Chapter 12:

What are problem behaviors in adolescence linked to?

- (1) drug abuse, (2) juvenile delinquency, (3) sexual problems, and (4) school-related problems.

What is eriksons identity vs identity confusion stage?

- 12 to 20; adolescents are faced with deciding who they are, what they are all about, and where they are going in life. - during this stage adolescents experiment with different roles and personalities, adolescents who cope with conflicting identities emerge with a new sense of self, adolescents who do not successfully resolve the identity crisis suffer identity confusion.​

What is the rite of passage?

- A ceremony or ritual that marks an individual's transition from one status to another. Most rites of passage focus on the transition to adult status.

What is narcissism?

- A self-centered and self- concerned approach toward others. - Typically, narcissists are unaware of their actual self and how others perceive them. This lack of awareness contributes to their adjustment problems. Narcissists are excessively self-centered and self-congratulatory, viewing their own needs and desires as paramount

What is a clique?

- A small group of about five or six individuals that may form among adolescents who engage in similar activities.

What is juvenile delinquent?

- An adolescent who breaks the law or engages in behavior that is considered illegal. - Low socioeconomic status, negative family experiences (especially a low level of parental monitoring and having a sibling who is a delinquent), and negative peer influences have been linked to juvenile delinquency.

What is ethnic identity?

- An enduring, basic aspect of the self that includes a sense of membership in an ethnic group and the attitudes and feelings related to that membership.

What is the new model of parent-adolescent relationships?

- Attachment and autonomy; parents are important support systems and attachment figures; adolescent-parent and adolescent- peer worlds have some important connections - Moderate parent-adolescent conflict is common and can serve a positive developmental function; conflict greater in early adolescence

What is the old model of parent-adolescent relationships?

- Autonomy, detachment from parents; parent and peer worlds are isolated - linked to intense, stressful conflict throughout adolescence; parent-adolescent relationships are filled with storm and stress on virtually a daily basis

What are gender differences in autonomy granting in adolescence?

- Boys are given more independence than girls.

What are treatments for depression?

- Drug therapy using serotonin reuptake inhibitors​ - Cognitive behavior therapy​ - Interpersonal therapy​

What is psychosocial moratorium?

- Erikson's term for the gap between childhood security and adult autonomy. - search for an identity during adolescence is aided by a psychosocial moratorium - During this period, society leaves adolescents relatively free of responsibilities and able to try out different identities. Adolescents experiment with different roles and personalities. They may want to pursue one career path one month and switch the next month.

What is role conflict?

- Facilitate adolescent's transition from dependence to autonomy​ - Teaches conflict and negotiation has a positive developmental function and can manage parental hostility​

Are females or males more likely to commit suicide?

- Females are more likely to attempt suicide, but males are more likely to succeed.​

What are the factors that influence depression?

- Genes​ - Certain family factors ​ - Poor peer relationships ​

What are the 4 statuses of identity?

- James Marcia statuses proposed four identity that are based on crisis (exploration) and commitment. - identity diffusion, identity foreclosure, identity moratorium, identity achievement

What is the MAMA cycle?

- Many individuals who develop positive identities follow this MAMA pattern. Their identity status changes from moratorium to achievement to moratorium to achievement

What is a crisis?

- Marcia's term for a period of identity development during which the adolescent is exploring alternatives.

What is commitment?

- Marcia's term for the part of identity development in which adolescents show a personal investment in identity.

What is identity moratorium?

- Marcia's term for the status of individuals who are in the midst of a crisis, but their commitments are either absent or vaguely defined.

What is identity foreclosure?

- Marcia's term for the status of individuals who have made a commitment but have not experienced a crisis. This occurs most often when parents hand down commitments to their adolescents, usually in an authoritarian way, before adolescents have had a chance to explore different approaches, ideologies, and vocations on their own.

What is identity diffusion?

- Marcia's term for the status of individuals who have not yet experienced a crisis (explored meaningful alternatives) or made any commitments. Not only are they undecided about occupational and ideological choices, they are also likely to show little interest in such matters.

What is identity achievement?

- Marcia's term for the status of individuals who have undergone a crisis and have made a commitment.

Does self esteem always match reality?

- NO - ie. An adolescent's self-esteem might indicate a perception about whether he or she is intelligent and attractive, but that perception may not be accurate. Thus, high self- esteem may refer to accurate, justified perceptions of one's worth as a person and one's successes and accomplishments, but it can also indicate an arrogant, grandiose, unwarranted sense of superiority over others. - low self-esteem may suggest either an accurate perception of one's shortcomings or a distorted, even pathological insecurity and inferiority.

What is the importance of attachment is adolescence?

- attachment to parents increases probability that an adolescence will be socially competent vs isolated from parents - insecurely attached adolescents are more likely than securely attached adolescents to have emotional difficulties and to engage in problem behaviors such as juvenile delinquency, drug abuse, linked to becoming depressed and remaining depressed - secure attachment was linked to relationship competence, financial/career competence, and fewer problematic behaviors, less drug use

What is the link between low socio economic status/poverty on adolescence?

- extremely negative effects on adolescents' development, including lower academic achievement, lower occupational attainment, and more psychological problems.

What is self esteem?

- how you feel about yourself; the overall way we evaluate ourselves

Is adolescent depression linked to problems in emerging and early adulthood?

- linked to stronger depressive symptoms, migraine headaches, poor self-rated health, and low levels of social support, lower maternal relationship quality, less positive romantic relationships, and greater loneliness in emerging adulthood

How widespread is depression in adolescence?

- major depressive disorder range from 15 to 20 percent for adolescents - Adolescent females are far more likely to develop mood and depressive disorders than are their male counterparts. - Genes are linked to adolescent depression - Suicide is the third-leading cause of death in U.S. adolescents.

When does key changes in identity occur?

- more likely to take place in emerging adulthood than in adolescence.​

Why would the self-esteem of girls decline during early adolescence?

- negative body images during pubertal change - the greater interest young adolescent girls take in social relationships and society's failure to reward that interest

What is parents as managers?

- parental monitoring and information management​ - Supervising adolescents' choice of​ social settings​, activities​, friends, academic efforts, engaging later in sex and using condoms, curbing alcohol use in depressed teens​

What is the link between religion and adolescence?

- positive outcomes for adolescents - has positive influence on whether they engage in problem behaviors - positively related to well-being, self- esteem, and three of the Big Five factors of personality (conscientiousness, agreeableness, open- ness)

What is identity?

- self portrait composed of many pieces - LIKE... Vocational/career, political and religious identity, relationship, achievement, and intellectual identity, sexual identity, cultural/ethnic identity, interests, personality, physical identity​

What is autonomy?

- self-rule - As the adolescent pushes for autonomy, the wise adult relinquishes control in those areas where the adolescent can make reasonable decisions, but continues to guide the adolescent to make reasonable decisions in areas where the adolescent's knowledge is more limited. Gradually, adolescents acquire the ability to make mature decisions on their own. - autonomy is one of the hallmarks of success in adolescence

Does self-esteem in adolescence foreshadow adjustment and competence in adulthood?

- study found that low self-esteem in early adolescence predicted depressive symptoms in late adolescence and emerging adulthood

What is the importance of peers?

- there is a dramatic increase in the psychological importance and intimacy of close friends in early adolescence. Friends become increasingly important in meeting social needs.

What is bicultural identity?

- they identify in some ways with their ethnic group and in other ways with the majority culture

What is cross-cultural comparison?

- traditions and circumstances influencing development around the world​ - Health: exposure to disease, drugs, lack of health care​ - Gender: boys tend to receive more education​ - Family: close knit versus parents needing to work far away​ - Peers: surrogate family versus restricted, especially for girls ​ - Time allocated to different activities: structured versus unstructured time​ - Rites of passage: ceremony or ritual that marks an individual's transition from one status to another​

What are the 3 stages that characterize the development of romantic relationships in adolescence?

1. entry into romantic attractions and affiliations at about 11 to 13 years of age 2. exploring romantic relationships at approximately 14 to 16 years of age 3. consolidating dyadic romantic bonds at about 17 to 19 years of age. Many gay and lesbian youth date other-sex peers, which can help them to clarify their sexual orientation or disguise it from others.

What is a crowd?

A larger group structure and less personal than a clique that is usually based on reputation; members may or may not spend much time together.