Chapter 12
The average arterial pressure throughout the cardiac cycle is called mean arterial pressure (MAP). If arterial pressure is 125/75 (as usually recorded with systolic over diastolic pressure in mmHg), then MAP would equal:
92 mmHg
What would the mean arterial pressure (MAP) be if systolic pressure (SP) were 125mmHG and diastolic pressure (DP) were 75mmHg:
92mmHg
There are substantial pressure and resistance differences in the pulmonary artery and aorta; the volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during systole is:
identical
If there was a complete block of vagal input to the SA node of the heart (i.e., the vagus neural innervation of the heart were interrupted), the resting heart rate would:
increase
If there were an increase in sympathetic (adrenergic; norepinephrine) neuronal activity to the heart, the resting heart rate would:
increase
If there were an increase in the sympathetic (adrenergic, epinephrine) hormonal input to the heart, the resting heart rate would:
increase
Resistance, flow and changes in pressure are related. The physiologically most relevant factor affecting resistance in the cardiovascular system is vessel radii. Assuming no change in pressure, if the radius of an arteriole increases 2 fold, then the flow would through that arteriole would:
increase 16 fold
The response to the arterial baroreceptor sensing an increase in pressure (decreased stretch) is to:
increase parasympathetic outflow
A larger pulse pressure will:
increase the rate of neuronal firing in the baroreceptors
Decreasing the radii of a blood vessel twofold would _________ the resistance in the vessel _____________ .
increase; sixteenfold
Chemoreceptors, in addition to baroreceptors, can also cause an increase in pressure due to:
increased arterial PCO2
Following hemorrhage, arterial blood pressure will decrease, the discharge rate of the baroreceptors will decrease and all of the following will occur EXCEPT:
increased arterial PO2
The following portion of the cardiovascular system has two major roles in determining relative blood flow to individual organs AND determining mean arterial blood pressure:
the arteries
The only electrical link between the atria and the ventricles is:
the atrioventricular (AV) node and bundle of HIS
Short-term regulation of arterial blood pressure is accomplished via:
the baroreceptor reflex
Erythrocytes are produced in
the bone marrow
The long, absolute refractory period of the ventricular muscle renders it incapable of any significant degree of summation of contractions, due to:
the long plateau of the muscle's action potential
Fortunately, unlike skeletal muscle, the heart is incapable of any significant summation of contractions. This is due to:
the long, absolute refractory period of cardiac muscle
Hematocrit refers to:
the percentage of blood volume occupied by erythrocytes
Comparing the systemic and pulmonary circulations:
while the cardiac output of the two halves of the circulatory system are identical, the systemic resistance is higher
The reason that arterial blood is red is that:
xyhemoglobin has a red hue
The heart is a muscular organ that is lined by a thin layer of cells called the:
endothelium
The cell in the blood that has a biconcave shape is the:
erythrocyte
Which of the following cells does NOT have a nuclei:
erythrocyte
Hematocrit is the percentage of blood volume occupied by:
erythrocytes
The cells, or cell fragments, in the blood responsible for carrying oxygen to the tissues are called:
erythrocytes
Which of the following cells (or cell fragments) of the blood are referred to as red blood cells:
erythrocytes
Which of the following cells (or cell fragments) of the blood are responsible for carrying O2:
erythrocytes
Which of the following cells (or cell fragments) of the blood are responsible for the percentage of volume measured as hematocrit:
erythrocytes
Which of the following is NOT a leukocyte:
erythrocytes
Which of the following hormones is directly responsible for the production of red blood cells?
erythropoetin
The renal hormone that directly controls red blood cell production is:
erythropoietin
Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for atherosclerosis?
estrogen replacement therapy
The intrinsic and extrinsic pathways in the clotting cascade merge at:
factor Xa
A blood clotting plasma protein that plays a crucial role in platelet aggregation is:
fibrinogen
Action potentials initiated in the sinoatrial (SA) node spread throughout the right and left atrium via:
gap junctions between myocardial cells
Which of the following cells does NOT have a steady resting membrane potential, but rather manifests a slow depolarization?
has parasympathetic outflow to the heart via the vagus and sympathetic outflow to the heart, arterioles and veins
Portal circulatory systems are found in all the following areas EXCEPT the:
heart
Which of the following is least important or unimportant factor in determining the magnitude of the pulse pressure?
heart rate
The following terms is just a fancy name for a bruise?
hematoma
Risk factors for primary hypertension include all of the following EXCEPT:
high protein diet
If a vessel is considered compliant, this refers to:
how easily the walls are stretched
The mathematical relationship between end-diastolic volume (EDV), end-systolic volume (ESV) and stroke volume (SV) is:
SV = EDV - ESV
The fraction of oxygen carried in the blood in the form of dissolved O2 is:
less than 2%
The cells, or cell fragments, in the blood responsible for protection against cancer and infection are called:
leukocytes
The following cells (or cell fragments) are important in protection against infection and cancer:
leukocytes
Which of the following cells (or cell fragments) of the blood are referred to as white blood cells:
leukocytes
Which of the following cells (or cell fragments) of the blood are responsible for protection from infection:
leukocytes
Shock denotes any situation in which a decrease in blood flow to an organ or tissue damages them. Arterial pressure being low usually accompanies shock. Shock induced by a fall in total peripheral resistance secondary to excessive release of vasodilators (e.g., allergy or infection) is called:
low-resistance shock
When discussing net filtration pressures and Starling forces, if the resulting forces caused more net water to leave the capillary that enter, the excess water would be carried away by _________ and would prevent ____________ .
lymph; edema
The average arterial pressure throughout the cardiac cycle is called:
mean arterial pressure
The following has NO role in venous pressure nor venous return:
mean arterial pressure
Nutrients and waste move between interstitial fluid and cells by diffusion and:
mediated transport
The atrioventricular (AV) valve that separates the atria from the ventricle on the LEFT side of the heart is called the:
mitral valve
The signal for the contractile release of substantial amounts of Ca++ from myocardial cell sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) is:
movement of extracellular Ca++ into the myocardial cell
Hemoglobin can combine reversibly with oxygen and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide and hemoglobin combine to form carbaminohemoglobin by binding to the following atom in hemoglobin:
nitrogen
Independent of any change in end-diastolic volume, a(n) ________________________________ will lead to an increase in ventricular contractility.
norepinephrine, acting on b-adrenergic receptors
As the magnitude of any endurance exercise increases, oxygen consumption also increases in exact proportion:
only until VO2max is reached
Venous return to the heart, thus increasing end-diastolic volume, thus increasing cardiac output can be accomplished by all of the following mechanisms EXCEPT:
opening venous valves
If one were to remove from blood, the red blood cells, the white blood cells, the platelets, fibrinogen and other proteins involved in clotting, one would be left with:
serum
Whole blood devoid of erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, fibrinogen and clotting proteins is referred to as:
serum
In all capillaries, outside the brain, the only important means by which nutrients, oxygen and metabolic end products cross the capillary walls is via:
simple diffusion
Initial depolarization of the heart normally arises in a small group of conducting-system cells called the:
sinoatrial (SA) node
Pacemaker potentials generated in this part of the conducting system normally determines heart rate. This part of the conducing system is called the:
sinoatrial (SA) node
Decreasing the radius of a tube twofold will increase its resistance to flow:
sixteenfold
In two of the three forms of muscle, the amount of cytosolic Ca++ can vary the contractile strength of the muscle cell/fiber. In the third muscle form, usually a single action potential releases enough Ca++ to fully saturate the Ca++ binding sites and cause a maximal contraction of that fiber. This third muscle form is:
skeletal
Comparing the resting heart rate in a normal adult to the inherent pacemaker potential rate of the SA node; the resting heart rate is usually ___________ than the inherent nodal rate.
slower
A heart murmur as a result of blood flowing in the usual direction, but through an abnormally narrowed valve is called:
stenosis
A heart murmur produced by blood flowing rapidly in the usual direction through an abnormally narrowed valve is called:
stenosis
Angiogenic factors
stimulate capillaries to develop and grow
Baroreceptors respond directly to (i.e., what kind of receptors are they):
stretch
The Frank-Starling Mechanism suggests that an increased end-diastolic volume can increase ventricular contractility because it:
stretches the cardiac myofibrils towards their optimum length for contraction
The volume of blood ejected from each ventricle during systole is called:
stroke volume
The AV (atrioventricular) valves are opened and closed by:
purely by pressure differences
The opening and closing of the atrioventricular (AV) valves occurs via:
purely passive manner due to pressure differences
A soldier standing motionless at attention could prevent fainting by
quietly flexing and relaxing muscles in his legs and buttocks
A decrease in the following factor would increase resistance in a blood vessel:
radius
The greatest determinant regarding the resistance of a vessel to flow is:
radius of the tube
Under most physiological conditions, the most important determinant of resistance is:
radius of the tube (inversely related to the 4rth power)
Following occlusion, the increase in blood flow to an area that had its blood supply completely occluded for a short time would be called:
reactive hyperemia
Increased blood flow following an occluded blood supply is called:
reactive hyperemia
Hematocrit is the percentage of blood volume occupied by:
red blood cells
Long-term regulation of arterial blood pressure is accomplished via:
regulation of blood volume
Hypertension caused by a hypersecretion of renin is called:
renal hypertension
Blood flow through any particular organ depends almost entirely on:
resistance in that organ
Basically, since many cardiovascular parameters are held relatively constant, flow to a particular organ depends almost entirely on:
resistance in the organ vasculature
An important function of the peripheral veins is to:
respond to changes in blood volume by reflexly altering diameters to maintain peripheral pressure and venous return
Which of the following chambers of the heart directly supplies blood to the pulmonary circulation?
right ventricle
The valves that open to the pulmonary and systemic circulation during systole are collectively called the:
semilunar valves
A heart murmur produced by blood flowing between the two atria or two ventricles is called:
septal defect
Cardiac output is the mathematical product of:
stroke volume and heart rate
At any given end-diastolic volume, the increase in ventricular contractility can occur in response to:
sympathetic stimulation
During exercise, all of the following promote an increase in venous return EXCEPT:
sympathetically mediated decrease in venous tone
Comparing the systemic and pulmonary circulations:
systemic blood pressure is higher
Pressure is highest in the:
systemic circulation
Which side of the circulatory system is considered HIGH pressure?
systemic circulation
Comparing the systemic and pulmonary circulations:
systemic resistance is higher
The cardiac cycle is divided into two major phases. The period of ventricular contraction and blood ejection is called:
systole
In the equation, for mean arterial pressure (MAP), MAP = DP + 1/3(SP - DP), where DP = diastolic pressure and SP = systolic pressure, and SP - DP = pulse pressure; why do we add 1/3 of the pulse pressure to diastolic pressure (i.e., what does 1/3 correspond to)?
systole only occupies 1/3 of the cardiac cycle
The maximal arterial pressure reached during peak ventricular ejection is called:
systolic pressure
The pressure created when the heart contracts is called:
systolic pressure
Arteries are called "pressure reservoirs" because:
the are made up of elastic tubes that stretch to accommodate the blood on systole, but recoil during diastole to maintain pressure during cardiovascular relaxation
The end-diastolic volume is acquired during:
ventricular filling
The mitral and tricuspid valves are open during:
ventricular filling
The largest volume of blood during ventricular filling, enters the ventricles during:
ventricular relaxation
The electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a fundamental tool for evaluating the electrical events within the heart. The T wave of the EKG corresponds to electrical current flows during:
ventricular repolarization
If the volume of blood increased substantially with a small change in pressure, one would say that the vessels are:
very compliant
In the excitation-contraction coupling in the heart myocardium the plasma membrane Ca++ channels are ________ gated and the Ca++ channels in the surface of the sarcoplasmic reticulum are __________ gated.
voltage, Ca++
Which of the following substances, if deficient, would lead to a deficiency of erythrocyte production and thus lead to anemia:
all the above, if deficient, would lead to anemia
Sympathetic input that causes vasoconstriction in the periphery, would work through which receptor:
alpha adrenergic
Blood flow (F) is always from a region of high pressure to a region of low pressure. The pressure exerted by any fluid (e.g., blood) is called:
hydrostatic pressure
The term for low blood pressure is:
hypotension
Third-degree burns, may lead to:
hypovolemic shock
The volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle during systole is ______________ to the volume of blood ejected from the RIGHT ventricle during systole.
identical
Which of the following chambers of the heart has the THICKEST wall?
left ventricle
In cardiac muscle:
amount of Ca++ released from SR is not usually sufficient to saturate all troponin sites; therefore, if more Ca++ is released, there is an increase in the strength of contraction
The major determinant of the strength of contraction of the myocardial tissue is:
amount of cytosolic Ca++ released during excitation
The mechanism that couples excitation with contraction in the heart myocardium is:
an increase in intracellular Ca++
The pacemaker potential provides the SA node with automaticity. The inherent rate of the SA node (without outside neural or hormonal influence) is approximately:
100 beats/minute
Typically, at the END of the capillary bed, the Starling forces are capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pc) = 15mmHg; interstitial hydrostatic pressure (PIF) = 0mmHg; osmotic force of plasma proteins (ðp) = 28mmHg; and osmotic force of interstitial plasma proteins (ðIF) = 3mmHg. The net filtration pressure (NFP) in this case would be:
-10mmHg favoring fluid movement into the capillary
The resting membrane potential of ventricular myocardial cells is approximately:
-90mV
In cardiac muscle, the return of Na+ permeability to resting levels is NOT accompanied by membrane repolarization. This is because: [1] K+ permeability stays below resting value [2] there is a marked increase in Ca++ permeability [3] the increase in Na+ permeability is very transient [4] voltage-gated Cl- channels remain open
1 and 2 only
Typically, at the BEGINING of the capillary bed, the Starling forces are capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pc) = 35mmHg; interstitial hydrostatic pressure (PIF) = 0mmHg; osmotic force of plasma proteins (ðp) = 28mmHg; and osmotic force of interstitial plasma proteins (ðIF) = 3mmHg. The net filtration pressure (NFP) in this case would be:
10mmHg favoring fluid movement out of the capillary
A typical aortic systolic and diastolic pressures are:
120 and 70mmHg
Average life span of an erythrocyte is
120 days
A typical adult at rest would have a stroke volume of 70ml and an end-systolic volume of 65ml. Thus, the end-diastolic volume for this individual would be:
135ml
A person with hypertension would have a systolic and diastolic pressure of at least:
140 and 90mmHg
A typical pulmonary artery systolic and diastolic pressures are:
24 and 8mmHg
Assuming that white blood cells and platelet volume is negligible, that the hematocrit is 45%, and the total blood volume of a 70kg person is approximately 5.5L; what would the plasma volume be?
3.0L
Though the early compensatory mechanisms (baroreceptor reflex and interstitial fluid reabsorption) are highly efficient in their response to hemorrhage. This can respond to losses as large as ______________ of the total blood volume, without much reduction in mean arterial pressure or cardiac output.
30%
If the cardiac output for an average resting adult is 5.0L/min, cardiac output during strenuous exercise in a well-trained athlete can reach:
35L/min
At rest, cardiac output is roughly 5L/minute. In trained athletes, cardiac output can increased to as much as _________ during exercise.
35L/minute
Hematocrit for a normal adult female would be approximately:
42%
Hematocrit for a normal adult male would be approximately:
45%
The hematocrit for the average man is roughly ______ and for the average woman is ________ .
45%; 42%
The ultimate function of the entire cardiovascular system is performed in the capillaries. The percentage of blood in the capillaries at any one time is approximately:
5%
If a person's heart rate is 72 beats/min. and stroke volume is 0.07 L/beat, then cardiac output is:
5.0 L/min.
If the average heart rate for a normal resting adult is 72 beats/minute, the end-systolic volume is 65ml, and the end-diastolic volume is 135ml, then the cardiac output for this individual would be:
5L/min
If the average heart rate for a normal resting adult is 72 beats/minute, the stroke volume is 70ml and the total blood volume is 5.5L, then the cardiac output for this individual would be:
5L/min
A typical adult at rest would have an end-diastolic volume of 135ml and a stroke volume of 70ml. Thus, the end-systolic volume for this individual would be:
65ml
A typical adult at rest would have an end-diastolic volume of 135ml and an end-systolic volume of 65ml. Thus, the stroke volume for this individual would be:
70ml
The major abnormality in most cases of well-established hypertension is:
an increase in total peripheral resistance
Which part of the cardiovascular system is lined with endothelium?
ALL inner (blood-contacting) surfaces
The mathematical relationship between heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO) and stroke volume (SV) is:
CO = HR x SV
The fraction of carbon dioxide carried in the blood in the form of dissolved CO2 is 10% and the fraction of oxygen carried in the blood is less than 2%. Why the discrepancy?
CO2 is more soluble in water than O2
Which of the following ion mechanisms does NOT contribute to pacemaker potential (i.e., prior to reaching threshold)?
Ca++ influx through L-type Ca++ channels (L=long lasting or slow)
Contraction in the heart myocardium is due to an increase in cytosolic ________ coming mainly from the ____________ .
Ca++, sacroplasmic reticulum
The Frank-Starling mechanism refers to:
an increased force of contraction in response to an increased end-diastolic volume
Ejection fraction (EF) is a good way to quantify ventricular contractility. EF can be measured using the following equation: (* SV = stroke volume; EDV = end-diastolic volume; HR = heart rate; ESV = end-systolic volume; CO = cardiac output)
EF = SV/EDV
Resistance (R), flow (F), and pressure differences (DP) are properly interrelated in the following equation:
F = DP/R
Which of the following equations adequately describes the relationship between flow (F), pressure differences (DP) and resistance (R)?
F = DP/R
The flow (F) to any organ can be determined by the following equation (since venous pressure is normally close to zero): (*MAP = mean arterial pressure; R = resistance; AP = arterial pressure)
F = MAP/Rorgan
The flow (F) to any organ can be determined by the following equation: (* MAP = mean arterial pressure; R = resistance; CO = cardiac output; HR = heart rate)
F = MAP/Rorgan
When the ventricle is filled to a greater extent, thus increasing end-diastolic volume, the contractility of the ventricle is increased. This mechanism is called:
Frank-Starling
Comparing a "couch potato" to a trained athlete AT REST, the athlete has:
an increased resting stroke volume
In ventricular myocardial cells, the resting membrane is most permeable to:
K+
Which of the following ion channel mechanisms does NOT contribute to the pacemaker potential?
L-type (long lasting) Ca++ channel conductance (or slow channel conductance)
Mean arterial pressure (MAP) is related to cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) in the following manner:
MAP = CO x TPR
The major cardiovascular variable being regulated is mean arterial pressure (MAP) in the systemic circulation. The mathematical relationship between MAP, cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral resistance (TPR) is:
MAP = CO x TPR
Mean arterial pressure (MAP) can be calculated from systolic pressure (SP) and diastolic pressure (DP) by the equation:
MAP = DP + 1/3(SP - DP)
What would be the normal hematocrit be for adult men and women?
Men (45%); Women (42%)
The Starling forces responsible for the net filtration pressure (NFP; net movement of ultrafiltrate across the capillary membrane) are capillary hydrostatic pressure (Pc); interstitial hydrostatic pressure (PIF); osmotic force of plasma proteins (ðp); and osmotic force of interstitial plasma proteins (ðIF). The equation to determine NFP is?
NFP = (Pc - PIF) - (ðp - ðIF)
The depolarizing phase of a ventricular myocardial cell action potential is due mainly to positive feedback of this ion increased permeability via the opening of these voltage-gated channels. The ion in question is:
Na+
The amount of blood in the ventricle right before diastole is called
end-systolic volume
The pulse pressure (PP) is equal to (where SP = systolic pressure; DP = diastolic pressure; MAP = mean arterial pressure):
PP = SP - DP
The amount of blood remaining in the ventricle after the completion of ventricular contraction is called:
end-systolic volume
Diffuse distribution of this part of the conducting system allows the ventricular cells to contract more or less simultaneously ensuring a single coordinated contraction. This part of the conducting system would be:
Purkinje fibers
The majority of carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in the form of bicarbonate. Once formed in the ____________ , the majority of bicarbonate is carried in the _________________ following the _________________ .
RBC, plasma, chloride shift
The following excitable tissue type NEVER displays a resting membrane potential:
SA nodal cells
In addition to hemorrhage, common causes for low-blood-volume hypotension include all of the following EXCEPT:
alcohol-induced hypersecretion of the hormone ADH
In hemostasis, the intrinsic and extrinsic clotting pathways merge to convert prothrombin to thrombin which leads to the formation of fibrin. Which factor, when activated, catalyzes the reaction of prothrombin to thrombin?
X
Active hyperemia would result from local concentrations of:
[H+] increasing
Unlike skeletal muscle, ventricular muscle is incapable of any significant degree of summation of contractions, due to:
a long, absolute refractory period
Tying your shoes from a bent-over standing position and then straightening up may lead to a feeling of light-headedness. This may occur because the baroreceptors have detected:
a perceived hypovolemia
Most arterioles receive a rich supply of sympathetic postganglionic nerve fibers. In contrast to the sympathetic innervation of the heart muscle, the receptor type on the arterioles which causes vasoconstriction are:
a-adrenergic
Increased blood flow in response to increased metabolic activity is called:
active hyperemia
The biconcave shape of the red blood cell is unique and has the advantage of:
aids diffusion by the high surface-to-volume ratio
The most abundant plasma protein is ____________ and collectively, plasma proteins are referred to as ______________ .
albumin; colloids
Cardiac pacemaker cells have a unique set of channels that, unlike most voltage-gated channels, open when the membrane potential is at negative values. It is one of the three ion mechanisms that contribute to the pacemaker potential. The resultant current, designated as the If current is:
an inward, depolarizing Na+ current
Which of the following substances is a vasoconstrictor?
angiotensin II
Blood leaves the left side of the heart via the:
aorta
The valve that opens to the systemic circulation during systole is called the:
aortic valve
The fraction of carbon dioxide carried in the blood in the form of dissolved CO2 is:
approximately 10%
The fraction of carbon dioxide carried in the blood in the form of carbaminohemoglobin is:
approximately 30%
The fraction of carbon dioxide carried in the blood in the form of bicarbonate is:
approximately 60%
The fraction of oxygen carried in the blood in the form of oxyhemoglobin is:
approximately 98%
Baroreceptors:
are pressure receptors and respond to stretch
The most important immediate counteracting response to hemorrhage is:
arterial baroreceptors reflex
Hydrostatic pressure is highest in:
arteries
The greatest resistance in the cardiovascular system is imparted by the:
arteries
Sympathetic neurons, releasing norepinephrine, induce smooth muscle contraction and innervate which vessels?
arteries and veins
Since mean arterial pressure is identical throughout the body, different flow to different organs depends entirely on:
arteriolar resistance
Following hemorrhage, arterial blood pressure will decrease, the discharge rate of the baroreceptors will decrease and result in:
arteriolar vasoconstriction
All of the following structures/vessels contain valves EXCEPT:
arterioles
The Frank-Starling mechanism defines the correlation between end-diastolic volume and force of contraction. Force of contraction is different from contractility, which is not increased by an increase in end-diastolic volume, but rather contractility is increased in response to:
arterioles
The major site of resistance in the system blood system is in the:
arterioles
The microcirculation is made up of:
arterioles, capillaries and venules only
All of the following statements about capillaries is true EXCEPT:
at any given moment, capillaries contain approximately 35% of the circulating blood
80% of ventricular filling occurs before
atrial contraction
The electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a fundamental tool for evaluating the electrical events within the heart. The P wave of the EKG corresponds to electrical current flows during:
atrial depolarization
Which of the following hormones is a potent vasodilator:
atrial natiuretic peptide (ANP)
Which of the following substances is a vasodilator?
atrial natriuretic peptide
The electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a fundamental tool for evaluating the electrical events within the heart. The following event is obscured (usually not evident) by other (electrically greater) simultaneous events in the EKG:
atrial repolarization
The only electrical link between the atrial depolarization and ventricle depolarization is via:
atrioventricular node/bundle of His
The upper chamber of the heart is called the:
atrium
The force of contraction of the heart (contractility) can be altered by changes in all of the following EXCEPT
end-systolic volume
Short term homeostatic regulation of blood pressure is accomplished by the:
baroreceptors
In the heart, if the bundle of His was lesioned, the electrical connection between the atria and the ventricles would:
be blocked
Sympathetic input to the heart that causes increased contractility, would work through which receptor:
beta adrenergic
The majority of carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in the form of:
bicarbonate
The straw color of plasma (and urine) are largely due to:
bilirubin
When erythrocytes are destroyed in the liver and spleen, the major breakdown product is:
bilirubin
The reason that plasma is yellow is that:
bilirubin, the breakdown product of RBCs, is yellow
Arteries are vessels that carry:
blood AWAY FROM the heart
The major long-term regulator of arterial pressure is
blood volume
When carbonic anhydrase converts water and carbon dioxide into carbonic acid, which dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ion, how, to a large extent, is this hydrogen buffered?
buffering action of deoxyhemoglobin
The rapid movement of blood through the body is produced by pressures created by the pumping action of the heart. This type of movement is referred to as:
bulk flow
The product of ejection fraction and end-diastolic volume is:
called stroke volume
The difference between the end-diastolic volume and the end-systolic volume is:
called the stroke volume
Hypertension can cause a wide variety of health problems including all of the following EXCEPT:
cancer
Ions and small polar molecules are quite highly permeable across capillary walls. This is because:
capillaries contain water-filled channels
The net filtration pressure (NFP) depends directly on the algebraic sum of four variables called the Starling forces. Which of the following in NOT one of the Starling forces?
capillary crystalloid pressure
The following Starling forces are responsible for the net movement of ultrafiltrate across the capillary membrane. Which forces contributes to the greatest extent to movement of the ultrafiltrate OUT of the capillary?
capillary hydrostatic pressure
Forces favoring movement of fluid across the capillary membrane (out of the capillaries) are:
capillary hydrostatic pressure exceeding interstitial hydrostatic pressure
The enzyme that buffers the rate-limiting step in the following reaction is: H2O + CO2 D H2CO3 D H+ + HCO3-
carbonic anhydrase
Calcium-induced calcium release is found during excitation-contraction coupling of which of the following muscle groups:
cardiac
Temporarily threading a catheter into the heart and injecting a dye during high-speed X-ray filming can detect cardiac functioning and identify narrow coronary arteries and is called:
cardiac angiography
Baroreceptors are found in/on the:
carotid sinus and aortic arch
Arteries are one type of vessel that carries blood. The most accurate (always correct) statement of what arteries carry, would be that they:
carry blood away from the heart
There are two heart sounds. The first sound, which is a low pitched "lub" is associated with
closure of the AV valves
There are two heart sounds. The second sound, which is a louder "dub" is associated with
closure of the pulmonary and aortic valves
Non-penetrating capillary plasma proteins are referred to as:
colloids
Proteins found in the capillaries that are unable to leave are osmotically active and known as:
colloids
Blood flow is maintained through diastole due to the fact that arteries are:
compliant
One percent of the cardiac cells in the heart do not function in contraction; rather these are specialized cells that possess features that are essential for normal heart excitation. These cells are part of the:
conducting system
The "cascade" of events in the clotting pathways results in the final important step of:
converting prothrombin to thrombin
Low-molecular-weight permeating solutes found in the capillary and interstitial fluid are called:
crystalloids
If there were an increase in the parasympathetic (cholinergic, acetylcholine) neuronal activity to the heart, the resting heart rate would:
decrease
If there were an increase in vagal stimulation of the heart, the resting heart rate would:
decrease
An increase in afterload (i.e., an increase in arterial pressure) will:
decrease stroke volume
In the morning, following a good nights sleep, standing up will:
decrease the effective circulating blood volume, decreasing the rate of discharge from the baroreceptor, increasing sympathetic outflow from the cardiovascular centers
A soldier standing motionless at attention can have a(n):
decrease the effective circulating blood volume, decreasing the rate of discharge from the baroreceptor, increasing sympathetic outflow from the cardiovascular centers in order to prevent fainting
Over time, arterial baroreceptors
decrease their responsiveness (accommodate) to a continuing alteration pressure
Due to the cross-sectional area of the capillary beds, the velocity of flow in capillaries (compared to arterial velocity) is:
decreased
Active hyperemia can be caused by:
decreased pH in the tissues
The ventricle is not completely emptied during systole. The remnant volume is:
dependent upon ventricular contractility
The cardiac cycle is divided into two major phases. The period of ventricular relaxation and ventricular filling is called:
diastole
The minimum arterial pressure reached just prior to ventricular ejection is called:
diastolic pressure
The pressure resulting when the heart relaxes is called:
diastolic pressure
In all capillaries, excluding the brain, the only important means by which net movement of nutrients, oxygen, and metabolic end products occurs across capillary walls is:
diffusion
Nutrients and waste move between capillary blood and interstitial fluid by:
diffusion
The smallest fraction of carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in the form of:
dissolved CO2
The smallest fraction of oxygen is carried in the blood in the form of:
dissolved O2
Increased ventricular contractility will increase:
ejection fraction
During diastole, systemic pressure is maintained by:
elastic recoil of the major arteries
The amount of blood in the ventricle right before systole is called:
end-diastolic volume
The volume of blood that can most effectively impact ventricular contractility is:
end-diastolic volume
Stroke volume is equal to:
end-diastolic volume minus end-systolic volume
The volume of blood that can most effectively impact ventricular contractility is ___________ and would be reflective of _______________ .
end-diastolic volume; Frank-Starling Mechanism
As a result of hemorrhage, blood volume would decrease and thus arterial pressure would fall. Baroreceptors would be stretched less, thus decrease their rate of discharge and reflexly alter sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow resulting in:
increased heart rate, increased total peripheral resistance and increased ventricular contractility
Isometric exercise, as opposed to aerobic or isotonic exercise, can result in a(n):
increased total peripheral resistance
The Frank-Starling mechanism defines the increased ventricular contractility in response to:
increased venous return
During exercise there is an:
increased venous tone
As cardiac output increases, mean arterial pressure:
increases
As total peripheral resistance increases, mean arterial pressure:
increases
The Frank-Starling Mechanism describes the increased ventricular contractility in response to:
increasing end-diastolic volume
Aspirin can be taken to inhibit clot formation (anticoagulant) due to its action of:
inhibiting the COX (cycloxygenase) pathway
A heart murmur produced by blood flowing backward through a damaged, leaky valve is called:
insufficiency
When discussing net filtration pressures, which of the following is one of the Starling forces, which happens to normally have a pressure of zero:
interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Which of the following Starling forces is LEAST responsible for the net filtration pressure (i.e., which of the following forces usually has a value of 0mmHg)?
interstitial hydrostatic pressure
Resistance is:
inversely proportional to the forth power of the radius of the vessel
Flow rate of blood within blood vessels is:
inversely proportional to the resistance
Hemoglobin can combine reversibly with oxygen and carbon dioxide. Oxygen and hemoglobin combine to form oxyhemoglobin by binding to the following atom in hemoglobin:
iron
Hemoglobin can combine reversibly with oxygen and carbon dioxide. Oxygen binds to the following atom in hemoglobin:
iron
Net filtration pressure at the arteriole end of the capillary favors filtration, while favoring reabsorption at the venous end of the capillaries. Excess ultrafiltrate that is NOT carried away via the venous system:
is removed via the lymphatic system
Coronary artery disease can be life-threatening due to the effects of _____________ on the heart:
ischemia
During many forms of exercise, total peripheral resistance decreases, but during ___________ exercise, TPR actually can increase.
isometric
Systole can be subdivided into two discrete periods. The first part of systole is called
isovolumetric ventricular contraction
The first part of ventricular contraction, when the ventricles are contracting, but all valves of the heart are closed is called:
isovolumetric ventricular contraction
The pressure in the ventricle first starts to rise during:
isovolumetric ventricular contraction
Diastole can be subdivided into two discrete periods. The first part of diastole is called:
isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
The pressure in the ventricle first starts to fall during:
isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
Which of the following chambers of the heart develops the GREATEST systolic pressure?
left ventricle
Which of the following chambers of the heart directly supplies blood to the systemic circulation?
left ventricle
As opposed to the mechanism in skeletal muscle, an action potential in the T tubule of cardiac muscle:
opens voltage-gated Ca++ channels in the T tubule membrane itself, allowing an influx of extracellular Ca++, this extracellular Ca++ activates Ca++ channels in the sarcoplasmic reticulum by binding to Ca++ receptors, causing Ca++ -induced Ca++ release, and it is mainly this Ca++ that causes contraction by binding to troponin
Edema can be caused by all of the following EXCEPT:
orthostatic hypotension
The following Starling forces are responsible for the net movement of ultrafiltrate across the capillary membrane. Which forces contributes to the greatest extent to movement of the ultrafiltrate IN to the capillary?
osmotic force of plasma proteins
The bulk flow of protein-free plasma across the capillary wall functions, NOT to exchange nutrients and metabolic end products, but to distribute extracellular water. The amount of water (ultrafiltrate) moving across the capillary wall into the interstitium depends, in part, on the difference between capillary blood pressure and interstitial-fluid pressure. This is offset by:
osmotic forces opposing filtration
When discussing net filtration pressures and Starling forces, the net filtration pressure at the arteriolar end of the capillary favors movement of water ________ of the capillary; at the venule end of the capillary the net filtration pressure favors movement of water ______ :
out; in
The major function of erythrocytes is:
oxygen carrying
The majority of oxygen is carried in the blood in the form of:
oxyhemoglobin
Normally, the heart rate is lower than the intrinsic autonomous pacemaker rhythm because of:
parasympathetic innervation (muscarinic)
The resting heart rate in a normal adult is usually different from the inherent pacemaker potential rate of the SA node due to:
parasympathetic neural input
During systole, the atrioventricular (AV) valves are prevented from being pushed into the atrium by:
passive restraint via the papillary muscles and chordae tendinae
The heart is a muscular organ that is enclosed in a fibrous sac called the:
pericardium
Whole blood devoid of only erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets is referred to as:
plasma
Which of the following components of blood is a cell fragment:
platelet
The portion of the process of stoppage of blood loss that corresponds to platelet adhesion to a portion of disrupted endothelial surface and to each other is called:
platelet plug formation
The cells, or cell fragments, in the blood responsible for clotting are called:
platelets
The following cells (or cell fragments) are important in blood clotting:
platelets
Which of the following cells (or cell fragments) of the blood are responsible for blood clotting:
platelets
The initial trigger for a platelet plug is:
platelets being exposed to collagen
Normally, blood flows in the following order: arteries to arterioles to capillaries to venules to veins. In some unusual cases, the venous blood supplies a second capillary bed BEFORE returning to the heart. This unique vascular system is called a:
portal system
The papillary muscles and associated chordae tendinae:
prevent eversion of the AV valves
Hypertension of unknown cause is called:
primary hypertension
During the formation of a platelet plug, an eicosanoid that is synthesized and released by the adjacent undamaged endothelial cells that inhibits platelet aggregation is called:
prostacyclin (PGI2)
Capillary walls are NOT highly permeable to:
protein
Sympathetic innervation causes dilation of smooth muscle in:
pulmonary arteries
Which of the following vessel carries the LEAST oxygenated blood?
pulmonary artery
Which of the following vessels carries the most deoxygenated (least oxygenated) blood?
pulmonary artery
Which side of the circulatory system is considered LOW pressure?
pulmonary circulation
Which of the following vessel carries the MOST oxygenated blood?
pulmonary vein
The difference between the maximal and minimum arterial pressures is called:
pulse pressure
The difference in the pressure between when the heart contracts and when it relaxes is called:
pulse pressure
The inherent rhythmic beat of the heart in the complete absence of neuronal or hormonal input to the SA node is 100 beats per minute. The resting heart rate of a normal individual is actually closer to 70 beats per minute. This is because:
there is considerably more parasympathetic activity to the heart than sympathetic activity at rest.
The atrioventricular (AV) valve that separates the atria from the ventricle on the RIGHT side of the heart is called the:
tricuspid valve
In cardiac muscle, increased cytosolic Ca++ released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum binds to the regulatory protein:
troponin
Vascular flow is inversely related to resistance, which is most affected by __________ in physiological conditions normally seen in humans.
tube radii
Sympathetic innervation of the arterioles, when stimulated via a-receptors, causes:
vasoconstriction
Whereas, b-adrenergic stimulation will increase ventricular contractility and increased pacemaker activity of the SA node, a-adrenergic activity causes:
vasoconstriction
While arteriolar smooth muscle has intrinsic tone, resistance can be physiologically increased via:
vasoconstriction
During exercise, sympathetic stimulation results in:
vasoconstriction of arterioles in the gastrointestinal tract
The largest volume of blood at any one time is accommodated in the:
veins
The valved, low-resistant conduits of the cardiovascular system are the:
veins
Which of the following vessels contain valves?
veins and lymphatics
Sympathetic innervation causes contraction of smooth muscle in:
veins and pulmonary arteries
The lower chamber of the heart is called the:
ventricle
The electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) is a fundamental tool for evaluating the electrical events within the heart. The QRS wave of the EKG corresponds to electrical current flows during:
ventricular depolarization
Systole can be subdivided into two discrete periods. The second part of systole is called:
ventricular ejection
The end-systolic volume is acquired following:
ventricular ejection
The pulmonary and aortic valves are open during:
ventricular ejection
The semilunar valves are open during:
ventricular ejection
Diastole can be subdivided into two discrete periods. The second part of diastole is called:
ventricular filling
The AV valves are open during:
ventricular filling