Chapter 12: China and Its Neighbors: The East End of the Old World Web: 200–1400 CE

The Tang dynasty lasted from 618 to 907 CE, but its final century and a half was a series of events leading to its collapse. Place the following phases of Tang decline in order.

A frontier general, An Lushan, led a revolt after fearing that Tang rulers wanted to get rid of him. Tang China invited Turkic and Tibetan warriors to help it maintain power. The Tang lost about one-fourth of their territory, half of their population, and their standing in Central Asia Eunuchs began to assert and exercise more power from the palace, leading to a modest revival of fortunes for China. Rebellions throughout China became more frequent, hastening the final collapse of the Tang dynasty.

What factors contributed to Genghis Khan's unbelievable success in campaigns across Asia?

A period of favorable weather in Mongolia meant better food, more livestock, and an increase in population. Mongol men were motivated by the presence of their families to fight better. Mongolians were expert horsemen and bowmen, which gave them an edge in nearly every

The growth of a market society in Song China led to the development of new innovations with economic importance. Match each innovation with its effect.

Abacus - made it easier and faster to do calculations. Looms - increased speed and efficiency of silk manufacturing. Champa- more reliable food source, increased tax revenue, and population growth. Sternpost rudders and bulkheads - improved maneuverability and durability of ships at sea.

Based on an analysis of this map of Mongolia and the Old World web, what conclusions can be drawn about Mongol campaigns and its empire between 1206 and 1279 CE?

After Genghis Khan's death in 1227 CE, his successors continued campaigns that extended Mongol power into Southeast Asia, the Middle East, and Europe. Of the major empires or dynasties labeled on this map, the only ones to remain intact through the duration of the Mongol campaigns were Japan, the Byzantine Empire, and the Khmer Empire.

While Tang China held the power of the nomads to its north in check, it was less fortunate in its dealings with Tibet and Yunnan in the southwest. Which of the following statements describe how both of these states interacted with China?

Both resisted Chinese power. Both experienced a decline in power as the power of the Tang diminished as well. Both occupied Chinese territory for a period.

Which of the following statements assesses the role of China in East Asian geopolitics from about 200 CE until about 1400 CE?

China's unity or disunity seemed to set a pattern for the unity and disunity of its East Asian neighbors. China tended to have the most influence in the geopolitical trends of East Asia in this period. Compared to other countries in East Asia, China remained politically unified more often and for longer periods.

Place the following periods in order to demonstrate the influence of Chinese cycles of unity and disunity in shaping East Asian geopolitics.

Collapse or han dynasty china's tang dynasty in power chinas song dynasty in control mongols conquer the rest of the steppe nomads, song china, and most of asia return of unity and stability under the tuan dynasty

Analyze this map of the Tang dynasty (618-907 CE). What conclusions can be drawn about the strength and effectiveness of the Tang in this period?

Due to Tang expansion and infrastructure, people in the eastern coastal cities of Hangzhou and Guangzhou were firmly connected to land-based trade with Europe on the Silk Road. The heart of Tang power and influence remained in the east where previous dynasties had been strongest as well, and where they had the most development and access.

How were trade, religion, and culture interconnected in Tang China? Match the following connections with the outcomes that exemplify them.

Foreign influences featured prominently in Tang high culture - Trade influenced culture. Buddhist worship rituals involved gems and incense - Religion stimulated trade. Buddhist monasteries operated as commercial centers - Religion stimulated commerce. Buddhist themes of nature appear more in poetry and painting - Religion shaped culture.

How did the economy and military grow to support one another during the Tang dynasty? Place the following phases in order to show how the process worked.

Frontier settlement during the tang dynasty expanded commerce throughout china Urbanization surged, creating large market cities. Trade increased, which added revenue for the state through taxes. the tang were able to support a larger military presence to secure trade routes in central asia

Imagine a merchant beginning his journey near the Xi River in southern China. The merchant plans to travel north via land routes and, to maximize the best trading options, will stop only in capital cities along the way. Place the cities in the order he will travel through them on his way north.

Hangzhou. Kaifeng. Beijing

Place the following events during Genghis Khan's rise to power and his conquest of Asia in chronological order.

He reorganized his fighting forces to undercut the possibility of clan loyalty undermining his power. He led his army to victory against the Jurchen and took control of north China He and his Mongol army defeated the Tanguts. He conquered Central Asia and took control of the Silk Road by gaining control of Bukhara and Samarkand. .He and his generals led campaigns as far away as Iran, the Caucasus, Russia, and Ukraine.

The Recruiting Officers at the Village of the Stone MoatI sought a lodging for the night, at sunset, in the Stone Moat Village.Recruiting Officers, who seize people by night, were there.A venerable old man climbed over the wall and fled.An old woman came out of the door and peered.What rage in the shouts of the Recruiting Officers!What bitterness in the weeping of the old woman!I heard the words of the woman as she pled her cause before them:"My three sons are with the frontier guard at Yeh Ch'eng.From one son I have received a letter.A little while ago, two sons died in battle.He who remains has stolen a temporary lease of life.The dead are finished forever.In the house, there is still no grown man,Only my grandson at the breast.The mother of my grandson has not gone,Going out, coming in, she has not a single whole skirt.I am an old woman, old woman, and my strength is failing,But I beg to go with the Recruiting Officers when they return this night.I will eagerly agree to act as a servant at Ho Yang;I am still able to prepare the early morning meal."The sound of words ceased in the long night,It was as though I heard the darkness choke with tears.At daybreak, I went on my way,Only the v

I sought a lodging for the night, at sunset, in the Stone Moat Village. It was as though I heard the darkness choke with tears.

I sought a lodging for the night, at sunset, in the Stone Moat Village.Recruiting Officers, who seize people by night, were there.A venerable old man climbed over the wall and fled.An old woman came out of the door and peered.What rage in the shouts of the Recruiting OfficersWhat bitterness in the weeping of the old womanI heard the words of the woman as she pled her cause before them:"My three sons are with the frontier guard at Yeh Ch'eng.From one son I have received a letter.A little while ago, two sons died in battle.He who remains has stolen a temporary lease of life.The dead are finished forever.In the house, there is still no grown man,Only my grandson at the breast.The mother of my grandson has not gone,Going out, coming in, she has not a single whole skirt.I am an old woman, old woman, and my strength is failing,But I beg to go with the Recruiting Officers when they return this night.I will eagerly agree to act as a servant at Ho Yang;I am still able to prepare the early morning meal."The sound of words ceased in the long night,It was as though I heard the darkness choke with tears.At daybreak, I went on my way,Only the venerable old man was left.

I sought a lodging for the night, at sunset, in the Stone Moat Village. It was as though I heard the darkness choke with tears.

The military weakness of the Song and the expansion of a market society both influenced trends in Korea and Japan. Match each country with how those factors affected it.

Korea - Song military weakness allowed the Khitan and Jurchen to grow more powerful, which caused the emergence of a new state that experienced regular violent clashes with these steppe nomads. The strength of Song China's market society and foreign trade caused commerce to revive. It imported Khitan horses and Chinese goods, which it then exported to its neighbors. Japan - Song military weakness proved less burdensome here, so the process of consolidation was much slower. The growth of foreign trade under the Song meant more frequent contact with mainland Asia, leading to the arrival of waves of crowd diseases like smallpox and measles.

How did Mongol rule in China affect the various webs connected to East Asia?

Mongol conquest and their promotion of foreign trade strengthened the east asian webs connection with the rest of eurasia, thereby resuming their place in the old world web

Consider the elements in the painting of Khubilai Khan from Source 3. The Mongols were a fierce nomadic people. After conquering China, Khubilai Khan adopted many of the best characteristics of Chinese culture, including art forms and administrative bureaucracy. Analyze the painting, and identify the claims that are supported by the source.

Mongols prized skills such as riding and hunting. Khubilai Khan was a formidable ruler who commanded the respect of his men and court. The Yuan dynasty was multi-ethnic.

What can be learned from the map about oasis cities in the Tang dynasty?

Oasis cities were in areas temporarily gained by the tang

Identify the reason why Daoism and Buddhism thrived after the fall of the Han dynasty in China.

Political tensions, warfare, and the environment provided the most conducive conditions for both religious traditions to take hold and grow in east asia.

Compare the societies of Southeast Asia (Burma, Thai, and Khmer states) with those in China and the rest of East Asia. Which of the following statements are accurate comparisons?

Religious and cultural influences from India loomed larger in Southeast Asia than did influences from China. Women in Southeast Asian societies before the 1400s tended to experience fewer constraints on their lives than women in areas of East Asia that adhered more to Confucian ideals.

Why was the rise of southern China as an important region after the fall of the Han dynasty such a significant development?

Silkworms, an important source of exported silk, thrived in the warmer climate of southern China. Tibet, Sichuan, and adjacent areas were linked together and to seaborne trade via the Yangzi River. Sichuan became a "rice-basket," producing vast quantities of rice and grains that supported the accumulation of wealth via exports.

Tang influence on the states of east and southeast Asia differed partly according to their proximity to the powerful dynasty. Match each of the following states with the correct description of its relationship with China.

Srivijaya - This was the most durable of Tang China's neighbors. China's primary influence came in the form of revenue through taxing trade. This state controlled the Straits of Malacca, which was a major gateway between the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea. This meant streams of revenue. Korea - China installed the Silla dynasty, which regularly pledged its loyalty to the Tang but maintained political independence with a strong military. Chinese culture was popular among social elites. Japan - Here, the Yamato imported Buddhism as well as Tang city planning, architecture, writing, and some laws. Women enjoyed more liberty than in China. They prized military skills and never imported the Chinese examination system. Annam - They felt the weight of Tang power who recaptured this region. This state adopted Confucian beliefs, Daoism, Chinese script, and Buddhism. However, Chinese settlers tended to adopt the culture of this region and blend in over time. Funan - This state emerged around 100 CE, but it was more influenced culturally by India than China. Its connection to the wider Old World web led to the appearance of Roman coins and Persian ceramics.

Wu Zetian, who ruled China from around 690 until her death in 705, was the most powerful woman in the world at the time. Her reign was controversial because while she maintained power through violence and intimidation, she also was the foremost promoter of Buddhism and encouraged commerce that fostered prosperity as well.

TRUE

The following dynasties ruled parts or all of China for certain periods. Match each dynasty to its characteristics.

Tang Dynasty - extended power over Silk Road relied on academies and civil service exams to find capable administrators ruled for a time by the most powerful woman in the world (Wu Zetian) Yuan Dynasty - established by Mongol leader Khubilai Khan expanded East Asian web ruled during especially poor climate period Sui Dynasty - reunified China after the Han reformed economy built Grand Canal Song Dynasty - initiated economic reforms intended to offset pressure from outside states lost half its territory to the Jin dynasty established southern capital in Hangzhou

From the tenth century through the fourteenth century, how did the relationship between steppe nomads and the Chinese change?

The Khitans, Jurchen, and Mongols experienced more frequent military success against China and threatened Korea. Northern nomads, such as the Khitans, Jurchens, and Mongols, learned siege craft from China and geopolitical maneuvering. Steppe peoples acquired weapons, helmets, and armor in exchange for their horses.

Song emperor Gaozong (in power from 1127-1162 CE) remarked, "The profit of maritime trade contributes much to the national income. Therefore, pursuing the former custom [perhaps referring to the early Tang] the people of faraway countries should be encouraged to come and sell an abundant supply of foreign goods." Analyze this statement, and identify what it tells us about the relationship between the Song dynasty and foreign trade.

The Song welcomed foreign trade and foreign goods in their domestic markets. The Song sought to increase their national income through seaborne trade.

Why was the Song's rise to power so challenging? Place the following events in chronological order.

The Tang's collapse left a fragmented China in its place. Song Taizu used innovative military strategies to overcome his rivals and establish the Song dynasty. The Song fought their neighbors frequently to hold on to power and paid off those they could convince to leave them alone. The Jurchen conquered the Khitan's Liao dynasty and established the Jin dynasty. The Song was forced to retreat to the south and pay off their formidable Jurchen neighbors to leave them in peace.

Based on the map, which of the following statements is true about the Mongol Empire under Genghis Khan and his successors?

The mongol empire extended across parts of both asia and europe

Based on the map, which of the following statements are true?

The state of Srivijaya extended down into modern-day Java. Gold and tin were trade goods available north of the Straits of Malacca. Summer monsoon winds generally blew north, whereas winter monsoon winds blew south.

For centuries, nomads threatened the northern frontiers of China. Consider Source 1 and Source 3. During the Tang dynasty, nomads threatened the northern border and created the need for armies and forced labor. The threat created the circumstances under which An Lushan amassed power and rebelled. Source 3, created centuries later, depicts one of the greatest leaders of a nomadic people. Khubilai Khan represents what many Chinese feared most. Analyze these sources, and identify the claims they support.

The threat of invasion by nomadic peoples caused social and economic problems in Chinese society. Mongols incorporated Chinese customs into their administrations. The Chinese were willing to sacrifice their livelihoods for the sake of the state.

How did civil service exams contribute to Tang success?

They created a social culture that prized education and qualification more then traditional military virtues, and helped preserve chinese unity by elevating administers who shared Confucian beliefs about allegiance and obedience to the emperor

Consider the context and text of Source 1. Chinese culture prescribed obligations and privileges based on class, age, and sex. Identify the claims that are supported by the poem.

Traditionally, women cared for children, prepared food, and managed households. Elderly people depended on their children for support. Men were the heads of households, so women had few options for support without male relatives.

In what ways did the Song revival of Confucianism leave a mixed legacy for women?

Women were encouraged to learn about history and literature, and some women were able to take on more public roles through writing. Domestic tasks, in the family home of one's husband, was the norm. It meant a return to an emphasis on women's deference to men and their elders. The practice of foot binding grew in popularity among both the elite and mainstream Chinese.

Because the Song dynasty faced so much pressure from its neighbors, it had to work hard to ensure it had an effective government, a productive economy, and a military strong enough to maintain its hold on authority. Match the following reforms the Song enacted with what they accomplished.

allowed them to pay for their military - businessmen were allowed to profit to maximize tax revenue prevented regional generals from seizing power - relied on civilian administration ensured officials would exemplify Confucian ideas of loyalty and service to the emperor - promoted Confucian ideology among administrators created a more talented group of civilian leaders who could manage a complex system - leaned more heavily on examinations to fill official positions

What factors contributed to China's prosperity and stability during the Tang dynasty?

brought security on the Silk Road built on the wealth and successes of previous dynasties reformed the machinery of the state

The Song dynasty was responsible for several innovations in its economic expansion. Which of the following are examples of those innovations?

created the world's first military-industrial complex were the first government to promote an improved crop variety

Mongol politics was like an informal As competing charismatic men sought power and more followers, they had to be able to provide from rival attacks and regular payments of from successful raids for those they wanted to lead. But they only became leaders because men were willing to give their to them. Women and children followed their husbands and fathers, all of whom relied on their leaders for survival.

democracy. protection. plunder. allegiance.

As a result of the market expansion under the Song dynasty, both Korea and Japan adopted even more elements of Chinese culture, including its language, religion, and social hierarchy.

false

Despite the devastation caused by the Mongol conquest, China's population surged under the Yuan dynasty because of favorable climates, good harvests, and fewer crowd diseases than in previous generations.

false

The Tale of Genji presents a romantic view of Heian-era court life. In the illustration, carpets, and furniture suggest a life of The author, a woman who used a pen name, appears to have been familiar with society.

fine clothes. leisure. court.

Review the primary source excerpt from the textbook's "Considering the Evidence" feature. Du Fu's poetry can tell us about all kinds of things about life for regular people in Tang China. Based on your analysis of the poem, which of the following categories does Du Fu's poem shed light on?

gender roles in common families familial practices for regular Chinese families the relationship between the Tang government and common people

The Sui dynasty existed for less than four decades, but it left China with two lasting legacies. The linked the Yangzi and Huang He basins, and in the north, the protected China from its most feared enemy threat: invading horsemen.

grand canal. defensive walls

Mongolians had certainly mastered the art of conquest in their several-decades-long march across Asia, and the regular supply of loot from victory was able to maintain legitimacy at the top. That changed when they began ruling China as an empire. How did Khubilai Khan, the founder of the Yuan dynasty, overcome the challenges of governing more than 75 million Chinese subjects that perceived their new overlords as barbarians?

hired gifted and educated Chinese men to handle the day-to-day work of governing appointed loyal Mongols to the highest offices of administration, and invited Tibetans and Persians with administrative skills to govern as well promoted religions familiar to the Chinese (Confucianism and Buddhism) but did not mandate religious uniformity moved his center of power from Mongolia and established his capital at Beijing

the River ran through the Burmese kingdom of Pagan, the River ran through both the Khmer Empire and the Thai state of Haripunjaya, and the River ran through only the Khmer Empire.

irrawaddy. Chao Phraya. Mekong

The status of women in the Tang era depended quite a lot on socioeconomic position. Match each social class to the description of what life was like for them under the Tang.

less distinguished women - Many of their families preferred sons, so they did not enjoy as much esteem since they could not inherit land or their family's legacy. elite women - Their opportunities expanded early on. Some were able to engage in politics or diplomacy through arranged marriages. Many were able to pursue personal interests in sports, artistry, and other areas not previously open to them. peasant women - They typically worked at home as generations of women before them had done. They experienced an increased demand and market for their labor, though, through silk-related labor. In challenging situations, some of their families chose to sell their daughters as concubines to get by.

Several new forms of business and money emerged under the Song. adopted new ways of spreading out their risks by combining their assets, selling shares of their ventures, and insuring voyages. Rudimentary banks appeared that issued which were simply promises of payment. These banknotes were the first form of initially made from the bark of mulberry trees, which would meet the shortage of copper, iron, silver, and gold, which was in high demand for military production.

merchants. flying money. paper money

Under the Yuan, Chinese culture and society experienced dramatic changes. Match the following changes with what caused them.

poor climate, epidemics, other chaotic challenges - increase in female infanticide and shortage of women major changes to the civil service exam - period of scientific and cultural creativity enforced peace on the Silk Road and continued commercialization - more entrepreneurship, social instability, and inequality

The Recruiting Officers at the Village of the Stone Moat I sought a lodging for the night, at sunset, in the StoneMoat Village.Recruiting Officers, who seize people by night, werethere. br>A venerable old man climbed over the wall and fled.An old woman came out of the door and peered.What rage in the shouts of the Recruiting Officers!What bitterness in the weeping of the old woman!I heard the words of the woman as she pled her causebefore them:"My three sons are with the frontier guard at Yeh Ch'eng.From one son I have received a letter.A little while ago, two sons died in battle.He who remains has stolen a temporary lease of life.The dead are finished forever.In the house, there is still no grown man,Only my grandson at the breast.The mother of my grandson has not gone,Going out, coming in, she has not a single whole skirt.I am an old woman, old woman, and my strength is failing.But I beg to go with the Recruiting Officers when theyreturn this night.I will eagerly agree to act as a servant at Ho Yang;I am still able to prepare the early morning meal."The sound of words ceased in the long night,It was as though I heard the darkness choke with tears.At daybreak, I went on my way,Only the

seize people by night, venerable old man climbed over the wall and fled. two sons died in battle. she has not a single whole skirt.

Between 750 and 900 as the power of the Tang weakened, the relative strength and success of nomadic tribes increased.

true

The state of Funan traded extensively with neighboring regions.

true

As a result of the emergence of southern China, by the time the Sui dynasty arrived, China was than during the Han dynasty, more in terms of long-distance trade, and less centered, demographically and economically, on the .

wealthier. integrated. north.