Chapter 12: Early childhood development

The logical principle that things can be organized into groups or categories according to some characteristic that they have in common is _____.

classification

Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions is called _____operational thought.

concrete

Because they are beginning to think logically, children in Piaget's _____ stage of cognitive development can understand prefixes, suffixes, and compound words, even if they have not heard them before.

concrete operational

While still very small, the percentage of American children who are home-schooled has increased by a factor of ______ in the past decade.

2%

Executive function is apparent when _____.

Denzel concentrates on his reading in class while ignoring all distractions

Dr. Smith is conducting a study to determine what 9-year-olds know. Based on theory, he believes that 9-year-olds will advance in knowledge as a result of direct instruction. Dr. Smith's belief is based on _____.

Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development

According to the text, children with _____ disorder are often very poor at pragmatics.

autism spectrum

_____ aids every skill. Learning to speak a second language, to recite the multiplication tables, and to write one's name are difficult at first but gradually become routine.

automatization

When capable of concrete operational thought, children _____.

can apply logical reasoning to real, tangible situations

A significant contribution of Piaget's cognition theory is that he realized that school-age children become _____.

capable of categorizing things into several groups at once

Jean Piaget stressed the _____, whereas Lev Vygotsky stressed the _____.

child's own discovery of concepts; importance of instruction by others

Eight-year-old Danique is from Holland and speaks only Dutch. At her school, all subjects are taught entirely in English. This method of teaching a second language is called:

immersion

The approach to teaching a second language in which children spend the entire day instructed in that second language is referred to as the _____ approach.

immersion

According to Piaget, which ability do children gain during middle childhood?

logic

Evaluating a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish and monitor one's performance is called _____.

metacognition

Ricard, a sixth-grader, uses codes such as LOL, TTYL, and 411 in his text messages. The use of these codes in this context indicates that Ricard understands:

pragmatics.

To retain information in working memory, individuals must _____.

process the information

_____ memory retains an impression of a stimulus on a sensory organ and stores incoming stimulus information for a split second to allow it to be processed.

sensory

From an information-processing approach, the memory process has three major steps. What is the correct order of this process, beginning with the first component?

sensory memory, working memory, long-term memory

Which term is NOT related to control processes?

seriation

Decades of research throughout the world have found a strong correlation between academic achievement and _____.

socioeconomic status

The component of the information-processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs is _____ memory

working