Chapter 12: Helping
The _________________ is effective in encouraging altruism through concern for self-image.
door-in-the-face
The similarity bias applies to ____ and _________.
dress; belief
The ______ norm is an understanding if someone helps us, we should help them back.
reciprocity
The two social norms of altruism are ___________ and _____________.
reciprocity; social responsibility
When religious teachings of "brotherly and sisterly" love promote altruism, they increase helping by ______.
reducing group boundaries
Which of the following is a common reason given for nations not to intervene in international catastrophes, even if it might cause genocide?
"It's not our responsibility."
After visitors to the Portland Art Museum disobeyed a "Please don't touch" sign and were reprimanded, _______ offered to help another experimenter who had "accidentally" dropped something.
58 percent
Which is NOT likely to increase helping?
All increase helping.
Usually, when you feel bad, you do good, meaning you're more likely to help other people. Which emotion below is an exception to this rule?
Anger
Which of the following would be the best example of the idea of kin protection?
Donating your kidney to an identical twin
How can we increase helping?
Enhance responsibility Reverse the factors that inhibit helping Help people slow down and turn their attention outwards.
True or false: Feeling guilty decreases someone's willingness to help.
False
If self-interest wins in genetic competition, then what explains why we help strangers, and what causes soldiers to throw themselves on grenades the save their comrades?
Group Selection
______ causes distress and is a negative emotion we act to reduce, sometimes by helping others.
Guilt
______ boosts self-worth and explains why so many people feel good after doing good.
Helping
Which of the following statements is false?
In an emergency, everyone acts the same.
Which of the following is NOT a benefit of empathy-induced altruism?
Increases competition
Which of the following is NOT a cost of empathy-induced altruism?
It leads to mental illness.
Evolutionary psychology would NOT predict which of the following?
Jumping in front of a speeding car to save a stranger
According to research in the book, which of the actions below is LEAST likely to increase someone's happiness?
Keeping a reward for yourself
______ selection is the idea of selective altruism toward one's close family members in order to enhance the survival of mutually shared genes.
Kin
Which of the following statements is true, in general?
Men are more likely than women to help in dangerous situations. Women are more likely than men to help friends.
______ occurs when one omits certain people from one's circle of concern and results in exploitation and cruelty to those regarded as undeserving or nonpersons.
Moral exclusion
According to research, which group of people below is the most likely to help a stranger?
People who received a free gift within the last 20 minutes
Ally took me out to lunch for my birthday; therefore, I will take Ally out to lunch for her birthday. This is an example of which norm?
Reciprocity Norm
Match the theory and intrinsic helping format Social-exchange Social norms Evolutionary
Relief from distress Social-responsibility norm Kin selection
______ capital is the support, trust, and cooperative actions that keep a community healthy.
Social
The ______-______ norm is the expectation that people will help those needing help.
Social-Responsibility
True or false: The social-responsibility norm is honored more in collectivist cultures than in individualistic cultures.
True
Which of the following is NOT a reason that city people are less helpful than country people, according to the textbook?
Urban denial
According to research, what level of religiosity is most likely to to be found in a person who gives to charity and helps with community organizations?
Very high religiosity
Choose the situations below in which women are more likely to help, compared with men.
Volunteering to help with an experiment Helping disabled children Donating a kidney
If you volunteer with Big Sisters and "feel better" because of this involvement, reward theory would explain your volunteering as ______.
egoism
(Select all that apply) The social-responsibility norm is shown when a person helps ______.
a stranger who was in a car wreck speeding to work someone on crutches who drops a book his/her neighbor in need.
Women offered help (more/equally/less) ______ often to men compared with women, whereas men offered more help to females than to males.
equally
One hundred percent of the participants in Latané and Darley's bystander intervention seizure experiment said that the use of deception was instructive and ______.
ethically justified
Latané and Darley's (1975) study found that when collaborators "accidentally" dropped coins or pencils in an elevator, ______ of the people helped when only one other person was on the elevator.
about 40 percent
In Latané and Darley's smoke-filled classroom, when _____ most got up and investigated, but when _____ they did not move.
alone; in groups of three
Men are more likely to help females than females are likely to help females, which may be explained by _________.
altruism AND mating behavior
In regard to altruism, women are _____ to risk death as Holocaust rescuers, donate a kidney, or volunteer with the Peace Corps (when compared to men).
as likely, if not more likely
Typically, the rescuers and civil rights activists reported having warm relationships with _________ who was also a strong "moralist."
at least one parent
An altruistic person ______.
cares for others and helps them even when there are no obvious benefits
In a _________ culture, a person would be more likely to help outside of his or her family or neighborhood circle.
collectivistic
In the _________________ after someone first turns down a large request, the same requester counteroffers with a more reasonable request.
door-in-the-face
During wars, we are much more concerned with ______ than with those of ______.
deaths on our side; the other side
People high in positive ______ are most likely to be helpful.
emotionality, empathy, and self-efficacy
The vicarious experience of another's feelings is _________.
empathy
When a parent suffers for their children, or one rejoices for their children's accomplishments. The parent is experiencing ______ for the children.
empathy
When we feel securely attached to another, or we vicariously experience the feelings of others, and put oneself in another's shoes, we are experiencing ______ for the other.
empathy
Both ______ and ________ rewards can motivate helping.
external; internal
When we _____, we help others not out of our own distress but through genuine sympathy and compassion for the other.
feel empathy
Helping softens a bad mood and sustains a good mood. The idea that happy people are helpful people is called the ______ effect.
feel-good/do-good
Schindler's work in rescuing Jewish workers during the Holocaust can be explained by ______, or a progressive increase in helping via several steps that increase in size each time.
foot-in-the-door
Throughout recorded history, ______ has been a painful emotion that people avoid and seek to relieve
guilt
Happy people are helpful people, and their good mood comes from which of the following?
happy thoughts love success
Highly religious people reported ______.
higher rates of charitable giving, volunteering, and helping a stranger in the past month
We see smoke and look around to see whether anyone else is reacting. Although they "appear calm" to us, we presume that they can read our emotions and think and feel what we are. This is an example of ______.
illusion of transparency
Research suggests that giving to others will ______ happiness.
increase
We are most likely to help immediate family members. The explanation for our want to protect people with similar genes is called ______.
kin selection
Some religious teachings extend the reach of ______ altruism by encouraging people to think of strangers as "brothers and sisters."
kin-linked
According to kin selection theory, children will be ______ devoted to their parents than/as their parents are to them.
less
As the number of people aware of an emergency increases, any one person becomes ___________ likely to help.
less
Latané and Darley's (1975) study found that when collaborators "accidentally" dropped coins or pencils in an elevator, ______ of the people helped when there were six passengers on the elevator.
less than 20 percent
In Latané and Darley's 1968 study of the smoke-filled classroom, those alone noticed the smoke in ______. Those in groups noticed the smoke in ______.
less than 5 seconds; about 20 seconds
"Social economics" describes human interactions as being based on an exchange of ________ and __________ goods.
material; social
In social-exchange theory we seek to _________ and __________.
minimize costs; maximize rewards
Rescuers of Jews in Nazi Europe, leaders of the antislavery movement, and medical missionaries share at least one common trait, which is called ______.
moral inclusion
Studies have found that we are ______ likely to help someone of the same race when bystanders are present.
more
We are ______ likely to help someone similar to us, than someone who is different.
more
When people see a man and woman fighting, they are ___________ likely to intervene if the woman shouts "Get away from me; I don't know you," rather than "Get away from me; I don't know why I married you."
more
In the Kitty Genovese case, 38 neighbors were awakened by her screams, ____ called the police, and ______ intervened until the attacker left.
no one; no one
Same-race bias should appear only when failure to help can be attributed to ______ factors.
non-race
In Darley and Batson's (1973) experiment at Princeton Theological Seminary, ______ of the participants stopped and helped the man slumped in a doorway, coughing and groaning when reminded that they were running late to a recording studio.
only 10 percent
According to evolutionary psychology, genetic selfishness predicts that we are most likely to help ________________.
our biological children
In Latané and Darley's smoke-filled classroom, the group's _______ affected its members' interpretations.
passivity
We see smoke and look around to see whether anyone else is reacting. When they "appear calm" to us, we presume that there is not an emergency, due to ______.
pluralistic ignorance
One study found that people are more likely to stop and help someone change a flat tire if they saw someone else doing the same thing earlier on the road. This effect is due to ______.
prosocial modeling
James helps Patricia on her homework. When James has trouble in school and Patricia fails to help him back, James gets angry because she "owed him." James is upset that Patricia is not engaging in ______.
reciprocity
We are more likely to help someone attractive to us. Businesses donate money to improve their image. We give rides thinking we may need one in the future. These are example of ________ bases.
reward
When groups are in competition, groups of mutually supportive altruists outlast groups of non-altruists. Darwin noted the evolutionary benefits that altruism thus brings to the group and called this outcome group ______.
selection
The do-good/feel-good effect refers to the effect of helping on ______.
self-worth
Someone in a _______ would be more likely to help another citizen fix a flat tire.
small town
Having neighbors keep an eye on your house while you're on vacation is an example of _______.
social capital
Reciprocity is based on __________, the connections that keep a community healthy.
social capital
The classic Christian illustration of altruism noted in the text is Jesus' parable of ______.
the Good Samaritan
According to research, a salesperson was given either a mood-inflating compliment or a mood-deflating criticism by a customer. Moments later, a different customer asked the salesperson for help finding a nonexistent item. The salesperson who received the mood boost made ______ effort to help.
the greatest
In numerous accounts of individuals being attacked or injured when no one helped, the one commonality was ______.
there were many bystanders
Darley and Batson's (1973) experiment at Princeton found that ______ was the major factor explaining why some seminary students stopped and helped.
time
According to research regarding how group size affects how likely people are to help someone else, our likelihood of helping is highest when
we are the only person present
"Moral inclusion" in situations such as helping during the Holocaust or the American antislavery movement meant that people with this trait were more likely to help those who ______.
were different from themselves
The idea that the group size affects how likely people are to help someone else is called the ______ of responsibility.
diffusion
On Saturday morning, you heard a scream coming from your next door neighbor's house and ran over to check. In helping your neighbor, you lessened your own ______.
distress
Which phenomenon has "exceptions to the rule," such as when feelings of anger or extreme grief don't lead to the predicted outcome?
Feel-bad/do-good phenomenon
Which of the theories of altruism below suggests that helping is mostly motivated by external rewards?
Social-exchange
One realistic way to deal with the ethics of Latané and Darley's bystander intervention experiments was to ______.
debrief the participants
Viewing ___________ increased cooperation and helpfulness in preschool children from less educated homes.
episodes of Mr. Rogers' Neighborhood
______ explains why "service learning" incorporated into a school curriculum increases later social responsibility.
"learning by doing"
In Latané and Darley's (1968) famous "smoke-filled classroom" experiment, what was the independent variable?
How many people were in the room
Jorge stands next to a donation box for charity. When he sees someone approaching, he has his son put money in the box while the approaching person can see, hoping that the stranger will be more likely to donate. Jorge is using which idea below?
Prosocial models
What is the relationship between "learning by doing" and altruism?
When children are induced to make toys for hospitalized children, they became more helpful.
In consideration of Cialdini's (2003) experiment of modeling altruism, it would be more effective for a professor to ________.
emphasize those who do not cheat than to warn of the penalties of cheating
If we want our children to be altruistic, we should ___________.
model it in our lives
After students heard a lecture about bystander inaction they were ___________ to help in ____ situations.
more likely; group
When the justification for an act is more than sufficient, you may conclude you are doing good for the reward rather than an inner motive. This describes the ______.
overjustification effect
Cialdini (2003) found that the best way to get people to follow national park rules like "don't remove petrified wood" is to tell people that
past visitors have left the wood alone
A(n) ______ approach when asking for help makes other people feel less anonymous and more responsible, and thus increases helping.
personal
Research shows that helping goes up if the person needing help introduces themselves by name and looks the other person in the eye. This kind of approach is increasing the ______ of the situation.
personalized appeal
People who helped save the Jews during the Holocaust often began with a ______ commitment to help.
small
Philip Zimbardo contends that the first step to becoming a hero is to recognize ______ ______ that might deter your bystander action.
social pressures
Reza is offered $1 for every person he helps at school one day. The next day, when he is no longer paid for helping, his helping goes down significantly because he is no longer intrinsically motivated to help. When extrinsic motivation (such as being paid) replaces intrinsic motivation for something, it's called ______.
the overjustification effect
Prosocial __________ have produced positive effects on attitudes and behavior.
video games, music, and television
