Chapter 12: Early childhood development
The logical principle that things can be organized into groups or categories according to some characteristic that they have in common is _____.
classification
Piaget's term for the ability to reason logically about direct experiences and perceptions is called _____operational thought.
concrete
Because they are beginning to think logically, children in Piaget's _____ stage of cognitive development can understand prefixes, suffixes, and compound words, even if they have not heard them before.
concrete operational
While still very small, the percentage of American children who are home-schooled has increased by a factor of ______ in the past decade.
2%
Executive function is apparent when _____.
Denzel concentrates on his reading in class while ignoring all distractions
Dr. Smith is conducting a study to determine what 9-year-olds know. Based on theory, he believes that 9-year-olds will advance in knowledge as a result of direct instruction. Dr. Smith's belief is based on _____.
Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development
According to the text, children with _____ disorder are often very poor at pragmatics.
autism spectrum
_____ aids every skill. Learning to speak a second language, to recite the multiplication tables, and to write one's name are difficult at first but gradually become routine.
automatization
When capable of concrete operational thought, children _____.
can apply logical reasoning to real, tangible situations
A significant contribution of Piaget's cognition theory is that he realized that school-age children become _____.
capable of categorizing things into several groups at once
Jean Piaget stressed the _____, whereas Lev Vygotsky stressed the _____.
child's own discovery of concepts; importance of instruction by others
Eight-year-old Danique is from Holland and speaks only Dutch. At her school, all subjects are taught entirely in English. This method of teaching a second language is called:
immersion
The approach to teaching a second language in which children spend the entire day instructed in that second language is referred to as the _____ approach.
immersion
According to Piaget, which ability do children gain during middle childhood?
logic
Evaluating a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish and monitor one's performance is called _____.
metacognition
Ricard, a sixth-grader, uses codes such as LOL, TTYL, and 411 in his text messages. The use of these codes in this context indicates that Ricard understands:
pragmatics.
To retain information in working memory, individuals must _____.
process the information
_____ memory retains an impression of a stimulus on a sensory organ and stores incoming stimulus information for a split second to allow it to be processed.
sensory
From an information-processing approach, the memory process has three major steps. What is the correct order of this process, beginning with the first component?
sensory memory, working memory, long-term memory
Which term is NOT related to control processes?
seriation
Decades of research throughout the world have found a strong correlation between academic achievement and _____.
socioeconomic status
The component of the information-processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs is _____ memory
working
