chapter 12

Much of the goodness went out of the good feelings in ____ when paralyzing ____ descended. It brought deflation, depression, ___, bank failure, _____, soup kitchens, and overcrowded pest houses. This was the first National Financial Panic since President Washington took office. Many factors contribute to the catastrophe of 1819 but looming large was _____ in Frontierland. The Bank of the United States had become deeply involved in this popular type of gambling. Financial paralysis from the Panic gave set back to nationalism The ___ Was especially hard-hit. When the pinch came the bank of the United States force the Western banks to the wall and foreclosed ___ on countless Farms. This was technically legal but politically unwise. In the eyes of Western peoples, the nationalist Bank of the United States became a kind of financial devil. The panic of 1819 also created backwashes in the political and social world. The ____ were stopped and their troubles were sewn into the seed of Jacksonian Democracy. Hard Times also directed attention to the inhumanity of _____. In extreme cases mothers were torn from their infants for owing a few dollars. The Onward March of the West continued, ___ Frontier States had joined the original 13 between 1791 and 1819. With an eye to preserving the _____ most of these Commonwealth had been admitted ultimately free or slave. Why this explosive expansion? In part, it was simply a _____ which had been going on since early colonial days. In addition, land had special appeal to ____. Newcomers from abroad were beginning to stream down and then press of numbers. ____ in older tobacco states where soil was mined drove people Westward. The Western boom was stimulated by additional developments. Acute economic distress during embargo years turns faces towards the Setting Sun. The _____ pacified the frontier and opened vast tracts of land. The building of Highways improved the land routes to the Ohio Valley. Noteworthy was the Cumberland Road. But the West was still ______. Not potent enough to politically make its voice heard it was forced to ally itself with other sections. It demanded cheap acreage and partially achieved its goal in The _____ which authorized a buyer to purchase ten virgin Acres at a minimum of 1.5 + acre in cash. The West also demanded ____ and slowly got it. Finally, the West Amanda cheap money in spot the powerful Bank of the United States to attain its goal. Sectional tensions involving rivalry between _____ over control of the West were underscored in 1819. In that year, the territory of ____ knocked on the doors of Congress for admission as a slave state. This fertile area contained sufficient population to ____. But the House of Representatives stymied the plans of the missourians by passing the ____. It said that _____ and provided emancipation for children of slaves. Anger burst from southerners and was joined by pioneers and Northerners who were eager to use the issue to _____. South saw the Tallmadge Amendment threat to sectional balance. When the Constitution was adopted in 1788 the North and South were running ____ in wealth and population. But with every passing decade, the ___ was becoming wealthier and more settled and disadvantage reflected increasing North majority in _____. Yet in the Senate, each state has two votes regardless of size. With 11 states free and 11 slave, the South had maintained the quality. They were there for in a good position to stop any _____. The future of the slave system caused the South profound concern. Missouri was the first state entirely west of the Mississippi River to be carved out of the Louisiana Purchase. The Missouri emancipation Amendment might have set damaging precedent for all the rest of the area. Even more disquieting was another possibility. If Congress could abolish The Peculiar institution in Missouri it might attempt to do it to ____. The Winds of the Constitutional Convention of 1787 were once again ripped open. Burning moral questions also came out even though the main issue was political and economic balance. A small group but growing group of anti-slavery agitators in the north saized the occasion to raise an outcry against the ____. They were determined that human bondage did not spread further into the new territories. Deadlock in Washington was broken in 1820 by an honored American solution of compromise. ____ of Kentucky played a leading role. Congress agreed to ______. But at the same time, ____, which had been a part of Massachusetts was admitted as a separate State. The balance between North and South was kept at 12 States each and remain there for 15 years. Although Missouri was permitted to retain slaves all future bondage was prohibited in the remainder of the Louisiana Purchase north of the line of 36-30. This adjustment was politically even-handed those announced by extremists on each side as _____. Both North and South both lost something, both gain something. The South won the price of Missouri as an _____. The north won the concession that _____ in the remaining territories. More gratifying to many Northerners was the fact that the immense area north of 36-30 was _____. Get the restriction on future slavery in the territory was not offensive to the slave owners partly because normally Prairieland did not seem suited to slave labor. Neither North nor South was acutely displeased, neither were completely happy. The _____ lasted 34 years and during that time it preserved the compact of the states. Yet the dispute over slavery heralded future breakup of the Union. Even after the morality of the South's peculiar institution was an issue that could not be swept under the rug. The Missouri Compromise only duck the question it did not ____. The Missouri Compromise and the Crypt panic of 1819 should have dim the political starve President Monroe. Certainly, both unhappy events put a dampening effect on the Era of Good Feelings. But since Monroe was so popular that in the presidential election in 1820 he received every electoral vote except one.

1819; economic Panic; bankruptcy; unemployment; over-speculation; West; mortgages; poorer classes; imprisoning debtors; 9; north-south sectional balance; continuation of the generations-old Westward Movement; European immigrants; Land exhaustion; crushing of the Indians; weak in population and influence; Land Act of 1820; cheap transportation; slave South and free North; Missouri; Warrant statehood; Tallmadge Amendment; no more slaves should be brought to Missouri; break the Virginia dynasty; neck-and-neck; north; House of Representatives; North effort to interfere with the expansion of slavery; the older states of the South; evils of slavery; Henry Clay; admit Missouri as a slave state; Free Soil Maine; dirty bargain; unrestricted slave state; Congress could forbid slavery; forever close to the blight of slavery; Missouri Compromise; resolve it

Nationalism of post-Ghent years was reflected and reinforced by the ____. The high tribunal continue to be dominated by Chief Justice _____. A group of his decisions bolster the power of the ____ at the expense of the ____. A notable case was ____. This involved in attempt by the state of Maryland to destroy a branch of the United States by ____. John Marshall declared the bank constitutional by invoking hamiltonian doctrine of _____. At the same time, he increased Federal Authority and slapped at state's power when he denied the right of Maryland to tax the bank. Marshall's ruling in this case gave the doctrine of loose construction it's most famous formulation. The Constitution derive from the consent of the people in permitted the government to ask for their benefit. Two years later the case of _____ gave Marshall one of his greatest opportunities to defend Federal power. The Cohen Brothers found guilty by the Virginia courts of illegally selling lottery tickets appeal to the highest tribunal. Virginia won in the sense as a conviction of the Cohan's was uphold. But in fact, Virginia and all the individual states lost because Marshall asserted the right of the Supreme Court to _______. Hardly less significant was the celebrated case of _____. It grew out of an attempt by the state of New York to Grant private concerning a ____ of waterborne commerce between New York and New Jersey. Marshall reminded the state that the constitution conferred on Congress alone the control of _____. He stuck another blow at States rights. Another self of Marshall's decisions bolstered Judicial barriers against the democratic attacks on property rights. The case of Fletcher vs. Peck arose when Georgia legislator granted 35 million acres in the Yazoo River County to ____. The next legislator canceled the transaction. But the Supreme Court decreed that the legislative Grant was a ____ and that the Constitution forbids state laws from ____. The decision was most noteworthy as protecting property rights against popular pressures. It was also one of the earliest clearest oceans of the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws. A similar principle was upheld and the case of _____. The college had been granted Charter by King George III but the Democratic New Hampshire had seen fit to change it. Dartmouth appealed the case by employing Daniel Webster. Marshall needed no Dramatics in the Dartmouth case. He put the states firmly in their place when he ruled that ______. It was a contract in a constitution protected contracts against encroachments. The Dartmouth decision had the fortune of effective safeguarding businesses Enterprise from Domination by state governments. But It had the unfortunate effect of creating precedent that enable traded corporations to escape the handcuffs of _____. It's John Marshall was father of the Constitution, Daniel Webster was an expanding father. Time and again he left his seat in the Senate stepped downstairs to the Supreme Court chamber and expanded his Federalist and nationalistic philosophy before The Supreme Venture. Marshall's decisions are felt even today. In this sense, his nationalism was the most enduring of the era. At the same time Marshal tactics checked the excesses of popularly elected state legislators. In the age when white manhood suffrage was flowering in America was going towards stronger popular control Marshall single-handedly shaped the Constitution along conservative lines. The nationalism of the years after the war of 1812 was reflected in the shaping of ______. To this end President Monroe teemed with nationalist Secretary of State John Quincy Adams. The Monroe Administration negotiated the underrated ______ in 1818 with Britain. This permitted Americans to share the Newfoundland _____ with their Canadian cousins. This agreement also fixed the north limits of _____. The treaty provided at 10 years joint occupation of the Oregon Country without rights or claims to either America or Britain. To the South lay semi-tropical Spanish Florida which many Americans believed had been _____. Americans already claimed ______. Congress ratified this grab in 1812 and during the War of 1812 against Spain's Ally, Britain, a small American Army seized the region. An epidemic the revolutions now broke out in ______ and the Americans cheered the birth of the sister Republics. But the upheavals in the southern continent for Spain denuded Florida of troops in a vain effort to scuffs the rebels. General ______ saw opportunity in the undefended lands. On the pretext that hostile Indians and slaves were _____, Jackson secured commission to enter Spanish territory, punish the Indians, and recapture The Runaways. Early in 1818, Jackson swept across the Florida border with all the fury. He hanged two Indian chiefs and executed two British subjects. He seized two most important Spanish post and ______. Jackson exceeded his instructions from Washington. Alarmed President Monroe consulted his cabinet. In the mislabeled _____, also known as the Adams Onis Treaty, Spain ceded Florida as well as shadowy Spanish claims to ____ in exchange for Americans abandonment of equally murky claims to ____ who soon became part of independent Mexico. After the Napoleonic nightmare, the autocrats of Europe banded together in a kind of Monarchical protective Association. Determined to restore the good old days they undertook to Stamp Out the Democratic tendencies that sprouted from soil they considered manured by the ideas of the French Revolution. The crown despots acted promptly. With ruthlessness, they smothered the Embers of popular rebellions in Italy and Spain. Many Americans were alarmed. Naturally sympathetic to democratic revolutions they had cheered when the Latin American republics Rose from the ruins of monarchy. Americans fear that if European powers intervened in the new Worlds the cause of republicanism would suffer ______. The physical security of the United States would be endangered by the ______. The South push of ____ had already publicized the Menace of monarchy to North America. In 1821 the tsar of Russia issued a decree extending Russian jurisdiction a hundred miles of the Open Sea. The fear prevailed in the United States that the Russians were planning to ______. Great Britain still ruler of the Seas, was now beginning to play a lone hand roll in the complicated international stage. It required from joining hands of the Continental European powers and crushing New Liberties of the Spanish-American. These revolutionaries had ______ and British shippers found the profit sweet. Accordingly, in 1823 ______ approach the American minister in London with a startling proposition. The United States would _____ in a Joint declaration renouncing any interest in acquiring Latin American territory and warning of European rulers to keep their hands off _______.

Supreme Court; John Marshall; federal government; states; McCulloch versus Maryland; imposing a tax; implied powers; Cohen's vs. Virginia; review the decisions of State Supreme Courts in all questions involving powers of the federal government; Gibbons versus Ogden; monopoly; interstate commerce; private speculators; contract; impairing contracts; Dartmouth College vs Woodward; original charger must stand; public control; foreign policy; Anglo American convention; Fisheries; Louisiana; destined to become part of the United States; West Florida; South America; Andrew Jackson; using Florida as a refuge; deposed the Spanish governor; Florida purchase treaty; Oregon; Texas; irreparable harm; proximity of powerful and unfriendly forces; Russia; cut the Republic off from California; thrown open their Monopoly-bound ports to outside trade; George Canning; combine with Britain; Latin American Republics

Tsar Alexander I of Russia, feeling pressed by Napoleon's Army proposed _____. He set in motion the Machinery that brought five American peacemakers to ______. The bickering group was headed by ____. Confident after their success British envoys made demands to neutralize ____ in Great Lakes region. The Americans ____ these terms but news of British reverses in New York and Baltimore made them _____. Preoccupied with redrafting Napoleon's map of Europe in the Congress of Vienna, Britain resigned itself. The Treaty of Ghent was essentially an Armistice. Both sides agreed to ____ and wear store conquered territory. No mention was made of the ______: the Indian menace, search and seizure, orders in Council, impressment, and confiscation. The secret emissions have often been cited as further evidence of the insincerity of the War Hawks. Rather there proof that the Americans had not managed to _____. Defiant ____ remained the problem. It prospered during the conflict owing largely to _____. Some were ____ Federalists, New Englanders who flashed lanterns on the store so that _____. The most spectacular manifestation of federalist discontent was the ______. Massachusetts issued a call for a convention at Hartford Connecticut. The states of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island dispatch told allegations. This group of prominent men met in complete secrecy for 3 weeks to _____ and seek redress for the wrong. In truth, the Hartford Convention was actually less radical. Though a minority of delegates went to Wild talk of ____. The convention's final report was quite moderate. It sought financial assistance from Washington to _____ and proposed Constitutional Amendments requiring 2/3 vote in Congress before ____ could be imposed, new states admitted, or _____. Most of the demands reflected Federalist fears that a once-proud New England was falling ______. Delegates wanted to abolish ______, to limit presidents to single term, and prohibit election of two successive presidents from the ____. 3 special envoys for Massachusetts carry these demands to Washington. They arrived just in time to be overwhelmed by _____ followed by that from Ghent. As the rest of the nation congratulated itself on glorious Victory, new endless complaint seemed Petty. The Hartford resolutions were the _______. The Federalists were never again to mount a successful presidential campaign. Federalist actions of disunity which survived the party Blaze put poured into his Trail. Until 1815 there was more talk of nullification and secession in New England than any other section. The War of 1812 was a small War. It was but a footnote of the European conflagration. But if the American conflict was globally unimportant it had huge consequences for the United States. The Republic has shown that it would _______. Other nations develop new respect for America's _____. ____ like Perry and McDonough were most effective type of negotiators. America's emissaries were henceforth treated with ____. In a diplomatic sense the conflict could be called the ________. A new nation was wielded in the furnace of armed conflict. _____ was dealt with black eye. The painful events of the war revealed sectional disunity. The most conspicuous casualty of the war was the Federalist Party. War heroes emerged especially Fighters _______. Both of them were to become president. The Indians were forced to make such terms as they could. They reluctantly consented to relinquish areas north of the Ohio River. _____ prospered behind the wall of the British blockade. And economic and diplomatic since the War of 1812 brought greater American independence. Industries that were stimulated by fighting rendered America ______. Indian buffer state or Mastery of Great Lakes. Canadians expected the Yankees to return and for a Time the Americans and British engaged in floating arms race on Great Lakes. But in 1817 the ______ between Britain and US severely limited ____ on the Lakes. Better relations brought the last order fortifications down in the 1870s with the happy result that u.s. And Canada came to share the world's largest _____. After Napoleon's final defeat Europe slumped into piece of exhaustion. Deposed monarchs return to battered Thrones and Old World took rutted road back to conservatism, illiberalism, and reaction. But American people were largely ____ by European developments. Turning their back on the Old Worlds they face towards the Untamed West and towards the task of building their democracy.

mediation between Anglo-Saxon cousins; Belgian city of Ghent in 1814; John Quincy Adams; Indian buffer state; flatly rejected; more willing to compromise; stop fighting; Grievances for which America fought; defeat the British; New England; illicit trade with Canada; blue light; British Cruisers could be alerted to the attempted Escape of American ships; Hartford Convention; discuss their Grievances; succession; compensate for lost trade; embargo; war declared; subservient to South and West; three-fifths Clause of the Constitution; same state; glorious news from New Orleans; death of the Federalist Party; take swords in hand to resist would it regarded as wrong; fighting prowess; Naval officers; less corn; second war for American independence; Sectionalism; Andrew Jackson and William Harrison; Manufacturing; less dependent on Europe; rush-bagot agreement; Naval Armament; unfortified boundary; unaffected

The most impressive product of the War of 1812 was ____. America may not have fought the War as one nation but it ___ as one nation. The changed mood manifested itself in the birth of distinctively National ____. Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper attained International recognition. ____ were now being written by Americans for Americans. In the world of magazines, the intellectual North American review began in 1815. Even American ____ celebrated their native Landscapes on their canvases. A fresh nationalistic Spirit could be recognized from any other areas as well. The rising tide of nation Consciousness even touched ____. A revived _____ was voted by Congress in 1816. A more handsome ____ began to Rise From the Ashes of Washington. The Army was ____ and the Navy covered itself with Glory. _____ capture the countries nationalist mood. Nationalism manifested itself in ____. Patriotic Americans took pride in the factories that had come largely as a result of _____. When hostilities ended in 1815 British competitors undertook to _____. They began to dump the contents of the warehouses and the United States ____ in effort to strangle the ____. The infant Industries wanted ____. To many red-blooded Americans, it seemed as though the British were trying to crush Yankee factories in the marketplace. A nationalist Congress responded by passing The Pack breaking ____. Its rates were not high enough to provide adequate safeguards with the law was a ____. A strongly protective Trend was started that stimulated appetites of the protected for protection. Nationalism was highlighted by a plan of ____ for developing a profitable ____. Still radiating nationalism of war hawk days he threw himself behind an elaborate scheme known as the _____. The system had three main parts. It began with strong ____ which would provide easy and lot of credit. He also advocated _____ behind which Eastern facturing could flourish. Revenues from the Tariff would provide funds for the third component, a network of ____. Through these new arteries of Transportation would flow foodstuffs and raw materials from south to west and North to East. In exchange a stream of manufactured Goods would flow in the return Direction, ____ economically and politically. Eloquent demands by Henry Clay and others for ____ struck responsive chord with the public. The recent attempts to invade Canada had all failed partly because of bad roads. An outcry for better transportation was one of the most striking aspects of nationalism. But attempts to secure Federal funding for roads and canals stumbled on Republican Constitution. Congress voted in 1817 to distribute 1.5 million to the states for internal improvements but President Madison's _____. The individual states were forced to venture ahead with ______. Jefferson New Republic's who had goated down hamiltonian loose constructionism choked on the idea of ____ of intrastate internal improvements. ____ in particular strongly opposed federally constructed roads and canals because they would train away population and create competing states. ____ was nominated for the presidency in 1816 by the Republicans. They undertook to continue the so-called _____ of Washington, Jefferson, and Madison. The feeding Federalists ran a candidate for the last time of their checkered history. As the last President to wear an old-style hat he straddled two generations, the age of the founding fathers and the age of nationalism. Monroe was experience and level-headed and had talents for interpreting popular Rumblings. Emerging nationalism was cemented by Monroe's tour, to inspect military defenses. He went into New England and then Westward. Even in Federalist New England, he received the heartwarming welcome. The ____ was something of a misnomer. Tranquility and prosperity did smile upon the early years of Monroe but the period Was troubled. The issues of the Tariff, bank, internal improvements, and _____ or being contested. Sectionalism was crystallizing and conflict over slavery was beginning to raise its hideous head

nationalism; emerged; literature; School textbooks; painters; finance; Bank of the United States; national capital; expanded; Stephen Decatur; manufacturing; embargoes and War; recover lost ground; cutting their prices below cost; American baby factories; protection; Tariff of 1816; bold beginning; Henry Clay; home Market; American system; banking system; protective tariff; roads and canals; knitting the country together; better transportation; veto this handout measure as unconstitutional; construction programs of their own; Direct Federal support; New England; James Monroe; Virginia dynasty; Era of Good Feelings; sale of public lands

Secretary Adams was hard-headed enough to be wary of British bearing gifts. Adams thought that he detected the Joker in the canning proposal. The British feared that the aggressive Yankees would one day _____ which would jeopardize British possessions in the Caribbean. A self-denying alliance with Britain would not only hamper American expansion but it was also unnecessary. His success suspected that the European powers had not hatched any definite plans for ____. In any event, the British Navy would _____ because South American markets have to be kept open at all cost to British merchants. ____ was born in 1823 when Adams won Monroe over to his way of thinking. The president Incorporated a ____ to the European powers. It's two basic features were _____, and _____. Monroe first directed his verbal volley primarily at the _____. He proclaimed that the era of _____ had ended. _____ but neither they nor any other old-world government could seize or acquire more. At the same time Monroe trumpeted the warning against _____. He was concerned with the regions of the South wheere fears were felt for the fledgling Spanish American republics. Monroe bluntly direct the crowned heads of Europe to keep their Monarch ecosystems out of this hemisphere. The monarchs of Europe were _____ at Monroe's Doctrine. Having resented the American experiment from the beginning they were offended by Monroes' declaration, all the more so because of the gulf between America's pronouncements and its puny military strength. But they were offended by the American, European powers found their hands tied in their frustrations increase their annoyance. Even if they had worked out plans for invading America as they would have been helpless before _____. Monroe's warning made the little splash in the newborn republics to the South. They felt that America was only concerned about them because they were primarily concerned about _____ against future invasion. Only relatively few educated Latin America's new of the message and recognize that the British Navy stood between them in a hostile Europe. In truth Monroe's message to not have much contemporary significance. Americans applauded it but then forgot it. Even before Monroe stiff message Russians had ______. This he formally did in the rest of _____. The Monroe Doctrine might more accurately have been called the _____. President Monroe was concerned with the security of his own country, not of Latin America. The United States has never willingly permitted powerful for a nation to secure a foothold nearest strategic ____ vitals. In the absence of British Navy or other allies the strength of the Monroe Doctrine has never been greater than America's power to eject the trespasser. The Monroe Doctrine has had long career of ups and downs. It was never the law. It was not technically a pledge or an agreement. It was merely a simple statement of the policy of President Monroe. Put the Monroe Doctrine 1823 was an expression of the post-1812 nationalism energizing in the United States. Although directed at a specific Menace, it proved to be one of the most famous of all the long-lived offspring of nationalism. While giving voice to Spirit of ____ it deep in the illusion of isolationism. Many Americans concluded that the Republic was in fact ______.

seize Spanish territories in the America; invading the Americas; prevent the approach of hostile fleets; Monroe Doctrine; Stern warning; noncolonization; non-intervention; Russians; colonization of the Americans; What the Great Powers had they might keep; foreign intervention; angered; the British Navy; defending themselves; decided to retreat; Russo-American treaty; self defense Doctrine; Caribbean; patriotism; insulated from European dangers

On the eve of the War of 1812 the regular army was not ___ and ____. It had to be supplemented by the poorly trained militia. Some of the generals were from the Revolutionary War. ____ became an important Battleground because British forces were weakest there. A successful American defensive might have quashed ____ and gathered new land for settlers. But the American strategy was bad. If they captured Montreal everything to the West might have died. But they wasted their strength on invasion of 1812. The ones set out from Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain were all ____ after they had crossed the border. By contrast, The British and Canadians displayed energy. Early in the war, they captured American fort of _____. Their brilliant defensive operations was led by British general ____ assisted by General mud and general confusion. When several American land invasions of Canada world back in 1813 Americans look for success in the ____. The American Navy did much better than the Army. And comparisons of British, American craft was more skillfully handed, had better Gunners, and were manned by Crews were burning to _____. The American boats had thicker sides, have your gunpowder, and larger Cruise. Control of the ____ was vital and energetic American naval officer, _____, managed to build a fleet of ships on the shore of Lake Erie. His victory infused new life into the ____. Despite the successes, Americans by 1814 were ____ and were defending their own soil. Napoleon's European adversaries vanquished him and mid 1814 and exiled him. The United States was now left to face the war alone. Assembling some 10,000 troops the British prepared in 1814 a crushing blow to ____. In the absence of Roads The Invader was forced to bring supplies over the Lake Champlain Water Way. A weaker American Fleet commanded by ____ challenge the British. The battle was thought near Plattsburgh. The American Flagship was in trouble. But General confronted the enemy and snatched Victory. The results of his heroic naval battle were momentous. McDonald saved Upper New York from Conquest and New England from farther disaffection, and the union from _____. British Force landed in _____ in 1814. It dispersed 6000 militiamen at Bladensburg. The Invaders entered the capital and set fire to public buildings. But while ____ burned American that felt more held firm. The British Fleet hammered ____ with their Cannon but could not capture the city. _____ was inspired by The Defenders to write the words of The ____. 1/3 British blow of 1814 Angel _____ manist the entire Mississippi Valley. ____ was placed in command. His force consisted of 7000 sailors. Among The Defenders were two Louisiana regiments of _____. The overconfident British numbering 80,000 blundered badly. They made the mistake of launching frontal assaults. The attackers suffered defeat of the entire War it was the most astonishing victory for Jackson and his men. News of the American victory in the ____ Jacked the country. Andrew Jackson became a ____. It hardly mattered When Worlds arrived at peace treaty had been signed at Ghent. The Battle of New Orleans restored honor and at new wave of _____. The Royal Navy of Britain retaliated by throwing a ____ against the Americas coast and raiding parties. American economic life was crippled. Revenues with tipped off and bankrupt treasury was unable to meet its obligations.

well trained; Scattered; Canada; British influence among the Indians; beaten; Mitchilimackinac; Isaac Brook; water; avenge indignities; Great Lakes; Oliver Hazard Perry; American cause; far from invading Canada; New York; Thomas McDonald; possible breakage; Chesapeake Bay; Washington; Fort McHenry; Francis Scott Key; Star-Spangled Banner; New Orleans; Andrew Jackson; free black volunteers; Battle of New Orleans; national hero; nationalism and self-confidence; naval blockade