Chapter 12 A&P

White matter (myelinated fibers) are found in all of the following locations except __________.

Cerebral cortex

The process of linking new facts with old facts already stored in the memory bank is called ________.

Association

Which statement about coma is true?

Coma may be caused by widespread cerebral or brain stem trauma.

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

Damage to the primary (somatic) motor cortex results in the loss of both voluntary muscle control and all reflexive contractions.

Which type of wave predominates during stage 4 NREM sleep?

Delta

Which statement about epilepsy is most accurate?

Epilepsy is often genetically induced but also frequently caused by head trauma, stroke, infection, and tumor.

Vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________.

Medulla Oblongata

The corpora quadrigemina are found in the ________.

Midbrain

Sleepwalking may occur during ________.

NREM stage 4

Which of the following is (are) involved with motor activity (either initiation or coordination)?

Red Nuclei

Which of the following would you NOT find in normal cerebrospinal fluid?

Red blood cells

Interneurons receiving input from sensory neurons are located in the ________.

dorsal (posterior) horn

Arachnoid granulations are knoblike projections that protrude superiorly through the ________ mater to absorb cerebrospinal fluid into venous blood.

dura

What type of cells line ventricles of the brain?

ependymal cells

Which ventricle is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord

fourth

The central sulcus separates which lobes?

frontal from parietal

Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________.

gyri

The ________ is the main switch station for memory; if the right and left areas are destroyed, the result is widespread amnesia.

hippocampus

Suppose a patient produced more fluid in the structure shown in the figure than could be distributed throughout the ventricles and extracellular fluid. What condition would result?

hydrocephalus

If the caudal portion of the neural tube failed to develop properly the __________

Spinal cord may be affected

Degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the ________ is the ultimate cause of Parkinson's disease.

Substantia Nigra

A shallow grove on the surface of the cortex is called a ___________.

Sulcus.

Which of the following is true of the cerebral hemispheres of the human brain?

The cerebral hemispheres account for about 83% of total brain mass.

What connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland?

infundibulum

Which of the following is NOT a function of the CSF?

initiation of some nerve impulses

Declarative memory ________.

is the ability to learn specific information

The white matter of the spinal cord contains ________.

myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers

Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with noparalysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________.

premotor cortex

Two terms for the massive motor tracts serving voluntary movement are ________.

pyramidal and corticospinal

Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?

regulate the thalamus

The light of dawn and the buzz of an alarm clock lead to wakefulness through the ________.

reticular activating system

The brain area that regulates activities that control the state of wakefulness or alertness of the cerebral cortex is the ________.

reticular formation

A patient is admitted to the rehabilitation unit five days after having a stroke. The nurse assesses his muscle strength and determines that he has right-sided weakness. Based on this assessment data, what part of the brain was injured?

There was damage to localized areas of the primary motor cortex in the left cerebral hemisphere.

Which brain waves are uncommon for awake adults, but are common for children?

Theta

The ________ includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus.

diencephalon

The primary auditory cortex is located in the ________.

temporal lobe

REM sleep is associated with ________.

temporary skeletal muscle inhibition except for ocular muscles and diaphragm

Second-order neurons of ascending pathways that contribute to sensory perception terminate in the ________.

thalamus

The limbic system acts as our emotional, or affective (feelings), brain. t/f

True

The primary visual cortex contains a map of visual space. t/f

True

The terms fainting and syncope describe the same thing. t/f

True

Which of the following is the mildest consequence of traumatic brain injury?

Concussion

The large commissure that connects the right and left sides of the brain is called the_____.

Corpus callosum.

Which type of memory is exemplified by a racing heartbeat upon hearing a rattlesnake nearby?

Emotional

Which of the following best describes the cerebrum?

Executive suite.

A flat EEG is a good indication of deep sleep. t/f

False

Commissural fibers connect the cerebrum to the diencephalon. t/f

False

Meningitis is the most accurate term for inflammation of neurons. t/f

False

Nondeclarative memories preserve the circumstances in which they are learned. t/f

False

Projection fibers in the brain mainly connect the right and left hemispheres. t/f

False

Sorting of sensory information and relaying it to the appropriate cerebral sensory area occurs in the hypothalamus. t/f

False

The canal connecting the third and forth ventricles and running through the midbrain is the interventricular foramen

False

The reticular activating system (RAS) is comprised of specific pathways primarily in the limbic system. t/f

False

The three basic regions of the cerebrum are the cerebral cortical gray matter, internal white matter, and the superior and inferior colliculi. t/f

False

Which of the following is a dural septum, described as a large sickle-shaped fold that dips into the longitudinal fissure between the cerebral hemispheres?

Falx Cerebri

Which of these would you NOT find in the cerebral cortex?

Fiber Tracts

Which of the following is NOT a role of the basal nuclei?

Initiating protective reflex actions.

Broca's area ________.

Is considered a motor speech area.

Which fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres?

Longitudinal fissure.

Passing through the NREM stages (1 through 4), the frequency of the EEG waves declines, but their amplitude increases. t/f

True

An individual accidentally transected (cut across) the spinal cord between T1 and L1. This would result in ________.

Paraplegia

Tremor at rest, shuffling gait, stooped posture, and expressionless face are characteristics of ________.

Parkinson's disease

Nuclei of cranial nerves V (trigeminal), VI (abducens), and VII (facial) are found in the ________.

Pons

Specific motor and sensory functions are localized in specific areas called domains, whereas memory and language have overlapping domains. t/f

True

Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?

Prefrontal cortex.

Which category of memory is involved when playing the piano?

Procedural

The two longitudinal ridges on the medulla oblongata where many descending fibers cross over are called the ________.

Pyramids

The adult spinal cord ends between the level L1 and L2 of the vertebral column. t/f

True

The brain and spinal cord begin as an embryonic structure called the neural plate. t/f

True

Mrs. Sagalov has recently been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. What clinical symptoms is she likely to show?

She will show increasing cognitive deficits, including difficulties with memory and attention, and personality changes such as irritability, moodiness, and confusion.

Which of the following generalizations does not describe the cerebral cortex?

The hemispheres are exactly equal in function.

A disturbance of posture, muscle tremors at rest, and uncontrolled muscle contraction are all symptoms of damage to the basal nuclei. t/f

True

Cell bodies of somatic motor neurons are located in the ventral (anterior) horn of the spinal cord. t/f

True

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates within the ventricles of the brain and in the subarachnoid space outside the brain. t/f

True

Embryonic damage to the mesencephalon could result in improper formation of the mid brain t/f.

True

In most people, the left cerebral hemisphere has greater control over language, abilities, math and logic. t/f

True

Most of the ascending and descending pathways to and from the brain cross over (decussate) from one side of the body to the other. t/f

True

Nuclei relating to the startle reflex are located in the corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain. t/f

True

One functional center found within the medulla oblongata is a respiratory center involved in the control of the rate and depth of breathing t/f

True

The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensing a full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ________.

Visceral sensory area.

An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to ___________.

Visual association area.

Death from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis usually results from respiratory infection secondary to compromised respiratory function. Why?

When the lungs have difficulty fully expanding, secretions may develop, causing respiratory infection.

The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges

arachnoid and pia

Spinocerebellar tracts ________.

carry information about muscle or tendon stretch to the cerebellum

All of the following are structures of the limbic system EXCEPT the ________.

caudate nucleus

The groove indicated by C is the __________.

central sulcus

The arbor vitae refers to ________.

cerebellar white matter

Neural tracts that convey information to the brain concerning temperature and pain would be ________.

lateral spinothalamic

The frontal lobe is separated from the temporal lobe by the ________.

lateral sulcus

Injury to the hypothalamus may result in all of the following EXCEPT ________.

loss of fine motor control

Which of the following structures is probably NOT directly involved in memory?

medulla oblongata

The blood-brain barrier is effective against ________.

metabolic waste such as urea

The brain stem consists of the ________.

midbrain, medulla, and pons

Which of the meninges is a delicate connective tissue membrane that clings tightly to the brain like cellophane wrap following its every convolution?

pia mater

Cell bodies of sensory neurons are located in ________.

the dorsal root ganglia of the spinal cord

The neural fibers connecting structure A to the cerebral cortex can be described by which of the following?

third-order sensory neurons

Spastic paralysis suggests involvement of the ________.

upper motor neurons

Important nuclei of the indirect (multineuronal) system that receive impulses from the equilibrium apparatus of the inner ear and help to maintain balance by varying muscle tone of postural muscles are the ________.

vestibular nuclei