Chapter 12 Nutrition

Fill in the Table Fill in the left column with the body weight lost as a result of dehydration with the symptoms shown in the right column. Body Weight Lost (%)--Symptoms 1-2 Thirst, fatigue, loss of appetite 3-4 Dry mouth, flushed skin, apathy 5-6 Headache, sleepiness, increased respiratory rate 7-10 Dizziness, loss of balance, collapse

Dehydration is a condition in which body water output exceeds water input. Dehydration may progress rapidly from thirst to weakness, exhaustion, and delirium, and even death if dehydration is not corrected. The onset and severity of symptoms at various percentages of body weight lost depend upon the activity, fitness level, degree of acclimation, temperature, and humidity. When the percent of body weight lost is 1 to 2 percent, the symptoms include thirst, fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite. When it is 3 to 4 percent, the symptoms include dry mouth, flushed skin, apathy, impaired physical performance, reduced urine volume, impatience. When it is 5 to 6 percent, the symptoms include headache, sleepiness, increased respiratory rate, difficulty concentrating, irritability, impaired temperature regulation. When it is 7 to 10 percent, the symptoms include dizziness, spastic muscles, loss of balance, delirium, exhaustion, collapse.

Fill in the Table: Fill in the left column with the mineral that matches the toxicity symptoms in the right column. Mineral--Toxicity symptoms Sodium: Edema, acute hypertension Chloride: Vomiting Potassium: Muscular weakness; vomiting Calcium: Constipation; increased risk of urinary stone formation and kidney dysfunction; interference with absorption of other minerals. Phosphorus: Calcification of nonskeletal tissues, particularly the kidneys.

If one eats foods that have not been fortified with minerals, toxic symptoms are unlikely to occur. Toxicity is usually a consequence of excess supplement use. Several minerals have an upper limit (UL); if the intake exceeds the upper limit, toxic symptoms can occur. Sodium has an UL of 2300 mg/day. The toxicity symptoms include edema and acute hypertension. Consumption of processed and restaurant foods can dramatically increase sodium intake. Chloride has an UL of 3600 mg/day. Vomiting is the resulting toxic symptom. Potassium does not have a UL because potassium toxicity does not result from overeating foods high in potassium. But potassium toxicity can result from overconsumption of potassium salts or supplements (including some "energy fitness shakes") and from certain diseases or treatments. Potassium toxicity symptoms include muscular weakness and vomiting. Calcium has an UL of 2500 mg/day for adults aged 19-50 years old. Calcium toxicity symptoms include constipation and increased risk of urinary stone formation and kidney dysfunction. Consuming a calcium supplement can interfere with the absorption of other minerals such as iron. Phosphorus has a UL of 4000 mg/day. Phosphate toxicity is rare and usually reflects a significant problem such as kidney failure. Overconsumption of phosphorus can lead to calcification of nonskeletal tissues, particularly the kidneys.

Match the compound to its function

Parathyroid hormone: Hormone that regulates blood calcium by raising it when levels fall too low. Calcitonin: Hormone that regulates blood calcium by lowering it when levels are too high. Hydroxyapatite: Crystals made of calcium and phosphorus. Mineralization: Process in which calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals crystallize on the collage matrix of a growing bone, hardening the bone. Calmodulin: A calcium-binding protein that regulates such cell activities as muscle contraction. Vitamin D: Substance that enhances absorption of calcium. Peak bone mass: The highest attainable bone density for an individual, developed during the first three decades of life.

Match the compounds involved in regulating blood pressure and volume to the correct definition.

Renin: An enzyme from the kidneys that hydrolyzes the protein angiotensinogen to angiotensin I, which causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium. Aldosterone: A hormone secreted by the adrenal glands that regulates blood pressure by increasing the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys Angiotensin II: A hormone involved in blood pressure regulation. Antidiuretic hormone: A hormone produced by the pituitary gland in response to dehydration (or a high sodium concentration in the blood) that stimulates the kidney to reabsorb more water, and thus excrete less.

Match the mineral to its chief function.

Sodium: Major cation in the extracellular fluid; maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance. Chloride: Major anion in the extracellular fluid; maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance. Potassium: Major cation in the intracellular fluid; maintains normal fluid and electrolyte balance and cell integrity. Calcium: Involved in mineralization of bones and teeth, muscle contraction and relaxation, and in promoting blood clotting. Phosphorus: involved in mineralization of bones and teeth, part of phospholipids, used in energy transfer, and in buffer systems that maintain acid-base. balance. Magnesium: Involved in mineralization of bones, forms part of protein-making machinery, and is necessary for energy metabolism Sulfur: Stabilize protein structure

Fill in the Table Fill in the left column with the term that matches the definition on the right. Term--Definition Trace minerals: Essential nutrients required in quantities less than 100 mg per day Major minerals: Essential nutrients required in quantities greater than 100 mg per day Bioavailability: Rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used Binders: Compounds found in foods that combine with nutrients to form complexes that cannot be absorbed with the body

Trace minerals refers to the essential minerals that are needed in amounts less than 100 mg per day. Major minerals include the essential minerals that are needed in amounts greater than 100 mg per day. They are also present in larger amounts in the body compared to trace minerals. Bioavailability is a term relating to how much of an ingested nutrient is actually absorbed from the gut and used by the body. Binders refer to chemical compounds present in foods that combine with nutrients, especially minerals, to form complexes the body cannot absorb. Binders present in plant foods that affect the bioavailability of minerals include phytates and oxalates.

If a cup of milk provides 300 mg of calcium, and you are trying to consume 1000 mg of calcium per day, how many cups of milk do you need to drink (assuming this is your only source of calcium)? a. 3.3 c b. 5.6 c c. 2.7 c d. 4.2 c e. 1.3 c

a. 3.3 c

A sedentary 40-year-old male basketball player expends 2200 kcal per day. Calculate the water recommendation for the sedentary 40-year-old male. a. 8.8 c b. 6.7 c c. 3 c d. 15 c

a. 8.8 c

Which food offers the most potassium per serving? a. acorn squash b. eggs c. tuna d. ground beef e. cheddar cheese

a. acorn squash

Risk factors for developing osteoporosis include all of the following except: a. high body weight b. cigarette smoking c. sedentary lifestyle d. diet containing excessive amounts of protein, sodium, and caffeine e. diet inadequate in calcium and vitamin D

a. high body weight

Which food (or food group) contains phytates? a. legumes b. rhubarb c. spinach d. beet greens e. sweet potatoes

a. legumes

Suppose that a soup recipe calls for 2 tsp of salt. How many grams of salt is that? a. 6 g b. 12 g c. 15 g d. 9 g

b. 12 g

Women may lose up to _______ of their bone mass during the 6 to 8 years following menopause. a. 5 percent b. 20 percent c. 10 percent d. 15 percent e. 25 percent

b. 20 percent

Through the action of parathyroid hormone, trabecular bone readily gives up calcium whenever blood calcium levels are low. Losses of trabecular bone begin to become significant for men and women in their __________. a. 20s b. 30s c. 40s d. 50s e. 60s

b. 30s

All of the following statements describe the consequences of inadequate calcium intake except: a. By age 30 those with a high peak bone mass will be well protected against age-related bone loss and fractures that can occur later in life. b. A low calcium intake during the growing years will not stunt the child's growth. c. Low calcium intakes during the growing years limits the bones' ability to attain peak bone mass. d. Osteoporosis is characterized by bone loss so severe that common, everyday stresses result in bone fractures. e. All adults lose bone as they grow older, beginning between the ages of 30 and 40.

b. A low calcium intake during the growing years will not stunt the child's growth.

The following statements concerning the effects of a high salt intake are true, except: a. A high sodium intake correlates strongly with high blood pressure and heart disease. b. Hyponatremia is a condition resulting from high salt intake. c. Potassium may prevent the excretion of calcium caused by a high salt diet. d. The DASH diet that is low in sodium but abundant in potassium-rich vegetables and fruits and calcium-rich dairy foods not only helps to lower blood pressure, but may also prevent bone loss. e. A high salt intake is associated with increased calcium excretion.

b. Hyponatremia is a condition resulting from high salt intake.

Which food provides the most magnesium per serving? a. canned tuna b. halibut c. eggs d. ground beef e. cheddar cheese

b. halibut

Cells in the kidneys respond to low blood pressure by releasing an enzyme called ____. a. angiotensin II b. renin c. aldosterone d. ADH e. angiotensin I

b. renin

Which electrolyte is found in its cation form? a. phosphate b. sodium c. chloride d. bicarbonate e. sulfate

b. sodium

Which of the following is true about osteoporosis? a. It affects about 30 million people in the United States b. It results from a short-term inadequate calcium intake. c. It has virtually no effect on blood calcium levels. d. It causes significant alterations in the blood levels of parathyroid hormone and calcitonin. e. It commonly occurs in men over the age of 45 years.

c. It has virtually no effect on blood calcium levels.

Most of the sodium consumed in the diet comes from: a. hard water. b. salt sprinkled on foods at the table. c. processed foods. d. naturally occurring sodium occurring in fresh fruits and vegetables. e. salt added in cooking.

c. processed foods.

Which food offers the most calcium per serving? a. pinto beans b. peanut butter c. sardines with bones d. watermelon e. strawberries

c. sardines with bones

All of the following statements regarding calcium supplements are true except: a. Some research suggests that calcium from supplements may increase the risk of heart attacks and strokes. b. To improve absorption, it is best to take a low dose of calcium several times a day rather than a large-dose supplement all at once. c. Many supplements derived from natural sources such as bone meal or oyster shell may be contaminated with lead. d. Calcium carbonate supplements contain the least amount of calcium compared to other calcium supplements. e. Calcium from foods may support bone health better than calcium from supplements.

d. Calcium carbonate supplements contain the least amount of calcium compared to other calcium supplements.

All of the following are recommendations to help prevent the onset of osteoporosis except: a. Avoid consuming diets containing excessive amounts of protein, sodium, and caffeine. b. Avoid smoking cigarettes. c. Regular physical activity combined with an adequate calcium intake helps maximize bone density in children and adolescents. d. Restricting kcalorie intake repeatedly to maintain a low BMI is not a risk factor for developing osteoporosis. e. Eat the recommended amounts of calcium and vitamin D every day.

d. Restricting kcalorie intake repeatedly to maintain a low BMI is not a risk factor for developing osteoporosis.

Which of the following is not a function of water in the body? a. Carries nutrients and waste products throughout the body b. Participates in metabolic reactions c. Maintains the structure of large molecules such as proteins and glycogen. d. Source of energy e. Maintains blood volume

d. Source of energy

The acidity of the body's fluids is determined by the concentration of _____ ions. a. sulfate b. sodium c. calcium d. hydrogen e. chloride

d. hydrogen

High blood calcium _____. a. stimulates the activation of vitamin D b. signals the parathyroid glands to secrete parathyroid hormone c. stimulates osteoclast cells to break down bone d. signals the thyroid gland to secrete calcitonin e. enhances calcium absorption in the intestines

d. signals the thyroid gland to secrete calcitonin

Delirium, exhaustion, and collapse can result when _______ percent of body weight has been lost due to dehydration. a. 1-2 percent b. 2-3 percent c. 3-4 percent d. 4-6 percent e. 7-10 percent

e. 7-10 percent

If one consumes a diet inadequate in calcium, all of the following will happen except: a. Bone calcium will diminish. b. Vitamin D will be activated. c. Parathyroid hormone will be released. d. Blood calcium levels will remain normal. e. Blood calcium levels will drop below normal causing calcium tetany to occur.

e. Blood calcium levels will drop below normal causing calcium tetany to occur.

The calcium content of various vegetables is presented below. Which of these vegetables would be the best choice to help you meet your calcium DRI? a. Mustard greens, 76 mg b. Spinach, 145 mg in ½ cup cooked c. Swiss chard, 51 mg in ½ cup cooked d. Kale, 90 mg in ½ cup cooked e. Turnip greens, 125 mg in ½ cup cooked

e. Turnip greens, 125 mg in ½ cup cooked