Chapter 12 Lifespan; Social and Personality Development in Adolescence

three stages of ethnic identity as explained by Jean Phinney

1. unexamined ethnic identity. 2. ethnic identity search. 3. ethnic identity achievement.

identity crisis

Erikson's term for the psychological state of emotional turmoil that arises when an adolescent's sense of self becomes unglued so that a new, more mature sense of self can be achieved.

Theories of social and personality development

Freud's genital stage, Erikson's identity vs role confusion stage, Marcia's Theory of Identity Achievement

identity statuses

Jame's Marcia's descriptions of _______ _______ in regards to the formation of adolescent identity is rooted in erikson's concepts of the adolescent identity process. The formation of one of these has two parts; a crisis and a commitment. There are four possible _______ _________. Identity achievement, moratorium, foreclosure, and identity diffusion.

moral development

Kolberg's theory of moral reasoning, causes and consequences of moral development, criticisms of kohlberg's theory, moral development and antisocial behavior.

Dunphy's findings on peer groups; cliques.

a clique is made of 4-6 young people with a strong cohesive attachment with lots of self disclosure, in which there is a hierarchy and toxicity to get to the "top" of the group. cliques that nonmebers perceive as highly popular tolerate higher levels of within-group aggression than less popular cliques do. Proof that being a cool kid doesn't always mean being a happy kid.

james marcia's theory of identity achievement; the moratorium identity status

a crisis is in progress, but no commitment has yet been made.

moral development and antisocial behavior: cyberbullying

a form of aggression in which electronic communications are used to intentionally inflict harm on others. 2/3rds of cyber bullies exhibit aggressive behavior in other contexts as well they lack empathy and show little concern on how such experiences affect their victims.

ethnic identity

a sense of belonging to an ethnic group. This is developed along with a sense of individual identity in adolescence. It includes self-identification as a member of their specific group, commitment to that group and its values and attitudes, and it involve their own attitude about the group to which hey belong. The family oftentimes provides them with teachings synonymous with their ethnic identity, such as learning the customs and language. This creates a strong sense of ethnic identity.

ethnic identity achievement stage, the third stage of ethnic identity

adolescents develop strategies for solving conflicts between the competing demands of the dominant culture and those of the ethnic group with which they identify.

immigrant teens

adolescents in immigration families feel caught between the culture of their parents and that of their new homes. Asian americans feel guilty oftentimes about responding to the individualistic pressures of north american culture when they come from a collectivist culture due to the guilt experienced by association with their parents' cultural norms.

gender roles

adolescents understand that gender roles are social conventions and their attitudes towards them are more flexible. Parental behavior is important in this stage in shaping their teens' ideas about gender and sex roles. Beliefs about gender roles and sexuality are used as a conceptual framework to form ideas about significance of gender in personal identity and social relationships. Used to be believed masculinity and femininity were opposites but it's now seen as more of a spectrum. Qualities of both can be found in both men and women. This creates four basic gender role types; masculine, feminine, androgynous, and undifferentiated.

Identity

an understanding of one's unique characteristics and how they have been, are, and will be manifested across ages, situations, and social roles.

moral development and antisocial behavior: delinquency

antisocial behavior that includes law breaking. theres a distinction between teens with isolated incidence of delinquent acts and for those who are repeatedly delinquent and have antisocial behaviors.

masculine and androgynous

associated with a higher self-esteem among boys and girls. It can lead to a lower self esteem in girls when analyzed cross-culturally, as much of it depends on what that culture values in people and if those are strictly gender specific.

conventional reasoning

at stage three, good behavior is what pleases other people .at stage 4, believe good behavior adheres to a complex set of regulations that aren't questioned, like laws. changes in law changes their views.

causes and consequences of oral development

children must have a firm grasp of concrete operational thinking before they can develop or use conventional moral reasoning. formal operational thinking is necessary to reach postconventional level. decline of egocentrism helps with this. cognitive development isn't enough on its on as it must occur synonymously with the moral reasoning received from the social environment. Individuals at lower levels are more tolerant of violence. level of moral reasoning in teens is positively correlated with prosocial behavior and negatively related to antisocial behavior.

identity prototype

each description of different stereotypical groups like jocks and nerds. labeling others reinforces that person's own identity and can help one find people they mesh well with. younger kids have fewer identity prototypes (2) to describe their peers than older kids who have 7-8.

biracial adolescents

experience unique pathway to ethnic identity in that the biological aspects of race and the psychosocial nature of ethnic identity help shape the viewpoints on ones place in society belonging to two different races. This has four sets of factors as theorized by Maria Root.

second and third factors of a biracial adolescents pathway to ethnic identity

family and neighborhood variables. If a biracial teen is abused or rejected by a parent, they reject that parent's ethnic identity. If the neighborhood one is raised in doesn't like one of the ethnic groups, the adolescent will favor the qualities of the other ethnic group.

relationships with parents

frequency of conflict increases as adolescents attempt to establish autonomy. emotional attachmennt remains strong, which aids in the ease of conflict resolution.

heterosexual teens

gradual progression from same-sex friendships to heterosexual relationships. Happens more rapidly in girls than in boys. same-sex friends --> opposite sex friends --> heterosexual relationships. opposite sex friends provides good foundation for discovering gender differences in preparing to date. social factors are just as important as sexual desires. This varies across cultures. Chinese 16 and 17 year olds weren't as interested in romantic relationships as Canadian teens due to a cross cultural variation in the centrality of peer and parental relationships. Chinese = closer to parents. Canadian = closer to friends. 12-13 yr olds know what it means to be in love while others form romantic attachments that are based on a desire for companionship rather than romantic love. It's a context for self disclosure. poor people experience early dating and early sexual activity, thought that's impacted by religion and family structure.

androgynous

have both masculine and feminine traits

first factor of a biracial adolescents pathway to ethnic identity

hazing and its associated emotional trauma. Challenged to prove their authenticity of their connection to one of the races. This affects how they talk, what they wear and eat, and what music they listen to, among other things.

kohlbergs theory of oral reasoning

he devised a way of measuring moral reasoning based on research participants' responses to moral dilemmas. Remember your "should I steal an overpriced lifesaving drug to save a life" question in AP psych? that was asked by Kohlberg.

Erikson's identity vs. role confusion stage

he proposed that while Freud's genital stage analysis is important, personal identity is the paramount developmental task between the two. As one grows physically, and their body changes along with their personalities, a knew identity is formed, but not without some role confusion occurring, creating an identity crisis. To cope with the emotional turmoil, teens merge their individual identities with a group.

romantic relationships

heterosexual and homosexual teens follow different pathways through this.

criticisms of kohlberg's theory in terms of culture and moral reasoning

his approach is too narrow to be considered universal. non-western countries don't fit his approach. the notion that justice supersedes all other moral considerations distinguishes west from non-west thinking.

postconventional morality

in kohlberg's theory, the level of moral reasoning in which judgments are based on an integration of individual rights and the needs of society.

conventional morality

in kohlberg's theory, the level of moral reasoning in which judgments are based on rules or norms of a group to which the person belongs

preconventional morality

in kohlberg's theory, the level of moral reasoning in which the judgments are based on authorities outside the self.

Brown's findings on peer groups; crowds

includes all genders and loose associations of couples, as stated by Dunby. crowd refers to the reputation-based group with which a young person is identified, either by choice or by peer designation, ie jocks, nerds, druggies, preppies, loners.

unexamined ethnic identity, the first stage of ethnic identity

includes negative images and stereotypes of wider culture as it shapes the psyche of the adolescent.

criticisms of kohlberg's theory in terms of moral reasoning and behavior

inconsistent correlation between reasoning and behavior in which moral reasoning is situational rather than developmental. Neither adolescents nor adults reason at the same level in response to every hypothetical dilemma. the types of characters in moral dilemma strongly influence research participants' responses, especially participating adolescence. research participants show disparities in levels of moral reasoning involved in hypothetical dilemmas and real life moral issues. situational variables like perceived anonymity strongly influence decisions on moral behavior.

level 1; preconventional. stage 2

individualism, instrumental purpose, and exchange. children and teens follow rules when it is in their immediate interest. what is good is what brings pleasant results.

self-concept

involves self-understanding, self-esteem, gender roles, and ethnic identity. thinking becomes more abstract during adolescence, so it makes sense that their self-concepts are a lot more complex than that of a child.

undifferentiated

lacking both masculine and feminine traits

postconventional reasoning

marked by a shift in the source of authority. rules and laws ensure fairness, but some need to be changed to be more fair as time goes on in stage 5. conflicting moral principles against one another help determine precedence with respect to a specific moral issue. adherence to religious laws is still conventional in this case.

Level 2; conventional. stage 3

mutual interpersonal expectations, relationships, and interpersonal conformity. moral actions are those that live up to the expectations of the family or other significant group. Being good becomes important for its own sake.

masculine

one that perceives themselves as having many traditional masculine qualities and few feminine qualities. our society, like many western societies, has a bias for this type of gender role, as the traditional masculine qualities like independence and competitiveness are valued more than traditionally feminine qualities.

feminine

one that perceives themselves having many traditional feminine qualities and few masculine qualities. Prone to rumination, a thought process that focuses on anxiety-inducing stimuli and can lead to depression due to the masculine bias many western societies have.

Self-esteem

overall trend is a steady rise through the years of adolescence. This rise isn't continuous. At the beginning it drops abruptly. Girls outnumber boys in when it comes to either stay consistently low or start out moderate/high and drop as adolescence progresses. High self-esteem is related to positive developmental outcomes, less substance abuse, waiting til a bit older for sex.

moral development and childhood onset conduct disorder

patterns of antisocial behavior that appear before puberty and are more serious. seems to be directed by internal factors like temperament and personality.

friendships

peer relationships become far more significant in adolescence, especially with the presence of text/online communication increasing the amount of socialization they receive on a day to day basis. teens have a wider range of acquaintances than they did as kids. popularity becomes more important and peeks in early adolescences, and declines with the increase in the quality of peer relationships. they're more stable than friendships as a kid. They choose friends who share their social status. They end friendships due to individual differences in rate of development of social skills. girls with boyfriends like hanging out with other girls with boyfriends. for boys, differences in athletic achievements can lead to the end of previously important friendships.

Freud's genital stage

period during which psychosexual maturity is needed as puberty awakens the sexual drive that was dormant in his latency stage. Primary developmental task of adolescents = to channel libido into healthy sexual relationship.

level 1; preconventional. stage 1

punishment and obedience orientation in which the child decides what is wrong on the basis of what is punished.

social relationships

relationships with parents, friends, peer groups, and romantic relationships evolve in adolescence.

level 3; post conventional. stage 5

social contract or utility and individual rights. this stage involves acting so as to achieve the greatest good for the greatest number. most values are relative and laws are changeable, although rules should be upheld in order to preserve the social order. basic absolute values like importance of each person's life and liberty.

level 2; conventional. stage 4

social system and conscience (law and order). moral actions are those so defined by larger social groups or the society as a whole. one should fulfill duties one has agreed to and uphold laws, except in extreme cases.

criticisms of kohlberg's theory in terms of moral reasoning and emotions

studies of the link between moral emotions and moral reasoning have shown that empathy is both a cause and consequence of moral development (Eisenberg). a complete explanation of moral development should include age-related and individual variations in the ability t regulate emotions like anger that can motivate antisocial behavior. Gilligan claims that an ethic based on caring of r others and maintaining social relationships can affect justice as well. Sex differences occur as well; girls are more likely to operate from care orientation and boys from justice orientation. research on moral dilemmas haven't consistently shown that in adolescents but it does happen in adults.

moral development and conduct disorder

teens, along with kids, that display a consistent pattern of antisocial behavior amy be diagnosed with this. teens like this that look at actions through their parents point of view are less likely to engage in antisocial behavior than their peers that lack that effort of empathizing with a parent.

preconventional reasoning

the child's judgments in level 1 are based on sources of authority they are close to, like parents and teachers. at stage one if punished, its wrong. if not, its right. on stage two if it feels good or creates good results,, its good. if opposite, its bad.

gender role identity

the gender-related aspects of the psychological self.

james marcia's theory of identity achievement; the identity achievement identity status

the person has been through a crisis and has reached a commitment to ideological, occupational, or other goals.

james marcia's theory of identity achievement; the foreclosure identity status

the person has made a commitment without having gone through a crisis. No reassessment of old positions has been made. Instead, the young person has simple accepted a parentally or culturally defined commitment

Self-understanding

the self-concept moves from elementary school's psychological self (focused on enduring internal characteristics), into that of an individual significantly affected by the stabilizing of the Big 5 personality traits during this period. One explains themselves in abstract traits at this time, with a large variety of labels describing their political and social tendencies, moral standards, personal philosophy etc. The self-concept becomes more differentiated and affects their behavior. academic self concepts come from comparisons to self ideal and comparisons to the rest of the class. Girls are influenced by both internal and external comparisons while boys attend more to the internal standards they set. Do sex roles create self-fulfilling prophecies as children grow up?

age and moral reasoning

the stages above correlate loosely with age. Stage 1&2 = children follow this. 2 reached around 10 years. Stage 2&3= adolescents follow this. 3 reached about 16 years.

james marcia's theory of identity achievement; the identity diffusion identity status

the young person is not in the midst of a crisis, (though there may have been one in the past), and has not yet made a commitment. Diffusion may thus represent either an early stage in the process (before a crisis) or a failure to reach a commitment after a crisis.

peer groups

these groups, like friendships, become relatively stable in adolescence. thoughts of as primarily negative in nature; can be good or bad for development. peer groups often share values, behaviors, and identity status. they're an important source of reinforcement. The structure of them change through adolescence.

homosexual teens

these relationships emerge differently than straight teens. they're more comfortable nowadays when it comes to coming out to their parents than was true in the past. That varies across ethnic groups. Whites most okay disclosing. asians least comfortable disclosing. hispanic and african americans are afraid of disclosure due to concerns about parents and peers negative responses and a desire to respect traditional cultural values. 11 or 12 = same sex attraction. boys notice and act on it earlier than girls do. girls express more certainty in their orientation than boys do. Lesbians and gays sometimes experiment with opposite sex couples before realizing their orientation. Bisexuals, lesbians and gays have clubs at school for social support.

current perspectives on identity formation

this process could happen much later in life than Erikson and Marcia thought, possibly due to a stronger than suspected correlation of identity development and cognitive development. Sometimes you can regress from identity achievement into one of the other statuses. Foreclosure identity status is the healthiest mentality for terminally ill kids to have, for example. One regresses to what fits the needs of their psyche the most. Identity is firmly rooted in cultural assumptions, especially in western societies in which full adult status starts around full decade after puberty starts, encouraging exploration of ones self before assuming all the responsibilities an adult has.

ethnic identity search, the second stage of ethnic identity

triggered by some experience that makes ethnicity relevant, like a blatantly prejudiced act or statement that shifts the adolescent into critically thinking by comparing their ethnic group to others.

moral development and adolescent onset conduct disorder

typically milder and more transitory than when it happens and kids. theres more of a reflection of peer-group process. when childhood onset conduct continues into adolescence, there can be disturbances in thought with a high possibility to display other problem behaviors like drug use, truancy, and early/risky sexual behavior. Several factors contribute to adolescent onset; personality (low in agreeableness and self-efficacy for emotional regulation, high in neuroticism. Narcissism can be exhibited as well. social variables contribute too.

level 3; post conventional. stage 6

universal ethical principles; the small number of adults who reason at stage 6 develop and follow self-chosen ethical principles in determining what is right. these principles are part of an articulated, integrated, carefully thought out and consistently followed system of values an principles.