with which of the following disorders?
borderline personality disorder
dissociative disorders & PTSD
both disorders are thought to be rooted, in part, in extremely traumatic life events
definitions of normal
change as society changes
personality disorders
chronic, maladaptive cognitive behavioral pattersn that are thoroughly integrated into an individual's personality
excoriation (skin picking)
compulsion of picking at one's skin, sometimes to the point of injury (symptom of autism spectrum disorder)
hording disorder
compulsive collecting, poor organization skills, and difficulty discarding things, decision making, procrastination.
trichotillomania (hair pulling)
compulsively pulling at the hair from the scalp, eyebrows, and other body areas
A man who believes that he is the reincarnation of a famous preacher is exhibiting the schizophrenic symptom of
delusion.
Joel believes that he has superhuman powers. He is likely suffering from
delusions
symptoms of MDD
depressed mood most of the day, reduced interest or pleasure in activities that were one enjoyable, significant weight loss or gain or significant decrease or interest in appetite, trouble sleeping or sleeping too much, fatigue or loss of energy, feeling worthless or guilty in an excessive or inappropriate manner, problems in thinking, concentrating, or making decisions, recurrent thoughts of death and suicide, no history of manic episodes (periods of euphoric mood)
medical model
describes psychological disorders as medical diseases with a biological origin
deviant
deviates from what is acceptable in a culture
International Classification of Diseases and Related Problems (ICD-10)
diagnostic system; includes a chapter on mental and behavioral disorders
cognitive symptoms
difficulty sustaining attention, problems holding information in memory, deficits in the ability to self reflect, and inability to interpret information and make decisions.
A true statement about genes and depression is that genes
directly cause depression. If you have a particular genetic characteristic you will certainly develop depression
anxiety disorders
disabling (uncontrollable and disruptive) psychological disorders that feature motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts.
Drug companies commonly fund research that focuses on a(n) _____ model of psychological disorders.
disease
obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD)
disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation
post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
disorder that develops through exposure to a traumatic event, a severely oppressive situation, cruel abuse, or a natural or unnatural disaster
Someone who suffers memory loss after a psychological trauma is said to have
dissociative amnesia
2 kinds of dissociative disordres
dissociative amnesia and dissociative identity disorder
dissociative amnesia
dissociative disorder characterized by extreme memory loss that is caused by extensive psychological stress
binge eating disorder (BED)
eating disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of consuming large amounts of food during which the person feels a lack of control over eating
bulimia nervosa
eating disorder in which an individual (typically females) consistently follows a binge and purge eating pattern
anorexia nervosa
eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation
psychological approach
emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders.
sociocultural approach
emphasizes the social contexts in which a person lives, including gender, ethnicity, socioeconomic status, family relationships, and culture
most common compulsions
excessive checking, cleansing, counting
persistent depressive disorder
experience less extreme depressive mood for more than two months
delusions
false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual's culture
Positive symptom: delusions
false, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individuals culture.
symptoms of PTSD
flashbacks, avoiding emotional experiences and avoiding talking about emotions with others, emotional numbness and a reduced ability to feel emotions, excessive arousal (resulting in an exaggerated startle response or an inability to sleep), difficulties with memory and concentration, impulsive behavior--dissociative disorders often occur
A negative symptom of schizophrenia is
flat affect
All of the following are positive symptoms of schizophrenia EXCEPT
flat affect.
dissociative identity disorder (DID)
formerly called multiple personality disorder, a dissociative disorder in which the individual has two or more distinct personalities or selves, each with its own memories, behaviors, and relationships
Lately Tina has noticed that her mother appears to be overwhelmed with worry about everything. Her mother has told Tina that she is having trouble sleeping and experiencing racing thoughts of all the terrible things that might happen at any given moment. Tina's mother is showing signs of
generalized anxiety disorder
anxiety disorders
generalized anxiety disorder, panic attack, social anxiety disorder
four common anxiety disorders
generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, specific phobia, social anxiety disorder
causes of depressive disorders
genes, brain structure and function, and neurotransmitters, learned helplessness,
etiology of social anxiety disorder (social phobia)
genes, neural circuitry involving the thalamus, amygdala, and cerebral cortex. neurotransmitters (serotonin)
etiology of OCD
genetic component, frontal cortex or basal ganglia are so active that numerous impulses reach the thalamus, generating obsessive thoughts or compulsive actions; low levels of serotonin, dopamine, and glutamate; limbic system appears to by hyperactivated
etiology of panic disorder
genetic predisposition to the disorder, lactate(brain metabolism) was elevated, genes that are involved in hormone regulation, learned associations between bodily cues of respiration and fear, CO2 rich air
causes of schizophrenia
genetics, heredity, enlarged ventricles in the brain, small frontal cortex--small changes in the distribution or characteristics of brain cells (many of these changes occurred prenatally because they are not accompanied by glial cells, which are always present when a brain injury occurs after birth.
Positive symptom: referential thinking
giving personal meaning to completely random events
Positive symptoms of schizophrenia
hallucinations, delusions,thought disorders, and disorders of movement
anorexia nervosa
have the highest mortality rate ( about 5.6% of individuals die within 10 years of diagnosis)
Individuals with bulimia nervosa tend to have _____ of perfectionism and _____ of self-efficacy.
high levels/low levels
OCD related disorders
hording disorder, excoriation, trichotillomania, body dysmorphic disorder
persons with BPD
insecure, impulsive, and emotional--self harming behaviors and suicide
The main characteristics of anorexia nervosa include all of the following except
intense and persistent tremors
maladaptive
interferes with one's ability to function effectively in the world. behavior that presents a danger to the person or those around him/her .
Thomas Joiner
interpersonal theory of suicide states that suicide involves two factors: a desire to die and the acquired capability for suicide
abnormal behavior
is deviant, maladaptive, or personally distressful over a relatively long period of time
Which of the following is true of post traumatic stress disorder?
it involves flashbacks
All of the following are characteristics of abnormal behavior except
it is typical
normal anxiety
jittery, nervous--an unpleasant feeling of fear and dread
MDD
leading cause of disability in the US
ASPD factors
low levels of activation in the prefrontal cortex, lower levels of autonomic nervous system arousal, less stressed than others; structural abnormalities in the amygdala and hippocampus
The Americans with Disabilities Act
made it illegal to discriminate against a person with a psychological disorder in the workplace when the person's condition does not prevent performance of the job's essential functions.
According to the National Institute of Mental Health, the leading cause of disability in the United States is
major depressive disorder.
With respect to the three characteristics of abnormal behavior, when a behavior interferes with a person's ability to function effectively in the world, it is considered
maladaptive.
Marilyn is depressed a great deal of the time and seeks help from a doctor. She is diagnosed as having a mental illness caused by a chemical imbalance. Marilyn is most likely being treated by a person who adheres to the _____ of psychological disorders.
medical model
bipolar disorder
mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unrealistically optimistic state
depressive disorders
mood disorders in which the individual suffers from depression--an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life
BED
most are overweight or obese--most common of all eating disorders (2 to 5 percent of Americans will suffer from BED)
schizophrenia
most debilitating disorder--diagnosed around 18 for men and 25 for women
DID
most dramatic, least common, and most controversial dissociative disorder--links a high rate of extraordinarily severe sexual or physical abuse during early childhood to the condition
During a psychiatric hospital internship, Tara approaches a young man sitting alone in a corner, and they have a short conversation. He asks her if she is with the government, and she tells him that she is not. She asks him a few questions and walks away. She tells her advisor later that what disturbed her about the conversation was not so much what the young man said, but that she had this feeling that he just was not really there. Tara was noticing the ________________ symptoms of schizophrenia
negative
The neurotransmitter that has been linked to suicide is
norepinephrine
2 related to the experience of anxiety
obsessive-compulsive disorder, post traumatic stress disorder
The anxiety disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualistic behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation is called
obsessive-compulsive disorder.
BPD treatment
one key aspect is a reduction in social stress. i.e. leaving an abusive partner or establishing a sense of trust in a therapist
attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
one of the most common psychological disorders of childhood, in which individuals show one or more of the following : inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
In a(n) _____, a person experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause.
panic disorder
Sudden episodes of extreme anxiety or terror that involve symptoms such as heart palpitations, trembling, sweating, and fear of losing control are characteristic of
panic disorder
Abnormal behavior is
personally distressful over a long period of time.
psychologists generally classify the symptoms of schizophrenia as
positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive deficits
The _____ of schizophrenia are marked by a distortion or an excess of normal function, whereas the _____ reflect social withdrawal, behavioral deficits, and the loss or decrease of normal functions.
positive symptoms/negative symptoms
When Sandra was 18 years old, she was in a serious car accident. Although she made a full recovery from her injuries, she experienced extreme anxiety afterward. Sandra is now very anxious when driving, has nightmares about the accident, and flinches when she goes through intersections. Sandra has symptoms suggestive of
post-traumatic stress disorder.
bulimia nervosa
preoccupied with food, have a strong fear of becoming overweight, are are depressed or anxious. difficulty in controlling their emotions
The biological causes of schizophrenia include
problems with the body's regulation of dopamine and abnormalities in brain structure such as enlarged ventricles and a small frontal cortex
Aaron Beck
proposed that negative thoughts reflect self defeating beliefs that shape depressed individuals' experiences.These habitual negative thoughts magnify and expend depressed persons' negative experiences.
classification
provides a common basis for communicating; help clinicians predict how likely it is that a particular disorder will occur, which individuals are most susceptible to it, how the disorder progresses, and what the prognosis for treatment; having a name for the problem helps the person with the disorder
Learned helplessness and pessimistic attributional styles are two ways of understanding the _____ factors associated with depression.
psychological
Harry, a behavioral psychologist, is in the process of analyzing his patient Maria Valentine's report. Maria has been diagnosed with dissociative identity disorder (DID). According to Harry, severe physical abuse in childhood could serve as a plausible explanation for Maria's psychological disorder. Maria is emotionally damaged and forms alternate identities in order to shut out past memories and to cope with the trauma. In the context of theoretical approaches to psychological disorders, it can be inferred that Harry's explanation of Maria's condition conforms to the to psychological disorders
psychological approach.
borderline personality disorder (BPD)
psychological disorder characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships, self image, and emotions, and of marked impulsivity beginning by early adulthood and present in a variety of contexts.
antisocial personality disorder (ASPD)
psychological disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law breaking, exploitation of others, irresponsibility, and deceit
specific phobia
psychological disorder in which an individual has an irrational overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation
major depressive disorder (MDD)
psychological disorder involving a major depressive episode and depressed characteristics, such as lethargy and hopelessness, for at least two weeks
generalized anxiety disorder
psychological disorder marked by persistent anxiety for at least six months, and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety
dissociative disorders
psychological disorders that involve a sudden loss of memory or change in identity due to the dissociation (separation) of the individual's conscious awareness from previous memories and thoughts.
dissociation
psychological states in which the person feels disconnected from immediate experience
compulsions
recurrent behaviors
obsessions
recurrent thoughts
All of the following are symptoms of borderline personality disorder EXCEPT
reduced awareness.
psychopaths
remorseless predators who engage in violence to get what they want
hallucinations
sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli
Positive symptom: Hallucinations
sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli; usually auditory or visual
schizophrenia
severe psychological disorder characterized by highly disordered thought processes; individuals suffering from schizophrenia may be referred to as psychotic because they are so far removed from reality
Negative symptoms
social withdrawal, behavioral deficits, loss or decrease of normal functions, flat affect
Derek has been diagnosed with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD). Derek's counselor, Mary, believes that Derek's poor relationship with his alcoholic stepfather is a factor that contributed to Derek's psychological disorder. Which of the following theoretical approaches to psychological disorders conforms to Mary's beliefs in this scenario?
sociocultural approach
What theoretical approach to psychological disorders would be most likely to consider a person's gender and ethnicity when diagnosing a disorder?
sociocultural approach
When treating a client with a psychological disorder, a therapist makes the assumption that the person's difficulties stem primarily from the context in which a person lives. This therapist most likely identifies with the _____ to psychological disorders.
sociocultural approach
An irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation is a defining characteristic of
specific phobia
A man who is so afraid of flying and who would go to any length to avoid flying is most likely experiencing
specific phobia.
Alison had sustained severe injuries after being brutally attacked by a mad dog as a child. Following that incident, Alison has been experiencing an overwhelming sense of fear and paralysis every time she sees a dog. The fear is so intense that it keeps Alison from leaving her house. Alison believes that as long as she's inside her house, the chances of encountering a dog are slim. In the context of psychological disorders, Alison is most likely to be diagnosed with
specific phobia.
BPD thinking
splitting --example: they typically view other people as either hated enemies with no positive qualities or as beloved, idealized friends who can do no wrong.
All of the following are a symptom of major depressive disorder except
substance use
People with BPD
tend to have suicidal thoughts or engage in self harming actions
dopamine
the "feel good" neurotransmitter that helps us recognize rewarding stimuli in the environment and relates to being outgoing and sociable.
What differentiates people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) from those who don't have OCD?
the ability to ignore or dismiss negative, intrusive thoughts
The interpersonal theory of suicide suggests that suicide involves two things. First, the desire to die, and second,
the acquired capability for suicide
etiology
the causes or significant preceding conditions
Negative symptom: flat affect
the display of little or no emotion--a common negative symptom of schizophrenia
flat affect
the display of little or no emotion--a common negative symptom of schizophrenia
dissociative disorder
the most controversial of all diagnostic categories
personally distressful
the person engaging in the behavior finds it troubling.
Which theoretical approach emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders?
the psychological approach
Which theoretical approach does not emphasizes the contributions of experiences, thoughts, emotions, and personality characteristics in explaining psychological disorders?
the sociocultural approach
The disordered thoughts in schizophrenia are referred to as psychotic because
they are far removed from reality.
A person with bulimia nervosa typically
thinks a lot about food
Positive symptom: thought disorder
to the unusual, sometimes bizarre thought processes that are characteristic positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
In cases of dissociative amnesia, the individual not only experiences amnesia but also
travels away from home
Criticisms of DSM-5
treats psychological disorders as if they are medical illnesses, taking an overly biological view of disorders that may have their roots in social experience, neglecting factors such as poverty, unemployment, and trauma, focuses strictly on problems, relies too much on social norms and subjective judgements, too many new categories of disorders have been added, some of which do not have consistent research support and whose inclusions will lead to a significant increase in the number of people being labeled as having a mental disorder, loosened standards for some existing diagnoses will add to the already very high rates of these.
BPD
unstable affect; unstable sense of self and identity, including self destructive impulsive behavior and chronic feelings of emptiness; negative interpersonal relationships that are unstable, intense, and characterized by extreme shifts between idealization and devaluation; self harm, including recurrent suicidal behavior, gestures, or threats or self mutilating behavior; wild mood swings
Positive symptom: disorders of movement
unusual mannerisms, body movements, and facial expressions. repeat certain motions or become catatonic.
panic disorder
used to be called "suffocation false alarm theory
main characteristics of anorexia nervosa
weight less than 85% of what is considered normal for age and height, and refusal to maintain weight at a healthy level; an intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight loss; a distorted body image.
